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Pre/Post 9-11 Terrorist Attacks
Iranian Revolution 1979
Embassy and Barracks Bombings in Beirut
1983
Pan Am Flight 1031988
World Trade Center 1993
Somalia 1993
Strategy vs United StatesUse of Media
Americans will tire of conflict
Public pressure on politicians to withdraw
Oklahoma City 1995
Khobar Towers 1996
Embassy Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania
1998
USS Cole2000
9/11/2001
“Shoe Bomber”December 2001
Bali Nightclub Bombings2002
Madrid Train Bombings2004
London Bombings7/7/2005
2006 Transatlantic Plot“Liquids”
Christmas Day Underwear Bomber 2009
Historical Background
Study Guide Key Concept #1
Crusades
• Christianity v Islam
• Atrocities on both sides
• Led to religious tension
Post WWI colonialism (creation of Iraq) led to territorial tensions and
a mistrust of western powers.
Post WW1 Colonialism
Post WWI Colonialism
1. The British and other countries maintained colonial interests in the region.
2. Many promises made; few were kept.
3. Fueled mistrust and skepticism of the west.
Oil in the Middle East• In the early 20th
century, oil was discovered in Iran.
• The British government assisted private businesses in developing oil fields and production.
• The race for the “greatest prize in all of history” was on.
Oil in the Middle East1930’s : U.S. geologists discover oil in
Saudi Arabia
Large scale production following WWII
¼ of the world’s oil reserves
World War II and Beyond• The U.S. was producing most of the
oil for the Allied war effort.• The government began looking
elsewhere to secure access to oil.• The Middle East was seen as one of
the best places to secure this access.
**Access to oil = National Security
U.S. Involvement inthe Middle East
The Enemy of my Enemy…
The Creation of Israel (1947)
Consequences• Land taken from Palestinians
• Led to more territorial tensions
• Arabs vs Jews
• U.S. allied with Israel (money, weapons)
1941The Shah Comes to power in Iran
amid chaotic social issues(U.S. Backed)
Iranian Revolution 1979• The Shah was
unresponsive to social problems.
• He received assistance from the U.S. in an internal power struggle. Secured U.S. access to oil.
• Muslim cleric Ayatollah Khomeini rallied popular support and overthrew the Shah.
• Theocratic Rule. Strict interpretation of Islam.
Hostage Crisis• 88 hostages taken and held for 444
days.
• Failed rescue mission in 1980.
• Iran v Iraq 1980
• Hostages released 1/20/1981 (Reagan)
1979-1989 USSR v Afghanistan
• Payback for Vietnam
• U.S. sends money, advisors, and weapons to Afghanistan. Immediate and dramatic impact.
• Jihad and Mujahadene (Bin Laden and Taliban)
Effects…• Soviets pull out and communism fails
a year later.
• The U.S. leaves Afghanistan
• No economy, no infrastructure; just a lot of guys with guns and war experience.– Exports of jihad and mercenaries
1980-1988 Iraq v Iran• Fresh out of the
Iranian Revolution, Iraq (Hussein) picks a fight with Iran. The U.S. does not like either of them, but sides with Iraq.
• U.S. provided Iraq with money, training, and equipment to battle the “Human Wave” attacks of Iran.
Effects…• No real winner in the end.
• Well-equipped Iraq under Hussein
• Both countries in serious debt; Iraq badly needed money…–What to do, what to do?
Kuwait• Historical and territorial tensions
between Iraq and Kuwait.
• Kuwait has vast oil revenues and is located on the Persian Gulf. (10 % of the world’s reserves)
• August of 1990, Iraq invades Kuwait. Little to no resistance and a quick success for Hussein.
Desert Shield• U.S. and Saudis worried that Iraq
may turn toward Saudi Arabia. (largest oil reserves in the world)
• Saudis allow U.S. and coalition forces to mass.
• Infidels in the holy land. Angers extremists and Bin Laden.
Desert Storm• U.S. and coalition forces liberate
Kuwait.
• U.S. calls for Iraqis to revolt from within and overthrow Saddam. Many do.
• Bush puts the brakes on the army. Many Iraqis were executed for their disloyalty.
Air Superiority
Fast moving ground campaign
Fish in a barrel
Perception of the U.S. in the Middle East
• Only interested in ourselves
• Flip flopping sides
• No PR campaign for the U.S. in the region
Post Gulf War I EventsSanctions against Iraq.
No Fly zonesWorld Trade Center ISomalia 1993Embassy Bombings in Africa 1998USS Cole 2000Iranian Pursuit of Nuclear
Energy/WeaponsGrowing influence
9/11
Geopolitics of the Middle East
Geopolitics of the Middle East
OilTransportation of Oil (Oceans)Access to MarketsNuclear Weapons/WMDsHuman Rights
Invasion of AfghanistanOctober 2001U.S. and British begin bombing targets
in Afghanistan in preparation for invasion.
November 2001Ground forces and operationsTaliban driven out