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Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Prepared for:
2015 Carbon Management Technology ConferenceSugar Land, TX
JohnRyan MacGregor
Advanced Resources International, Inc.
November 19, 2015
Pressure Transient Response Analysis at the
Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration
(SECARB) Anthropogenic Test Site near
Citronelle, Alabama
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Acknowledgement
This presentation is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Energy
Technology Laboratory under DE-FC26-05NT42590 and was prepared as an account of work
sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or
implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use
would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily
constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not
necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Presentation Outline
I. Introduction
II. Study Area Overview and Background
i. Geologic Characterization
ii. Injection History
III. Objectives and Rationale
IV. Empirical Transient Data
V. Hypothetical Pressure Transient Calculations
VI. Preliminary Findings and Next Steps
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Pressure Data and Interference Testing
This talk details the efforts to qualitatively assess the
empirical pressure transient data collected from the
SECARB Anthropogenic Test site and place
constraints on reservoir saturations of CO2
Demonstrate non-endangerment
Exhibit new techniques for constraining plume location
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Anthropogenic Test Project Background
The SECARB Anthropogenic Test is an integrated Carbon Capture
and Storage project
• CO2 is captured from Southern Company’s Plant Barry
(25 MW slipstream from a 2,657 MW coal-fired power plant)
• A ~12 mile pipeline delivers the
CO2 to Denbury’s Citronelle Oilfield
• The captured CO2 is injected into
the saline bearing Paluxy formation
(~9,500 feet deep)
Approximately 114 thousand metric
tons of CO2 were injected between
8/12 and 9/14
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Study Area Background
The Citronelle Oilfield lies atop
the Citronelle Dome
What makes the Citronelle Dome amenable
to CO2 sequestration?
• Well defined reginal geology from oil exploration
and production
• Gulf coast sediments comprise excellent quality
reservoirs
• A proven structural trap
• Structural closure is exhibited in all directions
• The limbs of the dome gently dip ~1°
Plant Barry
Plant
Barry
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Storage Site: The Citronelle Oilfield
CO2 is injected at the
Southeast Unit in
Citronelle Oilfield
Structure Map of Ferry Lake Anhydrite
Subsea
Depth
-10,300
-10,350
-10,400
-10,450
-10,500
-10,550
-10,600
-10,650
-10,700
-10,750
-10,800
-10,850
-10,900
• One injection well perforated in multiple zones
in the Paluxy Formation
• Two in-zone observation wells perforated in the
injection zone
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Gulf coast sedimentary strata
consist of extensive deposits of
high porosity and permeability
formations
CO2 is injected into the
Paluxy Formation
The field’s target oil
reservoir lies below the
CO2 injection zone
Study Area Stratigraphy
CO2 Injection
Zone
Numerous confining units of
impermeable marine shale and the
Selma Group 2,000+ ft chalk unit
provide confining zones to restrict
CO2 migration
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Parameters Unit Value
Mean Permeability, k mD 373
Porosity, φ % 19
D 9-8 Distance from Injector feet 840
D 4-14 Distance from Injector feet 3,500
Pressure psi 4,430
Temperature °F 224
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ppm 200,000
Reservoir Characteristics
Site characterization demonstrated satisfactory
geologic conditions for CO2 storage
D 9-7
Injection Well
D 9-8
Observation WellEW
Confining Zone
Injection Zone
Upper
Paluxy
Marine Shale
• The Paluxy SS reservoir is a relatively
continuous saline formation
• Measured permeability up to 4,000 mD
• Porosity range: 4.4% - 26.1%
• Well established overlying cap rock
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
CO2 Injection History
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
MVA Elements and Frequency
