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PREPOSITIONS: LOCATORS IN TIME AND PLACE
A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words. For instance, when you do try to define a preposition like "in" or "between" or "on," you
invariably use your hands to show how something is situated in relationship to something else. Prepositions are nearly always combined with other words in structures
called prepositional phrases. Prepositional phrases can be made up of a million different words, but they tend to be built the same: a preposition followed by a determiner and an adjective or two, followed by a pronoun or noun (called
the object of the preposition). This whole phrase, in turn, takes on a modifying role, acting as an adjective or an adverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a
noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened.
Consider the professor's desk and all the prepositional phrases we can use while
talking about it.
You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can
sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet
are underthe desk or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk
(meaning next to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or
even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk
or try to walk throughthe desk (and stuff would fall off the desk). Passing his
hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often
looks across the desk and speaks ofthe desk or concerning the desk as if
there were nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of nothing except the
desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he
paid for the desk, and if he could live without the desk. You can
walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and
even past the desk while he sits at the desk or leans against the desk.
All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the
class, until the class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And the
professor can sit there in a bad mood [another adverbial construction].
Select from the follow ing
Those words in bold blue font are all prepositions. Some prepositions do other
things besides locate in space or time — "My brother is like my father." "Everyone in
the class except me got the answer." — but nearly all of them modify in one way or
another. It is possible for a preposition phrase to act as a noun — "During a church
service is not a good time to discuss picnic plans" or "In the South Pacific is where I
long to be" — but this is seldom appropriate in formal or academic writing.
Click HERE for a list of common prepositions that will be easy to print out.
You may have learned that ending a sentence with
a preposition is a serious breach of grammatical
etiquette. It doesn't take a grammarian to spot a
sentence-ending preposition, so this is an easy rule to
get caught up on (!). Although it is often easy to
remedy the offending preposition, sometimes it isn't,
and repair efforts sometimes result in a clumsy
sentence. "Indicate the book you are quoting from" is
not greatly improved with "Indicate from which book
you are quoting."
Based on shaky historical precedent, the rule itself is
a latecomer to the rules of writing. Those who dislike
the rule are fond of recalling Churchill's rejoinder:
"That is nonsense up with which I shall not put." We
should also remember the child's complaint: "What
did you bring that book that I don't like to be read to
out of up for?"
Is it any wonder that prepositions create such troubles for students for whom
English is a second language? We say we are at the hospital to visit a friend who
is in the hospital. We lie in bed but on the couch. We watch a film at the theater
but on television. For native speakers, these little words present little difficulty, but try
to learn another language, any other language, and you will quickly discover that
prepositions are troublesome wherever you live and learn. This page contains some
interesting (sometimes troublesome) prepositions with brief usage notes. To address all
the potential difficulties with prepositions in idiomatic usage would require volumes,
and the only way English language learners can begin to master the intricacies of
preposition usage is through practice and paying close attention to speech and the
written word. Keeping a good dictionary close at hand (to hand?) is an important first
step.
Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in
We use at to designate specific times.
The train is due at 12:15 p.m.
We use on to designate days and dates.
My brother is coming on Monday.
We're having a party on the Fourth of July.
We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.
She likes to jog in the morning.
It's too cold in winter to run outside.
He started the job in 1971.
He's going to quit in August.
Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in
We use at for specific addresses.
Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.
We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.
Her house is on Boretz Road.
And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and
continents).
She lives in Durham.
Durham is in Windham County.
Windham County is in Connecticut.
Prepositions of Location: in, at, and onand No PrepositionIN(the) bed*
ATclass*
ONthe bed*
NO PREPOSITION
the bedroomthe car(the) class*the library*school*
homethe library*the officeschool*work
the ceilingthe floorthe horsethe planethe train
downstairsdowntowninsideoutsideupstairsuptown
* You may sometimes use different prepositions for these locations.
Prepositions of Movement: to and No Preposition
We use to in order to express movement toward a place.
They were driving to work together.
She's going to the dentist's office this morning.
Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are
simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you.
We're moving toward the light.
This is a big step towards the project's completion.
With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use
no preposition.
Grandma went upstairs
Grandpa went home.
They both went outside.
Prepositions of Time: for and since
We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).
He held his breath for seven minutes.
She's lived there for seven years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.
We use since with a specific date or time.
He's worked here since 1970.
She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.
Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs.
Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have
practically become one word. (In fact, in other languages, such as German, they would
have become one word.) This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS
approval of
awareness of
belief in
concern for
confusion about
desire for
fondness for
grasp of
hatred of
hope for
interest in
love of
need for
participation in
reason for
respect for
success in
understanding of
ADJECTIVES and PREPOSITIONS
afraid of
angry at
aware of
capable of
careless about
familiar with
fond of
happy about
interested in
jealous of
made of
married to
proud of
similar to
sorry for
sure of
tired of
worried about
VERBS and PREPOSITIONS
apologize for
ask about
ask for
belong to
bring up
care for
find out
give up
grow up
look for
look forward to
look up
make up
pay for
prepare for
study for
talk about
think about
trust in
work for
worry about
A combination of verb and preposition is called a phrasal verb. The word that is
joined to the verb is then called a particle. Please refer to the brief section we have
prepared on phrasal verbs for an explanation.
Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions
agree to a proposal, with a person, on a price, in principle
argue about a matter, with a person, for or against a proposition
compare to to show likenesses, with to show differences (sometimes
similarities)
correspond to a thing, with a person
differ from an unlike thing, with a person
live at an address, in a house or city, on a street, with other people
Unnecessary Prepositions
In everyday speech, we fall into some bad habits, using prepositions where they
are not necessary. It would be a good idea to eliminate these words altogether, but we
must be especially careful not to use them in formal, academic prose.
She met up with the new coach in the hallway.
The book fell off of the desk.
He threw the book out of the window.
She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. [or use "in"]
Where did they go to?
Put the lamp in back of the couch. [use "behind" instead]
Where is your college at?
Prepositions in Parallel Form
(Click HERE for a definition and discussion of parallelism.) When two words
or phrases are used in parallel and require the same preposition to be idiomatically
correct, the preposition does not have to be used twice.
You can wear that outfit in summer and in winter.
The female was both attracted by and distracted by the male's dance.
However, when the idiomatic use of phrases calls for different prepositions, we must be
careful not to omit one of them.
The children were interested in and disgusted by the movie.
It was clear that this player could both contribute to and learn from every game he
played.
He was fascinated by and enamored of this beguiling woman.
A continuación encontrarás una serie de frases preposicionales de uso frecuente, ordenadas alfabéticamente, que pueden resultarte de mucha utilidad.
AT THE END OF, al final de.The hero fell in love with the princess at the end of the story.
AT HOME IN/WITH, perfectamente familiar con.Einstein was perfectly at home in/with all questions of relativity.
AT THE SIDE OF (BESIDE), al lado de.The church is at the side of (beside) the small river.
AT THE TOP OF ONE'S VOICE, a voz en cuello, a toda voz.The boy in the water was shouting for help at the top of his voice.
AT VARIANCE WITH, de punta, en desacuerdo con.As a new teacher I found himself at variance with the principal over my salary.
BECAUSE OF, a causa de, debido a. Because of his poor health, he could not work in a tropical country.
BY FORCE OF, a fuerza de. OM Personal staff achieved their goals by force of effort and determination.
BY MEANS OF, por medio de. Graciela passed the OM Basic examinations by means of hard work.
BY REASON OF, a causa de.He has always succeeded by reason of his strong determination.
BY THE SIDE OF (BESIDE), al lado de, por el lado de.Their new house is located by the side of (beside) a beautiful lake.
BY VIRTUE OF, en virtud de.This candidate was given the job by virtue of his previous experienece in sales.
BY WAY OF, por vía de, a modo de, pasando por.My uncle travelled from Santiago de Chile to Miami by way of the Panama Canal.
FOR FEAR OF, por medio o temor de.The old man did not travel by air for fear of having a heart-attack.
FOR THE PURPOSE OF, con el objeto de, con el propósito de.The investigation was made for the purpose of discovering the thief.
FOR THE SAKE OF, por amor de, en beneficio de. I prefered to ignore Mike's rudeness for the sake of our long friendship.
