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STEEL DRUMS 101PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY THE INDUSTRIAL STEEL DRUM INSTITUTE
ISDI Represents Steel Drum Manufacturers in North America
Mission
To promote the common interests of its members through government
relations, technical research, education and information exchange,
media relations, and generic marketing programs.
• Founding member of the Industrial Packaging Alliance of North
America
• U.S. representative to the International Confederation of Drum
Manufacturers
www.whysteeldrums.org
MEMBERSHIP
Chicago Steel Container Corporation
Engy Group – ENGY Southwest Container Products
General Steel Drum LLC
Greif, Inc.
Mauser Packaging Solutions
Myers Container LLC
North Coast Container LLC
O’Bryan Barrel Company, Inc.
Schütz Container Systems, Inc.
ISDIRepresents the
manufacturers of new steel drums in North America.
Our mission is to promote the use of steel drums and
represent our members before regulatory and legislative authorities.
Associate/Supplier Members International/Other Members
American Flange & Manufacturing Co., Inc. National Coatings, Inc. Ten-E Packaging Services, Inc.
CDF Corporation Nucor Steel
Con-Tech International REMY International S.A.
Grotnes, Inc. Rieke Packaging Systems, Inc.
Hentzen Coatings, Inc. Self Industries, Inc. (Berger)
KNS Companies, Inc. Universal Chemicals & Coatings, Inc.
Merco Machines NV U.S. Steel Corporation
The welded steel drum was invented in 1905 to replace leaky wooden oil barrels.
• A 55-gallon wooden barrel leaked in transport, netting about 42 gallons at final destination hence a barrel of oil is still 42 gallons.
• A 55-gallon drum is the most common size with greater than 26 million per year new drums produced.1
• Nine Major North American producers.
1Industrial Steel Drum Institute 2020
MOST COMMON NEW DRUM
In 1905, Welded Steel Drums Replace Leaky Wooden Oil Barrels
• 55-gallon wooden barrels leaked in
transport, netting 42 gallons – hence a
barrel of oil remains 42 gallons
• 55-gallon drum most common – >29 million
produced annually1
• Currently nine North American producers
12016 Figures, ISDI
Nellie Bly
Components of a Steel Drum
METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS – STEP 1• Steel drums are made from cold
rolled steel sheet or coils, cut to length and width to make the body of the drum.
• Thickness of the steel for 55-gallon drums can range from a low of 0.7mm to 1.4mm. Smaller drums 15-30 gallon steel thickness range for 0.5mm – 0.7mm.
• Tops and bottoms are either cut from coils or purchased disks
• Thickness of tops and bottoms range from 0.7mm to 1.4mm for 55-gallon size and 0.5mm to 0.6mm for smaller sizes.
Steel Drum Manufacturing Process Schematic
Steel Drum Manufacturing Process Schematic
Steel Drum Manufacturing Process Schematic
The steel body is formed into a tube and the seam is welded.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS – STEP 2
The next critical step is adding the rolling hoops.
• Rolling hoops provide vacuum resistance.
• Rolling hoops protect the labels during transport.
• Rolling hoops can be standard, “W” configuration or corrugated with several hoops on the top and bottom thirds of the drum.
ROLLING
HOOPS
ROLLING HOOPS
+ CORRUGATIONS
W-HOOPS
W-HOOPS
+ CORRUGATIONS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS – STEP 2 (CONTINUED)
VARIOUS ROLLING HOOP STYLES
Standard Bead W Bead W Bead with Corrugations
The tops are cut, washed if necessary.
Holes are cut for flanges, flanges installed.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS – STEP 2 (CONTINUED)
• Inside surfaces are lined, if required, with rust inhibitor and/or various coatings depending upon ladings. Linings are baked on.
• Tops and bottoms are seamed on and sealed mechanically – it looks like a drum at this point.o A leakproofness test may be conducted at this point.
o Illustration of triple seam. Drum Body
Drum Bottom Sealing Compound
MANUFACTURING PROCESS – STEP 3
OVERVIEW STEEL DRUM
Top externally painted
Body Externally painted
Bottom externally painted
Inkjet marking
3/4” bung withcapseal fitted
200l200l
Logo/information(top screen print or labeling)
Logo (body screen print or labeling)
Top seam withcompound
• Next, the drum is painted using industry standard colors or customer-specific colors. The paint is baked onto the steel drum.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS – STEP 3 (CONTINUED)
• Plugs are added and a final leakproofness test is done.• The drums are either loaded onto the truck or, in some cases,
silk screened with customer specific decorations.• Steel drums are made to order. Very little, if any, inventory is
kept. Most steel plants operate at hundreds of drums per hour and may have more than 1000 SKUs for their customer base.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS – STEP 3 (CONTINUED)
Styles of Plugs
Steel Plugs Fusible Plastic Plugs
MANUFACTURING PROCESS – STEP 3 (CONTINUED)
CAP SEALS FOR TAMPERPROOFNESS
Composite type drums are steel shell with a plastic bottle or liner. Drums are marked UN 6HA1.
• Drum shell made using same method Plastic bottle or liner is inserted into the shell.
