Four Elements of Comprehensive Four Elements of Comprehensive Disaster Management-Disaster Management-

PreparednessPreparednessResponseResponseRecovery Recovery MitigationMitigation

DisastersDisasters In both man made and natural disaster situations In both man made and natural disaster situations

the impacts can be mitigated to a large extent the impacts can be mitigated to a large extent through through adequate planning and preparednessadequate planning and preparedness. .

Negative impacts of man made disasters can be Negative impacts of man made disasters can be managed, if social, ecological and economic managed, if social, ecological and economic consequences of our actions are considered and consequences of our actions are considered and development decisions made accordingly. On the development decisions made accordingly. On the other hand, while we can be other hand, while we can be adequately prepared adequately prepared for a natural disaster, we cannot totally eliminate for a natural disaster, we cannot totally eliminate its impactsits impacts. .

Disaster ManagementDisaster Management

`̀disaster managementdisaster management' means a continuous and integrated ' means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for the following: for the following:

(i) prevention of danger or threat of any disaster; (i) prevention of danger or threat of any disaster; (ii) mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its (ii) mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its

severity or consequences; severity or consequences; (iii) capacity-building;(iii) capacity-building;(iv) preparedness to deal with any disaster; (iv) preparedness to deal with any disaster; (v) prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or (v) prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or

disaster; disaster; (vi) assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any (vi) assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any

disaster; disaster; (vii) evacuation, rescue and relief; and (vii) evacuation, rescue and relief; and (viii) rehabilitation and reconstruction. (viii) rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Common Common TermsTerms Used UsedAccording to the legislation-According to the legislation-

`̀mitigation'mitigation' means measures aimed at reducing the risk, impact means measures aimed at reducing the risk, impact or effects of a disaster or threatening disaster situation. or effects of a disaster or threatening disaster situation.

`Preparedness`Preparedness' refers to the state of readiness to deal with a ' refers to the state of readiness to deal with a threatening disaster situation or disaster and the effects thereof. threatening disaster situation or disaster and the effects thereof.

PreparednessPreparedness also means those measures undertaken in advance also means those measures undertaken in advance to ensure that individuals and agencies will be ready to react, to ensure that individuals and agencies will be ready to react, such as emergency plans, mutual aid agreements, resource such as emergency plans, mutual aid agreements, resource inventories, training, exercises, and emergency communications inventories, training, exercises, and emergency communications systems.systems.

`Reconstruction`Reconstruction' means repair or construction of any property ' means repair or construction of any property after a disaster. after a disaster.

Disaster ManagementDisaster Management

Disaster Management is actually a series of Disaster Management is actually a series of activities that run parallel to each other, rather activities that run parallel to each other, rather than in a sequence of Pre and Post disaster. than in a sequence of Pre and Post disaster.

It is more of an ‘expand and contract’ model It is more of an ‘expand and contract’ model because it assumes that the disaster intervention because it assumes that the disaster intervention measures of prevention, mitigation, response and measures of prevention, mitigation, response and recovery can be carried out at all the times in a recovery can be carried out at all the times in a disaster prone community. disaster prone community.

In recent times, there has been a shift from In recent times, there has been a shift from ‘‘disaster response and recovery’ to ‘Disaster Risk disaster response and recovery’ to ‘Disaster Risk Management and risk reduction’.Management and risk reduction’.

Four Elements of Disaster Four Elements of Disaster ManagementManagement

Disaster PreparednessDisaster Preparedness It refers to It refers to measures taken to prepare for and measures taken to prepare for and

reduce the effects of disastersreduce the effects of disasters. That is, to predict . That is, to predict and—where possible—prevent them, mitigate their and—where possible—prevent them, mitigate their impact on vulnerable populations, and respond to impact on vulnerable populations, and respond to and effectively cope with their consequences and effectively cope with their consequences

Conceived of as a Conceived of as a goalgoal, rather than as a specialised , rather than as a specialised programme or stage that immediately precedes programme or stage that immediately precedes disaster response.disaster response.

It is a It is a continuous and integrated processcontinuous and integrated process resulting resulting from a wide range of activities and resources from a wide range of activities and resources rather than from a distinct sectoral activity by rather than from a distinct sectoral activity by itself. itself.

Disaster PreparednessDisaster Preparedness

Disaster preparedness is achieved partially Disaster preparedness is achieved partially through readiness measures that expedite through readiness measures that expedite emergency responseemergency response, , rehabilitation and recoveryrehabilitation and recovery and result in rapid, timely and targeted and result in rapid, timely and targeted assistance. assistance.