FOR WANT OF, por falta de.The metal has gone rusty for want of a fresh coat of paint.
IN/ON BEHALF OF, en favor de, en nombre de."I would like to thank today's speaker in/on behalf of all the members here".
IN CASE OF, en caso de.In case of difficulty, please dial number 999-AB.
IN COMMON WITH, en común con, del mismo modo que.The new student wrote on the wrong subject in common with Jessie Brown.
IN CONSEQUENCE OF, a consecuencia de. In consequence of the large number absent, we had to postpone the meeting.
IN (THE) COURSE OF, en vía de.Did Mrs. Cecilia Dufour ever go to Tibet in (the) course of her travels?
IN DEFIANCE OF, en desafío de, sin poner atención a.The owners remained in their apartments in defiance of the evacuation order.
IN FAVOUR OF, en favor de.Who is in favour of taking a holiday in August?IN FRONT OF, en frente de, cara a cara con.
Suddenly I recognised the girl who was standing in front of me in the line.IN HONOUR OF, en honor de.
Our manager was given a holiday in honour of his great efforts and achievement.IN (THE) HOPE OF, con la esperanza de.
The actress went to Africa in (the) hope of meeting her son once again.IN PLACE OF, en lugar de.
The teacher gave me a new exercise book in place of the old one.IN PROSPECT OF, en vista de, en expectativa de.
He lost his job a month ago, but he is in prospect of finding something interesting.IN SEARCH OF, en busca de.
The two friends went to South America in search of adventure.IN SPITE OF, a pesar de.
Many people will probably come tonight in spite of this bad weather.INSTEAD OF, en vez de, en lugar de.
Peter Edwards had to go to the meeting instead of his boss who is ill in bed.IN VIEW OF, en vista de.
In view of the designer's success, the firm decided to promote him to manager.IN THE EVENT OF, en caso de.
The old man asked his sons to stay at the farm in the event of his death.IN THE FACE OF, en presencia de.
Why do you insist on going to Malaya in the face of all your family?IN (WITH) THE HOPE OF, en (con) la esperanza de.
The millionaire went to Africa in (with) the hope of meeting his family.IN THE NAME OF, en nombre de.
Please, spare the condemned man's life in the name of humanity.IN THE REAR OF, a la cola de, a la retaguardia.
There was a cloud of dust in the rear of the caravan.IN THE SIGHT OF, a la vista de.
He was guilty in the sight of the law.IN THE TEETH OF, en oposición a, contra toda la fuerza de.
The young man stuck to his principles in the teeth of great opposition.IN ORDER TO, para, a fin de, con el objeto de.
In order to listen to this audio file you have to download it first.IN PROPORTION TO, en proporción a.
He told me that my success was in proportion to the work I had done.IN REGARD TO, en cuanto a, relacionado con.
Did he tell you anything in regard to your future job?IN ACCORDANCE WITH, de acuerdo con, en armonía con.They completed the form in accordance with all the rules.
IN CONNECTION WITH, con referencia aHe interviewed me in connection with the proposed new course.
IN HARMONY WITH, en armonía con.Luckily her tastes were in harmony with mine.
IN KEEPING WITH, de acuerdo con, en armonía con.The director of the firm was given a house in keeping with his high position.
ON ACCOUNT OF, por motivo de, a cuenta de, a causa de.The girl could not go away on account of the terrible storm.
ON BEHALF OF, de parte de."I would like to thank the speaker on behalf of all the members in this club".
ON THE BRINK OF, al borde, a la orilla de.The firm was on the brink of bankruptcy.
ON THE EVE OF, en vispera de, la víspera de.Grandma came from Italy on the eve of my birthday.
ON THE FACE OF, a juzgar por las apariencias.
On the face of it, their proposal seems quite genuine.ON THE GROUND OF, en base de, en razón de.
The young man was rejected by the Air Force on the ground of ill-health.ON THE PART OF, por parte de.
There was complete agreement on the part of Mr. Jones.ON THE POINT OF, a punto de.
The thief was on the point of surrendering when he was caught.OUT OF HARMONY WITH, en desacuerdo con.
Unluckily her tastes are always out of harmony with mine.OUT OF KEEPING WITH, en desacuerdo con.
Rock or jazz music are entirely out of keeping with this solemn occasion.OUT OF PROPORTION WITH (TO), en desproporción con.
The head in the portrait seems to be out of proportion with the body.
UNDER THE NAME OF, bajo el nombre de. A boy under the name of Johnson came to see you this morning.
WITH THE HELP OF, con ayuda de. We managed to repair the engine with the help of the new electrician.
WITH THE INTENTION OF, con la intención de.He attended evening school with the intention of learning more English.
WITH A VIEW TO, con la intención de.Mr. Dobson bought the land with a view to building houses on it.
WITH AN EYE TO, con la intención de.They bought the old houses with an eye to making them into a 5-star hotel.
WITH REFERENCE TO, con referencia a. With reference to your letter, I wish to inform you that I am leaving soon.
WITH REGARD TO, con relación a.Did he tell you anything with regard to your future promotion?WITH RESPECT TO, con respecto a, tocante a, concerniente a.
With reference to your application, you are invited for an interview next week.
Talk It! The Prepositional Phrase
Recognize a prepositional phrase when you see one.
At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun,pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it. These are the patterns for a prepositional phrase:
P R E P O S I T I O N + N O U N , P R O N O U N , G E R U N D , O R C L A U S E
P R E P O S I T I O N + M O D I F I E R ( S ) + N O U N , P R O N O U N ,
G E R U N D , O R C L A U S E
Here are some examples of the most basic prepositional phrase:
At home
At = preposition; home = noun.
In time
In = preposition; time = noun.
From Richie
From = preposition; Richie = noun.
With me
With = preposition; me = pronoun.
By singing
By = preposition; singing = gerund.
About what we need
About = preposition; what we need = noun clause.
Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:
From my grandmother
From = preposition; my = modifier;grandmother = noun.
Under the warm blanket
Under = preposition; the, warm = modifiers; blanket = noun.
In the weedy, overgrown garden
In = preposition; the, weedy,overgrown = modifiers; garden = noun.
Along the busy, six-lane highway
Along = preposition; the, busy, six-lane = modifiers; highway = noun.
By writing furiously
By = preposition; writing = gerund;furiously = modifier.
Understand what prepositional phrases doin a sentence.
A prepositional phrase will function as anadjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the questionWhich one?
Read these examples:
The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower
steam.
Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!
The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with
mold.
Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten in the vegetable bin!
The note from Beverly confessed that she had eaten the
leftover pizza.
Which note? The one from Beverly!
As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?
Freddy is stiff from yesterday's long football practice .
How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice!
Before class , Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
When did Josh do his begging? Before class!
Feeling brave, we tried the Dragon Breath Burritos at Tito's
Taco Palace .
Where did we eat the spicy food? At Tito's Taco Palace!
Remember that a prepositional phrase willnever contain the subject of a sentence.
Sometimes a noun within the prepositional phrase seems the logical subject of a verb. Don't fall for that trick! You will never find a subject in a prepositional phrase. Look at this example:
Neither of these cookbookscontains the recipe for
Manhattan-style squid eyeball stew.
Cookbooks do indeed contain recipes. In this sentence, however, cookbooks is part of the prepositional phrase of these cookbooks.Neither—whatever a neither is—is the subject for the verb contains.
Neither is singular, so you need the singular form of the verb, contains. If you incorrectly identifiedcookbooks as the
subject, you might writecontain, the plural form, and thus commit a subject-verb agreement error.
Some prepositions—such as along with and in addition to—indicate "more to come." They will make you think that you have a plural subject when in fact you don't. Don't fall for that trick either! Read this example:
Tommy, along with the other students , breathed a sigh
of relief when Mrs. Markham announced that she was
postponing the due date for the research essay.
Logically, more than one student is happy with the news. But Tommy is the only subject of the verbbreathed. His classmates count in the real world, but in the sentence, they don't matter, locked as they are in the prepositional phrase.
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384. Many of the more common of the Spanish prepositions and prepositional phrases have been learned in previous lessons. For the sake of convenience they are repeated here. The simple prepositions have so many special meanings that some must be studied in detail.
