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1
PRESENT AND FUTURE OFBROADBAND AND UWB
TECHNOLOGIES
BILL LUTHERFEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C.2004
2
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
• ULTRA-WIDEBAND (UWB) SYSTEMS• FUTURE (SOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE) RADIOS• ITU MULTIMEDIA STUDIES• ADVANCED WIRELESS SYSTEMS• DIGITAL RADIO BROADCAST• DIGITAL TELEVISION BROADCAST• 12 GHz TERRESTRIAL SHARING WITH GSO
SATELLITE DBS• BROADBAND SATELLITE• ABOVE 50 GHz• EXPECTED BROADBAND GROWTH TRENDS
3
UWB INTRODUCTION• UWB TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN IN
LIMITED USE FOR YEARS BY PUBLICSERVICE, RESEARCH, AND MILITARYAGENCIES, PRIMARILY FOR IMAGINGAND RADAR
• CONSUMER UWB DEVICES ARE BEINGDEVELOPED FOR WIRELESSCOMMUNICATION AND OTHERAPPLICATIONS
4
ULTRA-WIDEBAND (UWB)• TIMED, CODED PULSES OF EXTREMELY SHORT DURATION
• NOISE-LIKE EMISSION WHICH SPREADS ACROSS THESPECTRUM
• EXCELLENT IMMUNITY TO MULTIPATH INTERFERENCE
• IDEAL FOR SHORT RANGE APPLICATIONS FOR HIGH BITRATE COMMUNICATIONS
• IMPLEMENTED BY RELATIVELY LOW COST INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS
• CHARACTERIZED BY– PULSE REPETITION FREQUENCY
– RADIATED POWER DENSITY, AND
– PEAK POWER IN A WIDE BANDWIDTH
• NECESSARY BANDWIDTH FOR COMMUNICATIONS CAN BERESTRICTED BY FILTERS
5
UWB USES• GROUND PENETRATING RADARS (PUBLIC SAFETY,
ARCHEOLOGICAL, CIVIL ENGINEERING, EARTHQUAKE)
• THROUGH-WALL RADAR FOR PUBLIC SAFETY ANDCONSTRUCTION
• EMERGENCY MOTION AND IMAGING
• HIGH PERFORMANCE MICROPHONES
• LOCAL AREA VOICE, DATA, AND VIDEO NETWORKS
• SECURITY DEVICES
• COLLISION AVOIDANCE AND AIRBAG SENSORS
• FLUID LEVEL DETECTION
• SHORT RANGE CLANDESTINE COMMUNICATION
• LONG RANGE MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS
• IDENTIFICATION AND LOCATION TAGS
UNLICENSED, UNCONTROLLED, UBIQUITOUS
6
UWB WAVEFORMCHARACTERISTICS
• UWB signal definition:
– The fractional bandwidth is greater than20% of the center frequency, or
– The -10 dB bandwidth occupies ≥ 500MHz or more of spectrum
A Monocycle Pulse in Time and Frequency Domain
7
UWB FRACTIONAL BANDWIDTH
FRACTIONAL BW = 2(Fh - Fl)/(Fh + Fl)
WHERE
Fh = HIGHEST FREQUENCY LIMIT WITHSIGNAL 10 dB BELOW PEAK EMISSION
Fl = LOWEST FREQUENCY LIMIT WITHSIGNAL 10 dB BELOW PEAK EMISSION
Fc = CENTER FREQUENCY = (Fh + Fl)/2 =1/(DURATION OF ONE CYCLE)
8
UWB EFFECTIVENESSIMPROVED CHANNEL CAPACITY IS ONE MAJOR ADVANTAGE OF UWB.
SHANNON’S CAPACITY LIMIT EQUATION SHOWS THAT INCREASINGCHANNEL CAPACITY REQUIRES LINEAR INCREASES IN BANDWIDTHWHILE SIMILAR CHANNEL CAPACITY INCREASES WOULD REQUIRE
EXPONENTIAL INCREASES IN POWER.