It is also achieved through It is also achieved through community-based community-based approachesapproaches and activities that build the and activities that build the capacities of people and communities to cope capacities of people and communities to cope with and minimise the effects of a disaster on with and minimise the effects of a disaster on their lives.their lives.

Objectives of Disaster Objectives of Disaster PreparednessPreparedness

1. 1. Increasing the efficiency, effectiveness and Increasing the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of disaster emergency response impact of disaster emergency response mechanisms at the community, national and mechanisms at the community, national and Federation levelFederation level. This includes:. This includes:

• the development and regular testing of the development and regular testing of warning systemswarning systems (linked to forecasting systems) and plans for evacuation or (linked to forecasting systems) and plans for evacuation or other measures to be taken during a disaster alert period other measures to be taken during a disaster alert period to minimise potential loss of life and physical damageto minimise potential loss of life and physical damage

• the education and the education and training of officialstraining of officials and the and the population at population at riskrisk

• the the training of first-aid and emergency response teamstraining of first-aid and emergency response teams• the establishment of the establishment of emergency response policiesemergency response policies, ,

standards, organizational arrangements and operational standards, organizational arrangements and operational plans to be followed after a disasterplans to be followed after a disaster

Objectives of Disaster Objectives of Disaster PreparednessPreparedness

2. Strengthening community-based disaster 2. Strengthening community-based disaster preparedness through National Society programmes preparedness through National Society programmes for the community or through direct support of the for the community or through direct support of the community's own activity. This could include community's own activity. This could include educating, preparing and supportingeducating, preparing and supporting local local populations and communities in their everyday populations and communities in their everyday efforts to reduce risks and prepare their own efforts to reduce risks and prepare their own local local response mechanismsresponse mechanisms to address disaster to address disaster emergency situations.emergency situations.

3. Developing activities that are useful for both 3. Developing activities that are useful for both addressing everyday risks that communities face addressing everyday risks that communities face and for responding to disaster situations—for and for responding to disaster situations—for example, example, health, first aid or social welfare health, first aid or social welfare programmesprogrammes that have components useful for that have components useful for disaster reduction and response.disaster reduction and response.

Elements of Disaster Elements of Disaster PreparednessPreparedness

A comprehensive disaster preparedness A comprehensive disaster preparedness strategy would therefore include the following strategy would therefore include the following elements:elements:

1.1. Hazard, risk and vulnerability assessmentsHazard, risk and vulnerability assessments

2.2. Response mechanisms and strategiesResponse mechanisms and strategies

3.3. Preparedness plans Preparedness plans

4.4. Coordination Coordination

5.5. Information managementInformation management

6.6. Early warning Early warning

7.7. Resource mobilisationResource mobilisation

8.8. Public education, training, & rehearsalsPublic education, training, & rehearsals

9.9. Community-Based disaster preparednessCommunity-Based disaster preparedness

Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability AssessmentsAssessments

This assessment should:This assessment should:

Identify the characteristics, frequency and potential severity Identify the characteristics, frequency and potential severity of the hazards a community facesof the hazards a community faces

Identify the particular geographical areas and communities Identify the particular geographical areas and communities that are that are

most susceptible and vulnerable to those hazardsmost susceptible and vulnerable to those hazards

Identify the main sectors of a community (population, Identify the main sectors of a community (population, infrastructure, housing, services, etc.) that would be affected infrastructure, housing, services, etc.) that would be affected by a specific type of hazard and anticipate how they might by a specific type of hazard and anticipate how they might be affectedbe affected

Assess the ability of those sectors to withstand and cope Assess the ability of those sectors to withstand and cope with the effects of hazardous phenomenawith the effects of hazardous phenomena

Response mechanisms and Response mechanisms and strategiesstrategies

Preparedness mechanisms and strategies Preparedness mechanisms and strategies strengthen and increase the effectiveness of an strengthen and increase the effectiveness of an emergency response. These include development or emergency response. These include development or formation of:formation of:

evacuation procedures (including how to disseminate these evacuation procedures (including how to disseminate these procedures to the public)procedures to the public)search and rescue teams (including plans for training them)search and rescue teams (including plans for training them)assessment teams (including plans for training them)assessment teams (including plans for training them)an assessment process and information priorities for an an assessment process and information priorities for an emergency responseemergency responsemeasures to activate special installations, such as measures to activate special installations, such as emergency or mobile hospital facilitiesemergency or mobile hospital facilities

procedures for activating distribution systemsprocedures for activating distribution systems preparations for emergency reception centres and shelterspreparations for emergency reception centres and shelters procedures for activating emergency programs for airports, procedures for activating emergency programs for airports,

harbours and land transportharbours and land transport preparations for storing or making arrangements for rapid preparations for storing or making arrangements for rapid

acquisition of emergencyacquisition of emergency relief supplies and equipmentrelief supplies and equipment