385. The more common of the simple prepositions, with their general and ordinary meanings, are the following:
a, to, at, from, of, in, into, on.
excepto, except, but.
ante, before, in the presence of.
hacia, towards.
bajo, under, below. hasta, as far as, to, until, up to.
con, with. para, by, for, to, in order to.
contra, against. por, for, by, to, through, on account of.
de, of, from, by, about, concerning, on, at, with, on account of, to.
según, according to, as.
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desde, from, since. sin, without.
durante,
during. sobre, on, upon, about.
en, in, on, into, upon, at, of.
tras, after.
entre, among, between.
386. The more common prepositional phrases are the following:
a. Phrases composed of an adjective or adverb with the preposition a:
conforme a,
according to. junto a, near, by, close to.
contrario a,
contrary to. respeto a, } in regard to,
with respect to.frente a, opposite to, facing. tocante
a,
b. Phrases composed of an adverb with the preposition de:
acerca de, about, regarding. dentro de, within, inside of.
además de, besides. después de, after (in time).
alrededor de,
around. detrás de, after, behind (in place).
antes de, before (in time). encima de, over, on, above.
cerca de, near. enfrente de, in front of.
debajo de, under. fuera de, outside of, except.
delante de, before, in front of (in place).
más allá de, beyond.
c. Phrases composed of two prepositions with an intervening word:
a causa de, on account of. a pesar de, in spite of.
a fin de, in order to. en cuanto a, as to, with respect to.
a fuerza de, by dint of. en lugar de, } instead of,
in place of.al lado de, by the side of. en vez de,
387. The Preposition a. The principal uses of the preposition a, ' to, at, from, of, in, into, on,' are:
a. To express time.
a las diez, at ten o'clock.
a mediodía, at noon.
a tiempo, in time.
a fines de mayo, by or towards the end of May.
¿A cuántos estamos hoy? What day of the month is it to-day?
Salieron a la madrugada. They left very early (at dawn).
b. To express position, destination, direction.
Está a la puerta. He is at the door.
Voy a la escuela. I am going to school.
c. To express manner or means.
Viene a pie. He comes on foot.
Lo echaron fuera a patadas. They kicked him out.
d. To express price or rate.
Se venden a diez centavos cada uno.
They are sold at ten cents apiece.
¿A cómo se venden? What price are they?
al cinco por ciento, at five per cent.
e. With verbs meaning ' to take from,' ' buy from,' etc.
Quítale el libro a Juan. Take the book away from John.
Le compré el libro a mi tío. I bought the book from my uncle.
f. For the preposition a used as the sign of the object, see44.
g. For the preposition a used for the English ' on ' before the present participle, see 125 b.
h. Motion is expressed by a. (For rest expressed by en, see below; see also (b), above.)
Voy a casa. I am going home.
¿A dónde va? Where are you going?
Voy a España el año que viene.
I am going to Spain next year.
i. For the preposition a used as the sign of the infinitive, see406.
388. The Preposition en. The principal uses of the preposition en, ' in, on, into, upon, at, of,' are the following:
a. To express rest in or on a place or motion in or into a place.
Estamos en París. We are in Paris.
El libro está en la biblioteca. The book is in the library.
Póngalo en la caja. Put it in the box.
La comida está en la mesa. The dinner is on the table.
Entra ahora en la iglesia. He is now going into the church.
b. To express time and manner.
de hoy en ocho días, a week from to-day.
en el día de hoy, to-day.
No me meto en tonterías. I do not care for foolishness.
Part 5. EXERCISES
En esta parte podrá aplicar lo aprendido, practicar y comprobar que recuerda tanto el vocabulario como la gramática de la lección. Si comete errores, se recomienda repasar los temas y volver a realizar los ejercicios.
Exercise 1
Complete los recuadros con How much o How many.
birds are there? There are two birds.
money is there? There are three thousand dollars.
dolphins are there? There are two dolphins.
pencils are there? There are thirteen pencils.
books are there? There are three books.
milk is there? There are four litres of milk.
How much / How many
Se utilizan para preguntar por cantidades de algo.
Si se trata de sustantivos contables, se aplica How many.Si se trata de sustantivos incontables, se usa How much.
Estas expresiones siempre van seguidas de un sustantivo; luego, el verbo y el resto de la oración.
How many cars do you have?¿Cuántos autos tienes?
How much money do you have?¿Cuánto dinero tienes?
How much se utiliza también para preguntar precios.
How much is this car?¿Cuánto cuesta este auto?
How much are the potatoes?¿Cuánto cuestan las papas?
También se usan en forma genérica para preguntar "cuánto hay". En este caso, van seguidas del sustantivo y luego, is / are there.
How many cars are there?¿Cuántos autos hay?
How much money is there?¿Cuánto dinero hay?
A estas preguntas se responde usando There is / are, dependiendo de si se trata de singular o plural, como ya hemos visto en lecciones anteriores.
There are nine cars.Hay nueve autos.
There is one dollar.Hay un dólar.
Para hacer referencia a los sustantivos incontables, se pueden utilizar los envases o las medidas de los envases que los contienen, los cuales sí son contables...
How much milk is there?¿Cuánta leche hay?
There are three litres.Hay tres litros.
There are three bottles.Hay tres botellas.
How much - How many (Contables e incontables)SUNDAY, 18. FEBRUARY 2007, 19:10:54
En ingles cuando queremos preguntar acerca de la cantidad de
un sustantivo incontable, usamos
la estructura:
“How much + sustantivo + is there?
Ejemplo: How much milk is there ? = ¿ cuanta leche hay ?
En las respuestas se puede usar un partitivo no especifico como;
a lot ( un montón ),
a little ( un poco ), none ( nada ), some ( algo ).
Ejemplo: How much milk is there ? = There is a little.
¿ Cuanta leche hay ? hay un poco
O por el contrario podemos usar partitivos especificos de unidad
o medida o peso para especificar las cantidades;
Ejemplo: How much milk is there? = There is a litre, there is a
bottle, etc..
¿Cuanta leche hay? Hay un litro, una botella, etc..
Si queremos preguntar acerca de la cantidad de un sustantivo
contable, usamos la estructura:
“ How many + sustantivo + are there ?
Ejemplo: How many oranges are there ? = ¿ Cuantas naranjas
hay ?
En las respuestas se usa: a lot (un monton), a few (unas pocas),
too many, (demasiadas), o
none ( ninguna), some ( algunas), si queremos especificar
cantidades entonces usamos partitivos contables del tipo; un
kilo, un litro, un paquete, una bolsa, one, two, etc.
How much y how many se usan para preguntas en general
acerca de cosas, cuando queremos que se nos indique las
cantidades que hay, entonces how much y how many van
acompañados de is there o are there.
Ejemplos: How much water is there? = There is 1 litre.
How many students are there? = There are eleven students in
class.
Tambien existe otra forma de preguntar cuando no estamos
seguros de si hay algo o no, y es usando, Is there + any +
sustantivo (para incontables) o Are there + any + sustantivos
(para contables)
Ejemplo: Is there any bread ? - ¿Hay algo de pan?
Yes, there is - Si hay
Are there any apples? - ¿Hay alguna manzana?
Yes there are - Si hay
Si quieres especificar la cantidad o cantidades, pues usas there
is o there are + partitivo(s)
Ejemplo: There is a loaf of bread. Hay una barra de pan.
There are two loaves of bread. Hay dos barras de pan.
There is an apple. Hay una manzana.
There are three apples. Hay tres manzanas.
Apuntes especiales.
En ingles los líquidos, materias y substancias son incontables, en
este apartado debemos de incluir a los siguientes sustantivos
que son incontables en ingles:
Money - dinero
Fruit - fruta
Bread - pan
Time - tiempo
Chocolate - chocolate
Meat - carne
Beef - carne (vacuna)
Esta página:
How much How Many
Página 2 :
¿cuánto cuesta?
Página 3 :
Ejercicios
How much?
Usamos “how much” si preguntamos por la cantidad de algo que es incontable* (un sustantivo incontable es uno que no se puede contar*)
How much petrol do we need?¿Cuánta gasolina necesitamos?
How much milk is there in chocolate?¿Cuánta leche hay en el chocolate?