SHANNON’S CAPACITY LIMIT EQUATION
C = BW [log2(1+SNR)]where:
C = Channel Capacity (bits/sec)
BW = Channel Bandwidth (Hz)
SNR = Signal to Noise Ratio
= Received Signal Power________(Bandwidth) (Noise Power Spectral Density)
9
UWB DATA RATE VS. RANGE FORDIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES
SOURCE: INTEL
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
UWB
IEEE
DISTANCE (m)
DA
TA
RA
TE
(M
BY
TE
S/ S
)
10
11
12
-75.3 dBm/MHz
Part 15 = -41.3 dBm/MHz
U.S. LIMITS
13
960 MHz 1.61 GHz
1.91 GHz
3.1 GHz 10.6 GHz
Preliminary
DIFFERENCE IS 34 dB
34 d
B
Part 15 = -41.3 dBm/MHz
-75.3 dBm/MHz
14
-75.3 dBm/MHzSame GPS mask for
vehicle radars
Part 15 = -41.3 dBm/MHz
U.S. LIMITS
15
-65.3 dBm/MHz
10 dB Stronger
Part 15 = -41.3 dBm/MHz
U.S. LIMITS
16
-53.3 dBm/MHz
20 dB Stronger
Part 15 = -41.3 dBm/MHz
U.S. LIMITS
17
SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
• NEW TECHNOLOGY USING SOFTWARE (COMPUTERS), RATHERTHAN HARDWARE FOR TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS TOCHANGE OPERATING PARAMETERS, INCLUDING FREQUENCY,MODULATION, AND POWER
• RADIOS QUICKLY CHANGE TRANSMIT FREQUENCIES ANDFORMAT
• DESIGNED TO ALLEVIATE POTENTIAL SPECTRUM SHORTAGEAND SPUR MORE EFFICIENT USE OF BANDWIDTH
• WILL ASSIST INTEROPERABILITY, PARTICULARLY FOR PUBLICSAFETY AND BETWEEN FEDERAL AND LOCAL OFFICIALS
• ITU-R SG 8 STUDYING APPROPRIATE TECHNICALCHARACTERISTICS, FREQUENCY BANDS, INTERFERENCECONSIDERATIONS, OPERATIONAL ISSUES, AND DEFINITIONS
18
COGNITIVE RADIO• NEW TECHNOLOGY USING SMART RADIOS TO
ADAPT THEIR USE OF SPECTRUM IN RESPONSE TOINFORMATION EXTERNAL TO THE RADIO
• GEOLOCATION INFORMATION CAN BE USED TODETERMINE IF TRANSMISSIONS ARE PERMISSIBLE
• SENSING OF THE RF ENVIRONMENT TO DETERMINEOPTIMAL FREQUENCIES AND TRANSMIT POWERS,WHILE AVOIDING HARMFUL INTERFERENCE TOOTHERS
• INTERPRET AND TRANSMIT SIGNALS IN DIFFERENTFORMATS OR MODULATION SCHEMES
• IDENTIFICATION OF VACANT SPECTRUM CHANNELS• EXPLOITATION OF THE INTERFERENCE
TEMPERATURE CONCEPT
19
TERRESTRIAL WIRELESSINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA
Mobile Fixed
HDFS
LMDS
NWA/RLAN FWA
Broadcasting
Interactive Broadcasting
MWA/Cellular BWA
LMDS: Local multipoint distribution system RLAN: Radio local area networkFWA: Fixed wireless access NWA: Nomadic wireless accessBWA: Broadband fixed wireless access MWA: Mobile wireless accessHDFS: High density applications in the fixed service
20
SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT(ITU-R SG 1) STUDIES
• HOW ARE INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAAPPLICATIONS OF TERRESTRIAL FIXED, MOBILE,AND BROADCASTING SERVICES CONVERGINGTECHNICALLY?
• HOW DOES TECHNICAL CONVERGENCE IMPACTON THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RADIOREGULATORY ENVIRONMENT?
• IF TECHNICAL CONVERGENCE IMPACTS THESERVICE DEFINITIONS OF THE RADIOREGULATIONS, HOW SHOULD THE DEFINITIONS BEREVISED?
21
SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT(ITU-R SG 1) QUESTIONS
• WHAT CHARACTERISTICS DOES A TERRESTRIALWIRELESS INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMHAVE?
• WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS ANDTECHNOLOGIES THAT FALL INTO THISCATEGORY?
• HOW DO THESE APPLICATIONS ANDTECHNOLOGIES RELATE TO THE SPECTRUM?
• WHAT ARE THE SHARING SCENARIOS?
• WHAT ARE REGULATORY IMPEDIMENTS?