Preparedness plansPreparedness plans

During an actual emergency, quick and effective During an actual emergency, quick and effective action is required; however, this action often action is required; however, this action often depends on having plans in place before a depends on having plans in place before a

disaster strikesdisaster strikes..

Disaster preparedness planning involves Disaster preparedness planning involves identifying organisational resources, determining identifying organisational resources, determining roles and responsibilities, developing policies and roles and responsibilities, developing policies and procedures and planning preparedness activities procedures and planning preparedness activities aimed at ensuring timely disaster preparation and aimed at ensuring timely disaster preparation and effective emergency response.effective emergency response.

Coordination Coordination

Plans ideally should be coordinated with the plans and Plans ideally should be coordinated with the plans and intentions of other agencies and organizations. intentions of other agencies and organizations.

Effective disaster response requires mutual trust and Effective disaster response requires mutual trust and coordination of efforts and resources among the many coordination of efforts and resources among the many agencies and people involved in emergency response agencies and people involved in emergency response including the affected local population and local including the affected local population and local community- based organizations, Civil Defence and community- based organizations, Civil Defence and government emergency structures, fire brigades, government emergency structures, fire brigades, health departments and clinics, international health departments and clinics, international agencies, NGOs and others. agencies, NGOs and others.

Memoranda of understanding, institutional policies, Memoranda of understanding, institutional policies, and joint preparedness planning can serve as the and joint preparedness planning can serve as the basis for coordination.basis for coordination.

Information ManagementInformation Management

Disaster preparedness and response depend on Disaster preparedness and response depend on gathering, analysing and acting on timely and gathering, analysing and acting on timely and accurate information before (hazard and early warning accurate information before (hazard and early warning information), during (disaster needs assessment) and information), during (disaster needs assessment) and after disasters (progress of post-disaster recovery). after disasters (progress of post-disaster recovery).

This requires pre-determination of what information is This requires pre-determination of what information is needed, how it will be collected, who will collect it, needed, how it will be collected, who will collect it, who will analyse it and how it will be integrated into a who will analyse it and how it will be integrated into a timely decision-making process.timely decision-making process.

Early warning systemsEarly warning systems The purpose of early warning systems is to detect, The purpose of early warning systems is to detect,

forecast, and when necessary, issue alerts related to forecast, and when necessary, issue alerts related to impending hazard events.impending hazard events.

Early warning information needs to be communicated in Early warning information needs to be communicated in such a way that facilitates decision making and timely such a way that facilitates decision making and timely action of response organizations and vulnerable groups. action of response organizations and vulnerable groups.

Early warning information comes from a Early warning information comes from a number of sources. e.g. meteorological offices; Ministries of Health (for example, disease outbreaks) and Agriculture (for example, crop forecasts); local and indigenous sources; media sources and increasingly from Internet early warning services.

Resource mobilization and allocation

Responding to an emergency and implementing the Responding to an emergency and implementing the preparedness plan will require resources. The preparedness plan will require resources. The preparedness plan, therefore, should consider:preparedness plan, therefore, should consider:

1.1. What resources are already available and in what What resources are already available and in what quantities?quantities?

2.2. Which staff and volunteers can be shifted over from Which staff and volunteers can be shifted over from other programs during times of emergency?other programs during times of emergency?

3.3. What resources will be needed that we don't have?What resources will be needed that we don't have?4.4. Plans for procuring the resources that are not Plans for procuring the resources that are not

currently available.currently available.

Public education, training and Public education, training and rehearsalsrehearsals

The aim of The aim of public awarenesspublic awareness and education and education programmes is to promote an informed, alert and self-programmes is to promote an informed, alert and self-reliant community, capable of playing its full part in reliant community, capable of playing its full part in support of and in co-operation with government support of and in co-operation with government officials and others responsible for disaster officials and others responsible for disaster management activities. An essential part of a disaster management activities. An essential part of a disaster preparedness plan is the education of those who may preparedness plan is the education of those who may bebe

threatened by a disaster. threatened by a disaster.