Continuous Monthly Quarterly Annual
Milestone
(Baseline,
Injection,
Post)
Shallow
Soil flux
Groundwater sampling (USDW)
PFT survey
Deep
CO2 volume, pressure & composition
Reservoir fluid sampling
Injection, temperature & spinner logs
Pulse neutron logs
Crosswell seismic
Vertical seismic profile (VSP)
Experimental
Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS)
Comparative fluid sampling methods
MBM VSP
Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS)
MBM VSP & OVSP Seismic
MVA Method
Frequency
Assure non-endangerment of USDWs
Multiple lines of evidence to confirm CO2 containment
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
To detail changes in saline reservoir dynamics of the Paluxy Sandstone with the injection of CO2 at the
Citronelle Oil Field and to demonstrate non endangerment of USDW’s
Objective
• Pressure data collected from two, in-zone observation wells
provides a unique opportunity to establish pressure transient
relationships for the reservoir
• Building an empirically validated model will enable the prediction
of reservoir behavior with CO2 injection, facilitating plume
monitoring
Rationale:________________________________________________________________
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
To detail changes in saline reservoir dynamics of the Paluxy Sandstone with the injection of CO2 at the
Citronelle Oil Field and to demonstrate non endangerment of USDW’s
Objective
• Pressure data collected from two, in-zone observation wells
provides a unique opportunity to establish pressure transient
relationships for the reservoir
• Building an empirically validated model will enable the
prediction of reservoir behavior with CO2 injection,
facilitating plume monitoring
Rationale:________________________________________________________________
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Pressure data from two in-zone observation wells were collected from downhole
pressure and temperature gauges deployed in the injection zone.
Pressure data was compared with injection volume and timing to determine
pressure-transient response time.
Methodology
Theoretical response times were calculated using reservoir properties for several CO2
saturations to place constraints on changes in CO2 saturation in the system
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Cap Rock
Injection
Well
r
↑P
Pressure rise
observed
Injection begins
Observation
Well
∆p
h
Simple Transient Pressure Model
Time the pulse takes to reach the observation well is a
function of reservoir characteristics
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Empirical
Observations
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e,
ho
urs
Cumulative Injection CO2, MMscf
D 9-8 Pulse Testing 840 feet from
injector
Response times recorded from downhole pressure data
• Red diamonds represent CO2 injection starts
• Blue circles represents post-injection water pulse tests
– Water Injection
– CO2 Injection
Legend
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e,
ho
urs
Cumulative Injection CO2, MMscf
D 9-8 Pulse Testing
A general increase in response time is observed with an
increase in cumulative injected volume for early data
840 feet from
injector
– Water Injection
– CO2 Injection
Legend
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e,
ho
urs
Cumulative Injection CO2, MMscf
D 9-8 Pulse Testing
9 month
shut-in
The observed drop in response time follows a 9 month shut-
in period
840 feet from
injector
– Water Injection
– CO2 Injection
Legend
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e,
ho
urs
Cumulative Injection CO2, MMscf
D 9-8 Pulse Testing
Missing
Data
The pulse for the final phase of injection was not observed
due top gauge failure
840 feet from
injector
– Water Injection
– CO2 Injection
Legend
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e,
ho
urs
Cumulative Injection CO2, MMscf
D 9-8 Pulse Testing
6 month
shut-in
A second shut in period of 6 months yields another pressure
drop
840 feet from
injector
– Water Injection
– CO2 Injection
Legend
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e,
ho
urs
Cumulative Injection CO2, MMscf
D 9-8 Pulse Testing
4 month
shut-in
A third pressure drop is observed following 4 more months
shut-in
840 feet from
injector
– Water Injection
– CO2 Injection