Sin el sustantivo: Como en el castellano, en el inglés no es necesario poner el sustantivo si es obvio por el contexto:
John: “We need more milk!”James: “How much do we have?”
No es necesario que James use “millk” porque ya es obvio por el contexto.
Nota: *Para saber si un sustantivo es contable o incontable basta con ver si se puede decir con “uno, dos, tres …”
Por ejemplo: “dos oxígenos” o “cinco oxígenos” no decimos nunca, así que podemos estar seguros que “oxígeno” es un sustantivo incontable.
Listening
el video de esta clase de inglés está más abajo
How many?
Usamos “how many” si preguntamos por la cantidad de algo que se puede contar (un sustantivo contable*)
How many chairs do we need?¿Cuántas sillas necesitamos?
How many children are in the class?¿Cuánto niños hay en la clase?
Sin el sustantivo: Como en el castellano, en el inglés no es necesario poner el sustantivo si es obvio por el contexto:
John: “We need more chairs!”James: “How many do we have?”
No es necesario que James use “chairs” porque ya es obvio por el contexto.
Nota:*Una regla para saber si hay que usar “how many” : Si estás esperando que la respuesta a tu pregunta sea un número, entonces tienes que usar “how many”
How much / how many
Click on the buttons until you find the correct answer
1 We need some tea. ______ do we need?How much
How many
2 We need some eggs. ______ do we need?How much
How many
3 We need some paper. ______ do we need?How much
How many
4 We need some money. ______ do we need?How much
How many
5 ______ cigarettes do you smoke a day?How much
How many
6 ______ packets of cigarettes do you have?
How much
How many
7 ______ work have you got to do?How much
How many
8 ______ sleep did you get last night?How much
How many
9 ______ children have you got?How much
How many
10 ______ bottles of wine are there in the cellar?How much
How many
11 ______ English grammar do you know?How much
How many
12 ______ Americans do you know?How much
How many
13 ______ sugar do you take in your tea?How much
How many
14 ______ apples do you eat in an average week?How much
How many
15 ______ fruit do you eat in an average week?How much
How many
16 ______ real friends do you have?
How much
How many
17 ______ chairs are there in your house?How much
How many
18 ______ furniture do you have?How much
How many
19 ______ traffic was there on the motorway today?How much
How many
20 ______ times must I tell you?How much
How many
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Do we use a, an or some for these words?
book wine some
rice
apple
music
tomato
rain
cassette
egg
food Look at these rules
We use "a" with objects we can count the begin with a consonant Example: a book
We use "some" with object we can not count Example:some milk We use "an" with object we can count that begin with a
vowel Example: an orange
Asking questions for countable and uncountable objects
Complete the questions using much or many
How money do you have?
How people live in your city?
How does that book cost?
How rice is there?
How apples are there in the basket?
How petrol do we need?
How children are in the class?
How teachers do you have?
Ejercicios: Much or Many?
¿Podrías completar las siguientes frases utilizando MUCH y MANYde
la manera correcta?
1. I have eaten so …………… ice-cream cones.
2. We need …………… employees for the company.
3. There are …………… accidents in this street.
4. Have you had …………… cars in your life?
5. …………… exercises were very difficult.
6. You didn’t do so …………… effort.
7. I have …………… questions to ask you.
8. …………… workers took part in the new project.
9. Paris has …………… places to visit.
10. I have read …………… novels during the summer.
1. So …………… wine were spoilt in the carpet.
2. …………… men were injured in the accident.
3. There was so …………… rain last night during the concert.
4. You can find …………… information in those books.
5. You can do the exercise in …………… different ways.
6. …………… students hate doing the homework.
7. Is there …………… milk in that carton?
8. So …………… people know about your activities.
9. It is necessary to have so …………… knowledge to solve the problem.
10. I have lived in England for …………… years.
VER SOLUCIÓN
Solución del ejercicio sobre el uso de Much or Many¿Ya completaste estas frases utilizando MUCH y MANY?... Si ya lo
has hecho, verifica si tus respuestas son correctas con la
siguientesolución:
1. I have eaten so many ice-cream cones.
2. We need many employees for the company.
3. There are many accidents in this street.
4. Have you had many cars in your life?
5. Many exercises were very difficult.
6. You didn’t do so much effort.
7. I have many questions to ask you.
8. Many workers took part in the new project.
9. Paris has many places to visit.
10. I have read many novels during the summer.
1. So much wine were spoilt in the carpet.
2. Many men were injured in the accident.
3. There was so much rain last night during the concert.
4. You can find much information in those books.
5. You can do the exercise in many different ways.
6. Many students hate doing the homework.
7. Is there much milk in that carton?
8. So many people know about your activities.
9. It is necessary to have so much knowledge to solve the problem.
10. I have lived in England for many years.
Apostrophes
Rule 1.
Use the apostrophe with contractions. The apostrophe is always placed at the spot where the letter(s) has been removed.
Examples: don't, isn't
You're right.
She's a great teacher.
Rule Use the apostrophe to show possession. Place the apostrophe
2. before the s to show singular possession.
Examples: one boy's hat
one woman's hat
one actress's hat
one child's hat
Ms. Chang's house
NOTE: Although names ending in s or an s sound are not required to have the second s added in possessive form, it is preferred.
Mr. Jones's golf clubs
Texas's weather
Ms. Straus's daughter
Jose Sanchez's artwork
Dr. Hastings's appointment (name is Hastings)
Mrs. Lees's books (name is Lees)
Rule 3.
Use the apostrophe where the noun that should follow is implied.
Example: This was his father's, not his, jacket.
Rule 4.
To show plural possession, make the noun plural first. Then immediately use the apostrophe.
Examples: two boys' hats
two women's hats
two actresses' hats
two children's hats
the Changs' house
the Joneses' golf clubs
the Strauses' daughter
the Sanchezes' artwork
the Hastingses' appointment
the Leeses' books
Rule 5.
Do not use an apostrophe for the plural of a name.
Examples: We visited the Sanchezes in Los Angeles.
The Changs have two cats and a dog.
Rule 6.
With a singular compound noun, show possession with 's at the end of the word.
Example: my mother-in-law's hat
Rule 7.
If the compound noun is plural, form the plural first and then use the apostrophe.
Example: my two brothers-in-law's hats
Rule 8.
Use the apostrophe and s after the second name only if two people possess the same item.
Examples: Cesar and Maribel's home is constructed of redwood.
Cesar's and Maribel's job contracts will be renewed next year. Indicates separate ownership.
Cesar and Maribel's job contracts will be renewed next year. Indicates joint ownership of more than one contract.
Rule 9.
Never use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns: his, hers, its, theirs, ours, yours, whose. They already show possession so they do not require an apostrophe.
Examples:
Correct:
This book is hers, not yours.
Incorrect: Sincerely your's.
Rule 10.
The only time an apostrophe is used for it's is when it is a contraction forit is or it has.
Examples: It's a nice day.
It's your right to refuse the invitation.
It's been great getting to know you.
Rule 11.
The plurals for capital letters and numbers used as nouns are not formed with apostrophes.
Examples:
She consulted with three M.D.s.BUTShe went to three M.D.s' offices.The apostrophe is needed here to show plural possessive.
She learned her ABCs.
the 1990s not the 1990's
the '90s or the mid-'70s not the '90's or the mid-'70's
She learned her times tables for 6s and 7s.
Exception:
Use apostrophes with capital letters and numbers when the meaning would be unclear otherwise.
Examples: Please dot your i's.
You don't mean is.
Ted couldn't distinguish between his 6's and 0's.
You need to use the apostrophe to indicate the plural ofzero or it will look like the word Os. To be consistent within a sentence, you would also use the apostrophe to indicate the plural of 6's.
Rule 12.
Use the possessive case in front of a gerund (-ing word).
Examples: Alex's skating was a joy to behold.
This does not stop Joan's inspecting of our facilities next Thursday.
Rule 13.
If the gerund has a pronoun in front of it, use the possessive form of that pronoun.
Examples: I appreciate your inviting me to dinner.
I appreciated his working with me to resolve the conflict.
Apostrophes in Contractions
A contraction is when you shorten a word for convenience, such as: can’t, I’ve,
it’s.