• WHAT ARE TRENDS (CURRENT AND FORESEEN)THAT WILL IMPACT THE RESPONSES TO THESEQUESTIONS?
22
BROADCAST (ITU-R SG 6)STUDIES
STUDY GROUP 6 STUDIES TERRESTRIAL ANDSATELLITE BROADCASTING FROM END-TO-END, INCLUDING VISION, SOUND,MULTIMEDIA AND DATA SERVICESINTENDED FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC. USEIS MADE OF POINT-TO-EVERYWHEREINFORMATION DELIVERY. WHEN RETURNCHANNELS ARE REQUIRED FOR ACCESSCONTROL, INTERACTIVITY, ETC., ANASYMMETRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ISUSED.
23
MOBILE SERVICE STUDIESITU-R WORKING PARTY 8F
(IMT-2000 AND BEYOND)• FUTURE SYSTEMS WITH DATA RATES > 2 Mbit/s
• INCLUDE FREQUENCY BANDS ABOVE 3 GHz
• SERVICE APPLICATIONS, OBJECTIVES AND USERNEEDS
• INCLUDE ENHANCED INTERNET PROTOCOL
• TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES, ANDCHARACTERISTICS
• HARMONIZE SPECTRUM
• MIGRATION STRATEGY
• GLOBAL CIRCULATION AND MUTUALRECOGNITION AGREEMENTS
24
THIRD GENERATION(IMT-2000 AND BEYOND)
1710 - 1755 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE
1755 - 1850 MHz - DEFENSE USES
2110 - 2150 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE
2160 - 2165 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE
2500 - 2690 MHz - MMDS and ITFS
25
MOBILE AND FIXED TELEPHONESUBSCRIBERS (WORLDWIDE) AS A
FUNCTION OF YEARS
Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database and ITU projections.
26
MOBILE GROWTH IN AFRICA (1995-2001)TOP 10 ECONOMIES, COMPOUND ANNUAL
GROWTH RATE (%)
121.8
122.7
122.8
129.4
133.4
138.6
145.6
151.0
169.0
209.7
Benin
Tanzania
Tunisia
Malawi
Morocco
Uganda
Kenya
Central African Rep.
Eygpt
Seychelles
Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.
27
MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS IN AFRICA IN2001 (MILLIONS)
0.7 1.2 2 3.5
7.7
15.7
24
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.
28
ASIA-PACIFIC AS OF SEPTEMBER 2003CELLULAR TELEPHONE SUBSCRIPTIONS BY SELECTED COUNTRY
(TOTAL 511.64 MILLION)
SOURCE: GLOBAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER DATABASE
3.1221,869,000VIETNAM
1.118288,280UZBEKISTAN
68.91833,273,788SOUTH KOREA
73.8233,402,200SINGAPORE
23.83820,168,981PHILIPPINES
1.6542,479,580PAKISTAN
46.27810,684,000MALAYSIA
2.602127,280KYRGHYZ REPUBLIC
7.2231,209,600KAZAKHSTAN
61.78878,594,300JAPAN
7.02916,480,174INDONESIA
1.746918,297,147INDIA
91.3596,754,217HONG KONG
19.426249,974,000CHINA
0.8841,222,800BANGLADESH
73.76614,554,840AUSTRALIA
POPULATIONPENETRATION
(%)
NUMBER OFNETWORKS
SUBSCRIBERSCOUNTRY
29
MOBILE GROWTH IN ASIA-PACIFIC(1995-2001)
TOP 10 ECONOMIES, COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (%)
84.9
85.2
94.0
96.9
97.9
109.2
116.6
118.4
124.1
132.5
China
Oman
Viet Nam
French Polynesia
Jordan
India
Azerbaijan
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Kazakstan
Saudi Arabia
Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.
30
MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS IN ASIA ANDTHE PACIFIC IN 2001 (MILLIONS)
24.849.8
76.3103.4
163
240.9
335.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.
31
MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS IN THE AMERICASIN 2001 (MILLIONS)
40.354.1
71.995.8
133.9
181.5
222
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.
32
MOBILE GROWTH IN EUROPE (1995-2001)TOP 10 ECONOMIES, COMPOUND ANNUAL
GROWTH RATE (%)
95.3
99.4
99.5
104.9
126.2
127.4
132.7
136.4
174.3
396.6
Slovenia
Russia
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Poland
Czech Republic
Ukraine
Slovak Republic
Romania
Moldova
Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.