As the preparedness plan is being developed, and As the preparedness plan is being developed, and upon completion, it is important to rehearse its major upon completion, it is important to rehearse its major elements. Rehearsals invariably expose gaps that elements. Rehearsals invariably expose gaps that otherwise remain overlooked.otherwise remain overlooked.

Rehearsals also keep the plans fresh, during extended Rehearsals also keep the plans fresh, during extended periods of time when no disaster strikes. Rehearsals periods of time when no disaster strikes. Rehearsals might simulate search and rescue operations, first aid might simulate search and rescue operations, first aid provision, response or needs assessment, coordination provision, response or needs assessment, coordination meetings between major organisational players and meetings between major organisational players and population leaders, relief transport and logistics, and population leaders, relief transport and logistics, and many other aspects of an emergency response.many other aspects of an emergency response.

Community-based disaster preparedness

Disaster preparedness and response are not solely the Disaster preparedness and response are not solely the work of experts and emergency responders and work of experts and emergency responders and government disaster organisations. Local volunteers, government disaster organisations. Local volunteers, citizens, organisations and businesses have an active citizens, organisations and businesses have an active and important role to play before, during and after and important role to play before, during and after major emergencies and disastersmajor emergencies and disasters.

Community-based disaster preparedness (CBDP) is a Community-based disaster preparedness (CBDP) is a process that seeks to develop and implement a locally process that seeks to develop and implement a locally appropriate and locally "owned" strategy for disaster appropriate and locally "owned" strategy for disaster preparedness and risk reduction. Local populations in preparedness and risk reduction. Local populations in disaster-stricken areas are the first to respond to a disaster-stricken areas are the first to respond to a disaster. They are usually involved in search and disaster. They are usually involved in search and rescue activities as well as in providing emergency rescue activities as well as in providing emergency treatment and relief to their families, friends and treatment and relief to their families, friends and neighbours. neighbours.

STUDY WELLSTUDY WELL& THANK U& THANK U

Disaster ResponseDisaster ResponsePost disaster response has been typically at three (now four) levels-Post disaster response has been typically at three (now four) levels-

Relief-Relief- immediately after the calamity, lasting from the first 24 immediately after the calamity, lasting from the first 24 hours to about two to three months and catering to immediate hours to about two to three months and catering to immediate shelter, food, water and medical assistance.shelter, food, water and medical assistance.

ReconstructionReconstruction- following relief and extending to a period of - following relief and extending to a period of approximately two years, aimed at rebuilding the basic physical approximately two years, aimed at rebuilding the basic physical infrastructure and shelter to enable people to begin afresh; and,infrastructure and shelter to enable people to begin afresh; and,

Rehabilitation-Rehabilitation- looks at more long term inputs of reinstating lost looks at more long term inputs of reinstating lost livelihoods, introducing new economic opportunities and livelihoods, introducing new economic opportunities and improving land and water management processes so as to improving land and water management processes so as to reduce people’s vulnerability and enhance capacities to handle reduce people’s vulnerability and enhance capacities to handle future calamities.future calamities.

Readiness-Readiness- a response which should ideally have been a a response which should ideally have been a proactive measure, is to enhance preparedness in identified proactive measure, is to enhance preparedness in identified vulnerable regions by introducing mechanisms and methods of vulnerable regions by introducing mechanisms and methods of construction that mitigate impacts of future disasters.construction that mitigate impacts of future disasters.

Disaster ResponseDisaster Response From Reconstruction to Rehabilitation……From Reconstruction to Rehabilitation……

The reconstruction of shelter and community infrastructure, in The reconstruction of shelter and community infrastructure, in fact, forms an important entry point for the rehabilitation fact, forms an important entry point for the rehabilitation process.process.

Re-establishing people’s lives through rehabilitation efforts Re-establishing people’s lives through rehabilitation efforts involves:involves:

Moving up the ladder from house to habitat to livelihoodMoving up the ladder from house to habitat to livelihood Local awareness creation including training for all so that Local awareness creation including training for all so that

people gain control over the housing process.people gain control over the housing process. Capacity Building and linking to enterprises-Livelihood supportCapacity Building and linking to enterprises-Livelihood support Devising livelihood interventions in the farm and non-farm Devising livelihood interventions in the farm and non-farm

sectors based on new economic opportunities to create sectors based on new economic opportunities to create economic surpluses (that can be directed to responsive economic surpluses (that can be directed to responsive housing)housing)

Creating a basis for community access to institutional housing Creating a basis for community access to institutional housing financefinance