So the apostrophe replaces letters and spaces that are taken out:
Can not = Can’t (replacing: [space],n,o)
I have = I’ve (replacing: [space],h,a)
It is = It’s (replacing [space],i)
No matter how many letters you remove, you only use one apostrophe to
represent them.
Apostrophes don’t always come in the middle of words, they can be at the
beginning:
Read on
Grammar Mistakes and Easy Fixes
Writing Help: The Use of Apostrophe
Common Misuse of the Apostrophe
Until = ‘til (replacing u,n)
Around = ‘round (replacing a)
Apostrophes in Exceptional Contractions
There are some examples that don’t follow the normal rules. For example:
Is not = Isn’t, which replaces [space] and o but not consecutively. Logically it
should be Is’n’t but the first apostrophe is ignored.
Others include:
Will not = Won’t
Shall not = Shan’t
"Is not" or “is it not” = Isn’t
There are also vernacular or slang terms in modern use such as ain’t, which is a
corruption of “is it not” or “isn’t”:
Is it not = very formal
Isn’t it = regular
Ain’t it = vernacular
The common theme is that the apostrophe goes where the o in “not” would go.
Apostrophes in Possessives
A possessive indicates that something belongs to someone or something; that
they possess it.
For instance:
It is James’ ball
Helen’s mum
The dog’s bed
The table’s leg
The thing can belong to a person or an object but the rules are the same: the
apostrophe comes between the last letter of the name and the s, so:
Helen’s
Ben’s
Cat’s
Chair’s
This is a singular possessive, there is only one cat that the collar belongs to,
only one Ben that the money belongs to and only one chair that the cushion
belongs to.
Cats without an apostrophe becomes a plural: “there are many cats” or “there
are lots of chairs”.
If the cushions belong to lots of chairs or the collars belong to lots of cats you
do not always write cats’s or chairs’s. Instead, it is common to miss off the last
s, making: chairs’ and cats’. So:
“The chairs’ cushions” and “the cats’ collars”.
This is the same for any name ending in s. So:
Chris’ baseball
Kas’ bag
The mass’ voice
The gas’ odour
It’s and Its
One of the most common confusions is between its and it’s.
It’s is a contraction of “it is".
Its is a possessive but does not require an apostrophe, the same as hers, his or
yours.
Example of use:
“It’s a beautiful day” = “It is a beautiful day”
“You can’t give it its food yet” = “You can't give it the food that belongs to
it yet”
“It’s its birthday today” = “It is its birthday today”
© 2008 Marion Grace Woolley
Read more at Suite101: When to Use an Apostrophe: Understanding English Grammar: Apostrophes http://copyediting-grammar-style.suite101.com/article.cfm/when_to_use_an_apostrophe#ixzz0vwvkntiY
Some, Any
Some = a little, a few or a small number or amount
Any = one, some or all
Usually, we use some in positive (+) sentences and any in negative (-) and question (?) sentences.
some any example situation
+ I have somemoney.
I have $10.
- I don't have anymoney.
I don't have $1 and I don't have $10 and I don't have $1,000,000. I have $0.
? Do you have anymoney?
Do you have $1 or $10 or $1,000,000?
In general, we use something/anything and somebody/anybody in the same way as some/any.
Look at these examples:
He needs some stamps. I must go. I have some homework to do. I'm thirsty. I want something to drink. I can see somebody coming.
He doesn't need any stamps. I can stay. I don't have any homework to do. I'm not thirsty. I don't want anything to drink. I can't see anybody coming.
Does he need any stamps? Do you have any homework to do? Do you want anything to drink? Can you see anybody coming?
We use any in a positive sentence when the real sense is negative.
I refused to give them any money. (I did not give them any money)
She finished the test without any difficulty. (she did not have any difficulty)
Sometimes we use some in a question, when we expect a positive YES answer. (We could say that it is not a real question, because we think we know the answer already.)
Would you like some more tea? Could I have some sugar, please?
Use of Any and Some
Read the conversation below:
Barbara: Is there any milk left?Katherine: Yes, there is some in the bottle on the table.Barbara: Would you like some milk?Katherine: No, thank you. I don't think I'll drink any tonight. Could I have some water, please?Barbara: Sure. There is some in the fridge.
Barbara: Do you know anybody who comes from China?Katherine: Yes, I think there is someone who is Chinese in my English class.Barbara: Great, could you ask him some questions for me?Katherine: No problem. Is there anything special you want me to ask?Barbara: No, I don't have anything in particular in mind. Maybe you could ask him some questions about life in China. Is that OK?Katherine: I would be happy to do that for you.
Look at the chart below:
Some / Any
Para referirse a sustantivos incontables directamente, se usan las palabrassome y any.
Como norma general, some se aplica en las oraciones afirmativas, mientras que any se usa en las oraciones interrogativas y negativas.
Is there any sugar?¿Hay azúcar?
Yes, there is some sugar.Sí, hay algo de azúcar.
No, there isn't any sugar.No, no hay nada de azúcar.
Estas palabras también pueden usarse con sustantivos contables...
Is there any pencil?Hay algún lápiz?
Yes, there are some pencils.Sí, hay algunos lápices.
No, there isn't any pencil.No, no hay ningún lápiz.
Should and Shouldn't - Use
We use should and shouldn't to give advice or to talk about what we think is right or wrong.
You should means something like I think it is a good idea for you to do it.
You shouldn't means something like I think it is a bad idea for you to do it.
Should is used to express the opinion of a speaker and often follows I think or I don't think.
Examples
You look tired. I think you should take a few days off.
Alice works very long hours. She should to talk to her boss.
- I have an English test tomorrow. - I shouldn't worry if I were you. You have worked
really hard.
- I never have enough money. - I don't think you should go out so much.
Should - Quick Grammar Note
To give advice to someone you can also say:
I should do it if I were you. I shouldn't be so rude, if I were you.
When you regret not doing something in the past, you can say:
I shouldn't have spoken to him like that. I should have apologized earlier.
Should or Shouldn't - Practice
Exercise. Chose should or shouldn't.
You be so selfish.
1. I don't think you smoke so much.
2. You exercise more.
3. I think you try to speak to her.
4. You are overweight. You go on a diet.
5. Where we park our car?
6. You never speak to your mother like this.
7. The kids spend so much time in front of the TV.
8. I tell her the truth or should I say nothing?
9. I think we reserve our holiday in advance.
Tip! We do not use shouldn't where there isn't any obligation at all.
Instead we use don't have to or don't need to.
C U R S O D E I N G L E S G R AT I S
T U E S D A Y , M A R C H 2 1
El uso de should en inglésShould es un verbo modal. Verbos modales 'ayudan' a otros verbos. Es decir se usan con otros verbos para expresar diferentes funciones. Should se usa para dar consejos.
se forma:
Afirmativos
Se usa should + el infinitivo sin to
Se usa should con todas las personas sin cambiar su forma
Iyouhe/she/it + should + infinitivo sin towethey
EJEMPLO: He should work harder. (deberia trabajar mas).
Negativos
Check It!
Se usa shouldn't con todas las personas sin cambiar su forma
Iyouhe/she/it + shouldn't + infinitivo sin towethey
EJEMPLO: We shouldn't arrive late. (No deberiamos llegar tarde).
Preguntas
Should + sujeto + verbo infinitivo sin to
EJEMPLO: Should I study this chapter for the exam? (¿Deberia estudiar este capitulo para el examen?)
Repuestas cortas
Should I go to the party?Yes you should.No you shouldn't.
Se usa:
1. Para dar consejos
EJEMPLO You should do your homework. (deberias hacer tus deberes)
2. Para expresar tu opinion sobre lo que alguien deberia hacer en una situación
EJEMPLO I think you should work harder. (creo que deberias trabajar más)
3. Para hablar del pasado se usa should have + verbo infinitivo sin to
EJEMPLO You should have told me you were going to arrive late.
Completar el ejercicio con frases utilizando should para dar consejos y despues conseguir las respuestas en: Ejercicios
inglés, el uso de should
1. I´ve got a headache. You ..................................................(drink/water).2. I´ve forgotten my books. You..........................................(tell/teacher).3. My back hurts. You...........................................................(go/doctor's).4. The house is very untidy. You..........................................(tidy).5. I've got toothache. You......................................................(see/dentist).