33
ADVANCED WIRELESSSERVICES
• STUDIES HAVE JUST BEGUN OF TYPES OFADVANCED, FUTURE MOBILE AND FIXEDCOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES, INCLUDING 3G
• STUDIES– TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
– SPECTRUM REQUIREMENTS• AMOUNT OF SPECTRUM
• FREQUENCY BANDS
• STUDIES INCLUDE OF BANDS CURRENTLY USEDFOR ANALOG CELLULAR, PERSONALCOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE, SPECIALIZEDMOBILE RADIO AND THE FIVE BANDS JUSTALLOCATED BY WRC-2000 (ISTANBUL)
34
Big Growth for WLANsWorldwide Wireless LAN Shipments
(000s)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
2000 2001
Source: CDW-G Wireless Guide.
35
DIGITAL FM BROADCAST
• 88 - 108 MHz BAND
• EXISTING FM RADIO STATIONS USE EITHER +/- 75 kHzDEVIATION AT 200 kHz CHANNEL SEPARATION, OR +/-50 kHz DEVIATION AT 100 kHz CHANNEL SEPARATION
• IN-BAND ON CHANNEL (IBOC) DIGITAL OVERLAYEXPERIMENTS
• IBOC DIGITAL SIGNAL INSERTED ~25 dB BELOW THEANALOG FM SIGNAL
• OTHER STANDARDS BEING DISCUSSEDINTERNATIONALLY WITH THE HOPE OF FINDING ACOMMON GLOBAL STANDARD
36
DIGITAL SOUND BROADCASTINGBELOW 30 MHz
THE WORLD BROADCASTING UNION AND THE ITU HAVE
BEEN COOPERATING IN SUPPORT OF STUDIES LEADING
TO THE ADOPTION OF SINGLE WORLDWIDE
BROADCASTING STANDARDS, PARTICULARLY:
• SINGLE COMMON DIGITAL SOUND BROADCASTSYSTEM IN LF, MF, AND HF
• DIGITAL CODING AND MODULATION COMPATIBLEWITH EXISTING STATION PLANNING
• WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OVER ANALOG
• WHAT ARE NEW SERVICES
• COMPLEXITY OF DUAL STANDARD (ANALOG ANDDIGITAL) BROADCAST RECEIVERS
37
SATELLITE RADIO SYSTEMS
U.S. Services International
Sirius XM satellite radio Worldspace
Market auto auto/home home/portable
Orbit inclined GEO GEO
Size 3 satellites 2 satellites 3 satellites
Manuf. Loral Hughes Alcatel
Channels 100 100 NA
OEM Ford GM NA
38
WORLDSPACE COVERAGEAFRICA, MIDDLE EAST, AND EUROPE
39
WORLDSPACE COVERAGEASIA
40
DIGITAL TELEVISION
• THERE ARE TWO COMMON GLOBALSTANDARD (ANALOG) TELEVISIONBROADCAST CHANNEL BANDWIDTHS, 6 MHzAND 8 MHz
• THERE IS A COMMON DIGITAL TELEVISIONDISPLAY FORMAT BUT DIFFERENT RFMODULATION SCHEMES, COFDM AND 8VSB
• VERY POLITICAL
• RECALL THE DIGITAL LAG IN TRANSITIONFROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL (HIGH DEFINITIONDEFINED AS EQUIVALENT TO A 35 mm CINEMAPICTURE)
41
INTERACTIVE TELEVISION
• STUDIES HAVE BEGUN (JANUARY2001) OF THE DEFINITION OFINTERACTIVE TELEVISIONSERVICES SO AS TO FACILITATEAPPROPRIATE LICENSING:– VIDEO PIPELINE (MPEG VIDEO)?
– HIGH SPEED INTERNET PROTOCOL?
– CUSTOMER PREMISES EQUIPMENT?
– ANTI-COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR?