Legend
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Constraining Saturation of CO2 in the Reservoir
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Utilizing the measured reservoir properties, the travel time of a pressure
pulse transient from the injection well to the observation well can be solved
by its relationship to dimensionless time (Ahmed, 2010)
𝒕𝑫 =𝛈 𝒕
𝒓𝟐which rearranges to
𝐭𝐃 𝐫𝟐
𝛈= 𝐭
Where:
• η – diffusivity constant - (function of: k, φ, fluid μ, ct)
• tD – dimensionless time
• r – radius of investigation
• t – time
Theoretical Transient Time
Calculations
Calculating this for a range of CO2 saturations will place constraints
on the CO2 saturation of the system
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
The Hurst-van Everdingen exponential integral (Ei) function for the radial diffusivity
equation is utilized to solve for tD
pr,t = pi −0.141qμ
𝑘ℎ 1 2 −Ei
−1
4tD
1 2 −𝐸𝑖−1
4 𝑡𝐷= pi−pr,t ÷
0.141 𝑞 𝜇
𝑘 ℎ
Theoretical Transient Time
Calculations
The Ei pressure function solution is related to tD
tD is used to solve for the theoretical pressure
transient time at a given reservoir saturation of CO2
𝐭𝐃 𝐫𝟐
𝛈= 𝐭
Rearrange to solve for the Ei pressure
function using known reservoir properties
and ∆pEi
function∆p Reservoir
properties
The transient pressure rise observed at a known
radius for a specific time is a function of the initial
pressure, reservoir properties, and the Ei function
Equation 3.20a,
Slider (1983)
Exponential Integral Function Graph
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Exponential Integral Function Graph
Theoretical response times for a pressure transient to
travel from the injector to the observation well were
calculated as a function of CO2 saturation in the reservoir
(a component of η)
Assumptions
• Homogenous distribution of CO2 in reservoir
• Fixed reservoir properties
Cap Rock
Injection
Well
r
↑P
Pressure rise
observed∆p = 0.5 psi
Injection beginsq = 864 bbl/day
Observation
Well
∆p
D 9-8 #2 Example(10% CO2 Saturation)
Fluid viscosity 0.49 cP
Net thickness, h 35 ft
Permeability, k 373 mD
Porosity, φ 19%
Radius, r 840 ft
Diffusivity C, η 1,450,474
System
Compressibility1.75E-5
Pressure gauge
h
𝟏 𝟐 −𝑬𝒊−𝟏
𝟒 𝒕𝑫= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟑
tD = 0.24
t = 2.8 hours𝐭𝐃 𝐫
𝟐
𝛈=
Transient Pressure Model
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e,
ho
urs
Cumulative Injection CO2, MMscf
D 9-8 Pulse Testing
Theoretical response times are calculated from the Ei solution
of the radial diffusivity equation for several saturation levels
840 feet from
injector
40%
CO2
Saturation
30%
20%
10%
0%
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e,
ho
urs
Cumulative Injection CO2, MMscf
D 9-8 Pulse Testing
40%
CO2
Saturation
30%
20%
10%
0%
Theoretical response times are calculated from the Ei solution
of the radial diffusivity equation for several saturation levels
840 feet from
injector
9 month
shut-in
4 month
shut-in
Missing
Data
6 month
shut-in
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e,
Ho
urs
Cumulative Injection CO2, MMscf
D 4-14 Pulse Testing
Similar observations are made for the D 4-14 well, albeit with lower
saturation values due to larger distance from the injection well
Failed gauges account for the fewer data points
3,500 feet
from injector
10%
7.5%
2.5%
0%
CO2
Saturation
5%
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Re
sp
on
se
Tim
e,
Ho
urs
Cumulative Injection CO2, MMscf
D 4-14 Pulse Testing
10%
7.5%
2.5%
0%
CO2
Saturation
Similar observations are made for the D 4-14 well(albeit with lower saturation values due to larger distance from the injection well)
Failed gauges account for the fewer data points
3,500 feet
from injector
9 month
shut-in
5%
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
Preliminary Findings
and Next Steps
Project Assessment and Evaluation of the Area of Review (AoR) at the
Citronelle SECARB Phase III Site Alabama, USA
The observed pressure data shows that response
time of the pressure transient increases with
increasing volumes of CO2.
The response-time increase may be attributed to an
increase in the system’s overall compressibility
Drops in pressure response time following long, non-
injection periods suggests that CO2 may be going
into solution with the formation water
Preliminary Findings