LESSON 45Verbos modales (IV) - "Should"
El verbo modal "should" se utiliza para indicar conveniencia:
You should come with us. Tú deberías venir con nosotrosI should study German. Yo debería estudiar alemánHe should work harder. El debería trabajar más duro
Se diferencia, por tanto, de "must", ya que éste indica obligación:
You must do your homework. Tú debes hacer tus deberesYou should do your homework. Tú deberías hacer tus deberes
También se utiliza "should" para indicar que algo es probable que ocurra en el futuro:
She has studied so hard that she should pass her exams.
Ella ha estudiado tanto que debería aprobar sus exámenes
I should be at home by 10 o'clock. Yo debería estar en casa antes de las 10
Su forma negativa es "should not" (o la abreviada "shouldn't"):
She shouldn't go alone. Ella no debería ir sola
You shouldn't be so disagreeable. Tú no deberías ser tan desagradable
He shouldn't come back so late. El no debería volver tan tarde
En el pasado se utiliza la forma "should + have + past participle del verbo principal" para indicar lo que se debería haber hecho y no se hizo:
You should have called me. Tú deberías haberme telefoneado
She should have prepared her exams. Ella debería haber preparado sus exámenes
My brother should have come. Mi hermano debería haber venido
PARTS OF THE BODY
LEG - PIERNA
ankle tobillo
buttock nalga
calf pantorrilla
femur fémur
foot, feet pie, pies
heel talón
heelbone calcáneo
instep empeine
knee rodilla
kneecap rótula
metatarsus metatarso
patella rótula
phalanges falanges
shin canilla
shinbone tibia
splint bone peroné
tarsus tarso
thigh muslo
thighbone fémur
toe dedo del pie
ARM - BRAZO
elbow codo
finger dedo
fingertip yema del dedo
fist puño
forearm antebrazo
hand mano
humerus húmero
index finger índice
knuckle nudillo
little finger meñique
middle finger dedo medio
nail uña
palm palma de la mano
phalanx falange
ring finger anular
radius radio
second phalanx falangina
shoulder hombro
third phalanx falangeta
thumb pulgar
ulna cúbito
upper arm brazo
wrist muñeca
HEAD - CABEZA
beard barba
brain cerebro
canine tooth colmillo
cheek mejilla
chin mentón
dimple hoyuelo
ear oreja
eye ojo
eyebrow ceja
eyelash pestaña
eyelid párpado
forehead frente
freckle peca
gum encía
hair cabello
hard palate paladar duro
incisors incisivos
lips labios
lower jaw mandíbula inferior
lower lip labio inferior
molars molares
moustache bigote
mouth boca
neck cuello
nose nariz
nostrils agujeros de la nariz
palate paladar
premolars premolares
pupil pupila
sideboards (GB) patillas
sideburns (US) patillas
tongue lengua
tonsil amígdala
tooth, teeth diente, dientes
throat garganta
upper jaw mandíbula superior
upper lip labio superior
uvula campanilla
wisdom tooth muela de juicio
TRUNK - TRONCO
abdomen abdomen
armpit axila
back espalda
belly vientre
bladder vejiga
breasts pechos
chest pecho
groin ingle
heart corazón
hip cadera
kidney riñón
liver hígado
lung pulmón
loins zona lumbar
navel ombligo
nipple pezón
spleen bazo
stomach estómago
thorax tórax
waist cintura
SKELETON - ESQUELETO
backbone columna vertebral
breast bone esternón
carpal carpo
clavicle, collarbone clavícula
eye socket cuenca del ojo
femur fémur
hipbone ilion
humerus húmero
kneecap rótula
mandible mandíbula
pelvis pelvis
phalanx falange
radius radio
rib costilla
scapula omóplato
shinbone tibia
shoulder blade omóplato
skull cráneo
spine columna vertebral
sternum esternón
Vocabulario Básico1. ¿Qué? - What?2. ¿Qué Pasa? - What's up?3. ¿Qué Te Pasa? - What's Up? o What's The Matter?4. ¿Qué tal? - How are you? (A veces se usa de una manera más
común del argot)5. ¿Qué quieres? - What Do You Want?6. Quiero - I Want7. Quieres - You Want8. Necesito - I Need9. Necesitas - You Need10. ¡Hola! - Hello or Hi!11. Mas o Menos - More Or Less12. Un Poco - A bit13. Vamos - Let's Go14. Me Voy - I'm Going or I'm Gone
15. Tocar - Touch or Play (un instrumento)16. Amor - Love17. Te Amo - I love You! (Ésta frase se usa de una manera más
formal y seria para expresar a alguien que usted realmente ama como un prometido/a o un esposo/a o sus hijos)
18. Te Quiero - I Love You!(la traducción realmente es "tú me gustas o yo te deseo!" pero casí siempre lo utilizan para expresarle a alguien en término no muy formal o seria, como por ejemplo a alguien que sea un amigo/a, primos, tío/a o a alguien que aún no se a formalizado un relacion como un novio/a)
19. No sé - I don't know20. Lo sé - I know21. ¿Dondé vas? - Where Are You Going?
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Note que en el aviso se le tiene que agregar manualmente la fecha: aprender frases básicas en inglés
descripción
¿Sabe cómo decir las cosas comunes en inglés? Usted está intentando hablar el inglés, pero no tiene el tiempo o el dinero para viajar a los Estados Unidos o a Inglaterra o de matricularse en un programa que aprenda formalmente. Eso es aceptable. ¡La mejor manera de aprender inglés es utilizarlo - entre más usted lo practique, más gente lo entenderá, y más usted aprenderá! El problema es que usted no puede comenzar a hablar inglés hasta que usted sepa qué decir. ¿Sentido común, verdad? Aquí están algunas palabras y frases en inglés básicos para que así usted pueda comenzar a construir su vocabulario y a desarrollar las habilidades básicas de entender la lengua. Al mismo tiempo, usted comienzará a aprender la gramática, sus pronunciaciones, sus significados, etc. Incluso si usted se olvida de una palabra o de una frase específica en el camino, usted entenderá lo que le estan diciendo o escribiendo. Y por lo menos buscará una manera de contestar a lo que recuerda como expresarlo.
[editar ]Vocabulario Básico1. ¿Qué? - What?2. ¿Qué Pasa? - What's up?3. ¿Qué Te Pasa? - What's Up? o What's The Matter?4. ¿Qué tal? - How are you? (A veces se usa de una manera más
común del argot)5. ¿Qué quieres? - What Do You Want?6. Quiero - I Want7. Quieres - You Want8. Necesito - I Need9. Necesitas - You Need10. ¡Hola! - Hello or Hi!11. Mas o Menos - More Or Less12. Un Poco - A bit13. Vamos - Let's Go14. Me Voy - I'm Going or I'm Gone15. Tocar - Touch or Play (un instrumento)16. Amor - Love17. Te Amo - I love You! (Ésta frase se usa de una manera más
formal y seria para expresar a alguien que usted realmente ama como un prometido/a o un esposo/a o sus hijos)
18. Te Quiero - I Love You!(la traducción realmente es "tú me gustas o yo te deseo!" pero casí siempre lo utilizan para expresarle a alguien en término no muy formal o seria, como por ejemplo a alguien que sea un amigo/a, primos, tío/a o a alguien que aún no se a formalizado un relacion como un novio/a)
19. No sé - I don't know20. Lo sé - I know21. ¿Dondé vas? - Where Are You Going?22. ¿Dondé estas? - Where Are You?23. Muy Bien - Very Good24. Mala/Malo - Bad25. Pero - But26. Chica - Girl27. Chico - Boy28. Nena o niña - Little girl29. Niño - Little boy30. ¿De dondé eres? - Where are you from?31. Me duele la cabeza - I have a headache32. No me digas - Don't tell me or you're kidding33. No seas asi - Don't be like that.34. (No) me gusta - I (don't) like it.35. Adiós - Goodbye36. ¿Cuál es su nombre? - What's your name?37. ¿Cuántos años tiene? - How old are you?38. ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños? - When is your birthday?39. ¿Dónde están los baños? - Where is the bathroom?40. ¿Dónde está el restaurante? - Where is the restaurant?41. ¿Cuánto cuesta eso? - How much is that?42. ¿Que haces todos los dias? - What do you do everyday?43. Te necesito - I need you.44. ¿Dónde vives? - Where do you live?45. ¿Qué idioma hablas? - What language do you speak?