42
BSS-TERRESTRIAL SHARING
• SHARING WITH GEOSTATIONARYSATELLITE, BROADCASTSATELLITE SERVICE (BSS), ISFEASIBLE
• UNIQUE TECHNICAL PROPOSAL
• MANDATORY INTERFERENCETESTING REQUIRED (BY U.S.CONGRESS)
• POLITICALLY SENSITIVE
43
GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
44
Ka/Ku-BAND BROADBANDSATELLITE SYSTEMS
Medsat (Aerospatiale)Videosat (France
Telecom)WEST (Matra Marconi
Space)Genesis (Deutsche
Telekom)Euroskyway (Alenia
Spazio)Astra (Societe Europenne
des Satellites)
Megasat (Mexico)Gelikon (Informkosmos)South Africa-sat (South
Africa)Diamondsat (South Africa)PC DataStar (PCG)Afrisat (United Kingdom)
45
BROADBAND CAPACITY ISSUES
• EXPECTED GROWTH IN SATELLITE ASDELIVERY MECHANISM FOR BROADBANDDATA COULD STRAIN SATELLITE CAPACITY
• MILLIONS OF PEOPLE IN RURAL AREAS WILLNEED BROADBAND VIA SATELLITE
• CURRENT ESTIMATE: 20,000 BROADBANDSUBSCRIBERS/TRANSPONDER OR 480,000BROADBAND CONSUMERS/SATELLITE (24TRANSPONDERS/SATELLITE)
46
PROMOTING COMMERCIALMILLIMETER WAVE USE
(ABOVE 50 GHz)• 51.4 - 52.6 GHz AND 58.2 - 59 GHz BANDS ARE
ALLOCATED TO FIXED AND MOBILE SERVICES(INTERCONNECT MOBILE SERVICE BASESTATIONS AND INTERCONNECT DIFFERENTSYSTEMS)
• 57 - 64 GHz ALLOCATED IN U.S. TO UNLICENSEDUSES SO AS TO PROVIDE 7 GHz (VERY HIGHSPEED AND/OR HIGH BANDWIDTHCOMMUNICATION OVER SHORT DISTANCESAND FOR NETWORKING BACKBONE PURPOSESIN CONGESTED AREAS)
47
PROMOTING COMMERCIALMILLIMETER WAVE USE
(ABOVE 50 GHz)• 64 - 66 GHz ALLOCATED TO FIXED AND MOBILE
SERVICES, EXCEPT FOR AERONAUTICAL MOBILESERVICE (AGAIN, INTERCONNECT MOBILESERVICE BASE STATIONS AND INTERCONNECTDIFFERENT SYSTEMS)
• 65 - 71 GHz ALLOCATED TO INTERSATELLITESERVICE (ISS) TO MAKE SATELLITE NETWORKINTERCONNECTIONS MORE EFFICIENT (WILLPROMOTE VIDEO TELEPHONY, MEDICAL ANDTECHNICAL TELE-IMAGING, HIGH SPEED DATANETWORKS, AND BANDWIDTH-ON-DEMAND FORCONSUMERS)
48
UNLICENSED OPERATION57 - 64 GHz
• LICENSING THIS BAND IS UNNECESSARY BECAUSEOF THE VERY LIMITED POTENTIAL FORINTERFERENCE DUE TO THE LOW POWER LIMITS,THE DRAMATIC OXYGEN ABSORPTION OF RFENERGY AT FREQUENCIES AROUND 60 GHz, ANDTHE NARROW BEAMWIDTH OF POINT-TO-POINTANTENNAS USED OUTSIDE
• MAXIMUM PFD PERMITTED IN THIS 7 GHz BAND IS9 uW/cm2 AVERAGE, AND 18 uW/cm2 PEAK AT 3METERS
• NOKIA HAS ALREADY BEGUN DEPLOYINGUNLICENSED MICRO-CELLULAR EQUIPMENT INTHE BAND 57 - 59 GHz IN EUROPE
49
WORLDWIDE DIGITAL MOBILESUBSCRIBERS AND INTERNET USERS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
YEAR
US
ER
S (
Mill
ion
s)
Mobile Telephone Subscribers Internet Users
Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database.
50
WORLDWIDE BROADBANDAND INTERNET USE
SOURCE: ITU WORLD TELECOMMUNICATION INDICATORS DATABASE
51
BROADBAND PENETRATIONPER 100 INHABITANTS
SOURCE: ITU WORLD TELECOMMUNICATION INDICATORS DATABASE
52
WORLDWIDE BROADBANDPENETRATION
SOURCE: ITU
53
GLOBAL BROADBAND MARKETMILLIONS OF SUBSCRIBERS
05
101520253035404550
1999 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007
LMDSSatelliteCable Mod.xDSL
Source: Publications Resource Group