(Language se pronuncia "lanwuich").46. Lo que sea - What ever.47. Por favor regresa - Please come back.48. Eres mi angel - You're my Angel.49. Aqui vamos de nuevo - Here we go again.
50. Mirame - Look at me.51. Esta noche - Tonight.52. Mañana - Tomorrow.53. Hoy - Today.54. Mucho mejor - Much better.55. ¿Qué haces? - What are you doing?
[editar ]Consejos ¡Una vez que usted haya dominado estas palabras y frases,
continue ampliando su conocimiento en el idioma! Recuerde que, entre más usted practique más fácil le será utilizarlo. Y así se sentirá más seguro a utilizarlos en situaciones verdaderas del mundo. Cuando menos se lo espere, usted comenzará a ganar más habilidad en entender y hablar el idioma, y entonces usted puede comenzar ampliar su vocabulario y a expresarse en unos términos más complejos. Aprender un idioma es toda una aventura que nunca termina. ¡Goce del viaje!'
[editar ]Advertencias Debe tener cuidado en la pronunciación ya que de por sí, es muy
diferente a la pronunciación del español. Sin contar que entre la pronunciación americana difiere de la británica.
También debe tomar en cuenta los argot o slogan americanos y británicos. A veces ayuda ver programación de habla inglesa para que su adición se vaya adaptando a la pronunciación y los argot de cada país.
[editar ]Referencias Dictionary of the RAE Real Academia Española's official Spanish
language dictionary1. ¿Dondé estas? - Where Are You?2. Muy Bien - Very Good3. Mala/Malo - Bad4. Pero - But5. Chica - Girl6. Chico - Boy
7. Nena o niña - Little girl8. Niño - Little boy9. ¿De dondé eres? - Where are you from?10. Me duele la cabeza - I have a headache11. No me digas - Don't tell me or you're kidding12. No seas asi - Don't be like that.13. (No) me gusta - I (don't) like it.14. Adiós - Goodbye15. ¿Cuál es su nombre? - What's your name?16. ¿Cuántos años tiene? - How old are you?17. ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños? - When is your birthday?18. ¿Dónde están los baños? - Where is the bathroom?19. ¿Dónde está el restaurante? - Where is the restaurant?
Notificación de artículo que está propuesto a hacer una fusión
Éste artículo ha sido propuesto a hacer una fusión con el siguiente artículo:
Cómo aprender frases básicas en inglés
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Note que en el aviso se le tiene que agregar manualmente la fecha: aprender frases básicas en inglés
descripción
¿Sabe cómo decir las cosas comunes en inglés? Usted está intentando hablar el inglés, pero no tiene el tiempo o el dinero para viajar a los Estados Unidos o a Inglaterra o de matricularse en un programa que aprenda formalmente. Eso es aceptable. ¡La mejor manera de aprender inglés es utilizarlo - entre más usted lo practique, más gente lo entenderá, y más usted aprenderá! El problema es que usted no puede comenzar a hablar inglés hasta que usted sepa qué decir. ¿Sentido común, verdad? Aquí están algunas palabras y frases en inglés básicos para que así usted pueda comenzar a construir su vocabulario y a desarrollar las habilidades básicas de entender la lengua. Al mismo tiempo, usted comienzará a aprender la gramática, sus pronunciaciones, sus significados, etc. Incluso si usted se olvida de una palabra o de una frase específica en el camino, usted entenderá lo que le estan diciendo o escribiendo. Y por lo menos buscará una manera de contestar a lo que recuerda como expresarlo.
[editar ]Vocabulario Básico1. ¿Qué? - What?2. ¿Qué Pasa? - What's up?3. ¿Qué Te Pasa? - What's Up? o What's The Matter?4. ¿Qué tal? - How are you? (A veces se usa de una manera más
común del argot)5. ¿Qué quieres? - What Do You Want?6. Quiero - I Want7. Quieres - You Want8. Necesito - I Need9. Necesitas - You Need10. ¡Hola! - Hello or Hi!11. Mas o Menos - More Or Less12. Un Poco - A bit13. Vamos - Let's Go14. Me Voy - I'm Going or I'm Gone15. Tocar - Touch or Play (un instrumento)16. Amor - Love17. Te Amo - I love You! (Ésta frase se usa de una manera más
formal y seria para expresar a alguien que usted realmente ama como un prometido/a o un esposo/a o sus hijos)
18. Te Quiero - I Love You!(la traducción realmente es "tú me gustas o yo te deseo!" pero casí siempre lo utilizan para expresarle a alguien en término no muy formal o seria, como por ejemplo a alguien que sea un amigo/a, primos, tío/a o a alguien que aún no se a formalizado un relacion como un novio/a)
19. No sé - I don't know20. Lo sé - I know21. ¿Dondé vas? - Where Are You Going?22. ¿Dondé estas? - Where Are You?23. Muy Bien - Very Good24. Mala/Malo - Bad25. Pero - But26. Chica - Girl27. Chico - Boy28. Nena o niña - Little girl29. Niño - Little boy30. ¿De dondé eres? - Where are you from?31. Me duele la cabeza - I have a headache32. No me digas - Don't tell me or you're kidding33. No seas asi - Don't be like that.34. (No) me gusta - I (don't) like it.35. Adiós - Goodbye36. ¿Cuál es su nombre? - What's your name?37. ¿Cuántos años tiene? - How old are you?38. ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños? - When is your birthday?39. ¿Dónde están los baños? - Where is the bathroom?40. ¿Dónde está el restaurante? - Where is the restaurant?41. ¿Cuánto cuesta eso? - How much is that?42. ¿Que haces todos los dias? - What do you do everyday?43. Te necesito - I need you.44. ¿Dónde vives? - Where do you live?45. ¿Qué idioma hablas? - What language do you speak?
(Language se pronuncia "lanwuich").46. Lo que sea - What ever.47. Por favor regresa - Please come back.48. Eres mi angel - You're my Angel.49. Aqui vamos de nuevo - Here we go again.
50. Mirame - Look at me.51. Esta noche - Tonight.52. Mañana - Tomorrow.53. Hoy - Today.54. Mucho mejor - Much better.55. ¿Qué haces? - What are you doing?
[editar ]Consejos ¡Una vez que usted haya dominado estas palabras y frases,
continue ampliando su conocimiento en el idioma! Recuerde que, entre más usted practique más fácil le será utilizarlo. Y así se sentirá más seguro a utilizarlos en situaciones verdaderas del mundo. Cuando menos se lo espere, usted comenzará a ganar más habilidad en entender y hablar el idioma, y entonces usted puede comenzar ampliar su vocabulario y a expresarse en unos términos más complejos. Aprender un idioma es toda una aventura que nunca termina. ¡Goce del viaje!'
[editar ]Advertencias Debe tener cuidado en la pronunciación ya que de por sí, es muy
diferente a la pronunciación del español. Sin contar que entre la pronunciación americana difiere de la británica.
También debe tomar en cuenta los argot o slogan americanos y británicos. A veces ayuda ver programación de habla inglesa para que su adición se vaya adaptando a la pronunciación y los argot de cada país.
[editar ]Referencias Dictionary of the RAE Real Academia Española's official Spanish
language dictionary1. ¿Cuánto cuesta eso? - How much is that?2. ¿Que haces todos los dias? - What do you do everyday?3. Te necesito - I need you.4. ¿Dónde vives? - Where do you live?5. ¿Qué idioma hablas? - What language do you speak?
(Language se pronuncia "lanwuich").
6. Lo que sea - What ever.7. Por favor regresa - Please come back.8. Eres mi angel - You're my Angel.9. Aqui vamos de nuevo - Here we go again.10. Mirame - Look at me.11. Esta noche - Tonight.12. Mañana - Tomorrow.13. Hoy - Today.14. Mucho mejor - Much better.15. ¿Qué haces? - What are you doing?
[editar ]Consejos ¡Una vez que usted haya dominado estas palabras y frases,
continue ampliando su conocimiento en el idioma! Recuerde que, entre más usted practique más fácil le será utilizarlo. Y así se sentirá más seguro a utilizarlos en situaciones verdaderas del mundo. Cuando menos se lo espere, usted comenzará a ganar más habilidad en entender y hablar el idioma, y entonces usted puede comenzar ampliar su vocabulario y a expresarse en unos términos más complejos. Aprender un idioma es toda una aventura que nunca termina. ¡Goce del viaje!'
[editar ]Advertencias Debe tener cuidado en la pronunciación ya que de por sí, es muy
diferente a la pronunciación del español. Sin contar que entre la pronunciación americana difiere de la británica.
También debe tomar en cuenta los argot o slogan americanos y británicos. A veces ayuda ver programación de habla inglesa para que su adición se vaya adaptando a la pronunciación y los argot de cada país.
En esta lección hablaremos de las partes del cuerpo en el idioma inglés
y de algunos verbos relacionados.
Vocabulario : Partes del cuerpo / Parts of the body
Figura 1
Traducción (Cabeza y cara):
- Eye : Ojo
- Nose : Nariz
- Tooth : Diente (Teeth : dientes)
- Hair : Cabello
- Ear : Oreja
- Mouth : Boca
- Lips : Labios
- Neck : Cuello
Figura #2
Traducción (Brazo y pierna):
- Shoulder : Hombro
- Arm : Brazo
- Thumb : Pulgar (Pinky : dedo meñique)
- Nail : Uña
- Finger : Dedo
- Hand : Mano
- Leg : Pierna
- Knee : Rodilla
- Foot : Pie (Feet : Pies)
- Toes : Dedos del pie
Figura #3
Traducción (Resto del cuerpo):
- Chest / Bust : Pecho / Busto (mujeres)
- Skin : Piel
- Stomach : Barriga / Estomago
- Back : Espalda
- Waist : Cintura
- Hips : caderas
Figura #4
Resto del cuerpo (Vocabulario Extra)
- Forehead : Frente
- Cheek : Mejilla
- Eyebrows : Cejas
- Wrist : Muñeca
- Elbow : Codo
- Bottom : Trasero (Tambien se dice “butt”, “behind” o “rear”)
- Thigh : Muslo
- Ankle : Tobillo
- Heel :Talon
EXERCISES (Figura #5)
GRAMMAR (for parts of the body)
* We usually use my, your, his, her etc… (Possessive adjectives)
with parts of the body.
Example.
- I need to wash my hands.
- Sally is sick. Her head hurts.
*Common Verbs to use with body parts:
- to hurt – to shake – nod
Verbos relacionados
- to breathe – to smile – to frown – to laugh – to bend- to cry
* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE VOCABULARY IN USE (Cambridge)
Algunas razones para aprender inglés Filed under: divulgación,lenguaje,mente,pensamiento —
Ernesto Sánchez de Cos Escuin @ 12:35 pm
Se ha dicho que España es el país en el que uno siempre
está aprendiendo inglés, y no deja de ser cierto: el
aprendizaje del idioma es, por lo general, tan deficiente en
nuestro país, que uno no para de apuntarse a cursos en los
que nunca consigue aprender a comunicarse
correctamente.
Mi experiencia es que chapurrear en inglés es
relativamente fácil, pero que aprender a comunicarse
correctamente requiere mucho tiempo. Siempre hay que
huir de aquellos que nos ofrecen aprender el idioma en
seis meses, o con mil palabras, etc.,etc. Es imposible, al
menos a una cierta edad, aprender inglés sin un
considerable esfuerzo.
¿Merece la pena ese esfuerzo? A esta pregunta trata de
dar respuesta este corto artículo.
Hay circunstancias, de tipo personal, laboral, que nos
pueden exigir el conocimiento correcto del inglés, pero en
estos casos no es que el esfuerzo merezca la pena, sino
que las circunstancias nos imponen dicho aprendizaje. Yo
me refiero aquí a una persona corriente, para la que el
conocimiento del inglés puede ser recomendable, pero ni
mucho menos necesario, para su desarrollo personal o
para su desempeño laboral.
¿Qué le puede aportar a una persona normal el esfuerzo
que supone aprender correctamente el inglés? Yo creo que
mucho, pero no tanto por el hecho de conocer una nueva
lengua como por los cambios que eso supone en el cerebro
de quien la estudia. Desde este punto de vista, el artículo
se podría haber titulado “Algunas razones para aprender
chino”. No obstante, y dado que el inglés es el idioma más
extendido, si no en cuanto a hablantes sí al menos
geográficamente, preferí titularlo así.
De cualquier forma, el acceso por internet a muchas
páginas webs inglesas que ofrecen información, servicios,
productos, multiplican las razones prácticas del
aprendizaje del inglés, aunque para estos usos nos
bastaría con traducir correctamente.
Yo creo, aunque no es más que una opinión, que la
plasticidad cerebral que requiere el aprendizaje de una
lengua bien distinta a la materna, supone un
entrenamiento cerebral excelente. Todo lo que sea un
cambio de paradigma para el cerebro, y el inglés no cabe
duda de que lo es, debe contribuir a mantener un cerebro
joven, incluso más que materias muy arduas pero que
implican un menor cambio adaptativo. Aprender inglés,
para un español, es un cambio revolucionario en el modo
de pensar, de estructurar, mientras que jugar al ajedrez, o
resolver sudokus o crucigramas, no supone un cambio de
paradigma, aunque constituya un buen ejercicio.
Por supuesto, creo que existe una diferencia importante en
hacerse bilingüe desde el nacimiento o lograrlo a los
cuarenta, pero no me cabe duda de que los cambios que
acontecen en el cerebro son notables en ambos casos.
Desconozco si existen estudios que comparen la incidencia
de Alzheimer entre personas con una sola lengua y
personas que manejan indistintamente dos lenguas muy
diferentes. Sabemos que el Alzheimer tiene un importante
componente genético, pero una posible diferencia
estadísticamente significativa en un estudio de este tipo
podría sugerirnos la posibilidad de la influencia del medio.
De hecho, se ha sugerido, y parece que hay algunos
estudios que avalan el ejercicio mental como ayuda para la
prevención, pero no todos los ejercicios mentales
estimulan la plasticidad cerebral de la misma forma.
Aunque esta analogía no sea muy exacta, podríamos
comparar un lenguaje con el sistema operativo de un
ordenador. Un lenguaje sería el Windows y otro el Linux,
por poner un ejemplo, y uno de ellos sería más apropiado
que el otro para determinadas aplicaciones, y viceversa.
Se ha escrito muchas veces que el inglés es más apropiado
que el español para el pensamiento científico. No sé si será
así, pero desde luego resulta más apropiado para la lógica
formal, y lo explicaré con un sencillo ejemplo. Nosotros
decimos, por ejemplo, “yo no tengo nada”, y desde un
punto de vista estrictamente lógico eso significaría que
tenemos algo, porque estamos empleando una doble
negación. Los ingleses, sin embargo, dirían “I have not
anything”. Podríamos multiplicar ejemplos de este tipo. Si
la analogía es afortunada, ser bilingüe supondría algo así
como tener un cerebro más versátil, menos rígido, más
adaptable para diferentes requerimientos.
Hace años pensaba que aprender inglés, a no ser que
fuese por un interés meramente práctico e inmediato, no
merecía la pena. Creía que no aprendías nada nuevo, sino
tan sólo una forma diferente de decir las cosas. Hoy sé que
estaba completamente equivocado, y que se trataba de un
prejuicio juvenil dictado por la ignorancia. Para empezar,
hay cosas que sólo se pueden decir igual en el idioma
original, y que cualquier traducción lo invalida y, además,
aprender un idioma no es sólamente aprender otra forma
de decir las cosas. Es mucho más que eso: es aprender
otra forma de pensar. Creo que fue Ortega quien,
refiriéndose a Madariaga – que leía y escribía en tres
idiomas -, dijo de forma despectiva que se podía ser tonto
en tres idiomas, pero hoy no me cabe duda de que esa fue
una más de las muchas frivolidades orteguianas.