• Steel head is seamed in place.
• Drum may be silk screened.
• Composites are generally used for very hazardous chemicals or ultra clean chemicals.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS – COMPOSITE DRUMS
How Its Made Discovery Channel
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ct2F_wN582w
TYPICAL STEEL GAUGES
STEEL THICKNESS DEPENDS ON THE PRODUCT
• Drums are specified by steel thickness and UN rating, as required.
o A typical specification is: 1.1-1.0-1.1
• This indicates a 1.1mm top head; 1.0mm body; and 1.1mm bottom head.
• The industry shorthand for this is 11-10-11.
• The body can be thinner than the top, but normally not more than 0.3mm such as 12-9-12.
• Customers should purchase drums fit for use based on the properties of the product to be packaged.
Every Drum Used for Hazardous Goods Must Be UN Marked
• Applies to steel, plastic and fiber drums
• Leak tests must be done on every liquid rated drum at 20 kPa for PG II (Y) and PGIII (Z), and 30 kPa for PGI (X)
Every Drum Used for Hazardous Goods Must Be UN Marked
• Performance Oriented Packaging tests must be repeated at least annually (most manufacturers do some every day)
– Drop test: height determined by PG and specific gravity of ladings authorized
– Leakproofness: 5 minutes at 20 or 30 kPa
– Hydrostatic pressure: determined by vapor pressure of lading
– Stacking: either three high to rated weight or dynamic compression
– Vibration: not required, a capability test
• FMC Rule 256 Tip over test on open head drums
UN Marking
Part 171.8: Definitions -
Packing group means a grouping according to the degree of danger presented
by hazardous materials.
Packing Group I indicates great danger
• Drum mark X;
Packing Group II, medium danger
• Drum mark Y;
Packing Group III, minor danger
• Drum mark Z.
See 49 CFR §172.101(f)
UN Marking
Part 171.8: Definitions -
Marking means a descriptive name, identification number, instructions,
cautions, weight, specification, or UN marks, or combinations thereof, required
by this subchapter on outer packagings of hazardous materials.
U
n1A1 / Y1.9 / 100 / 18/ USA / M-4601
Steel Tighthead drum marking
A list of M (manufacturer) numbers can be found at http://hazmat.dot.gov/
UN Marking
Definitions - An open-head or removable head drum
• Any drum with a closure > 70 mm or ~ 3 inches in diameter.
• The “S” in the mark signifies that it is either a “solid” rated drum
or there is an inner packaging.
U
n 1A2 / X225/S / 18/ USA / M-4601
Steel Open-head drum marking
Steel drums filled with flammable and combustible liquids can be safety stacked four high and even higher with nonhazardous materials where allowed by local authorities.1
Safely Stacking Steel Drums
The embossed U.N. mark on a drum demonstrates that is has passed rigorous performance testing, meets international standards and is properly rated for many materials.1
The Importance of the U.N. Mark
Steel drums can carry the broadest range of products, including, high-hazard or PG1 materials.1
Steel Drums Carry the Broadest Range of Products
Steel drums perform very well in extreme temperature, humidity and pressure variations.1
Steel Drums Withstand Extreme Conditions
Optimum Protection Even in a High-Temperature Fire
Paired with a proper fire-suppression system, relieving-style steel drums provide optimum protection even in a high-temperature fire.1
Many municipal fire codes allow steel drums for short-term storage of flammable liquids.1
Steel Drums and Storage of Flammable Liquids
NFPA 30 Flammable Liquids Code Storage Limits
NFPA Code 30
• It is law in at least 34 States
• A Fire District can Codify NFPA 30 even if the state does not
• It is designed to protect lives and property and the environment
• Classifications are not the same as the UN/DOT Classifications for flammable and combustible materials
– UN Classifies Class 3 into 3 packing groups
– DOT Adds a fourth NA 1993 Combustible liquid n.o.s.
– NFPA 30 has Six Classes
• IA, IB, IC
• II
• IIIA, IIIB
• Also addresses required sprinkler systems
• NFPA 30 is not uniformly enforced if at all
There is a disconnect between UN/DOT and NFPA—Transport vs Storage
NFPA Classification Flash Point (degrees C) Boiling Point (degrees C)
IA <22.8 <37.8
IB <22.8 >37.8
IC >22.8 <37.8
II >37.8 fp < 60 >37.8
IIIA >60 fp <93 >37.8
IIIB >93 >37.8
DOT Packing Group (49CFR 173.121)
I <23 <35
II <23 >35
III >23 fp <60 >35
Antstatic and NFPA Compliant IBCs4/8/2021
The Importance of Fusible Plugs
Video Links
• Gasoline Explosion:
• https://youtu.be/pwS6Bq3ruWA
• Hot Work:
• https://youtu.be/9DP5l9yYt-g
• Fire Performance of IBCs…”Introduction” shows exploding and
rocketing steel drums from IBC fires setting fire to neighboring
property.
• http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrhtm/rr564/index.htm
Compatibility
• The responsibility of determining the suitability and compatibility of a
packaging or IBC rests on the filler and shipper.
• A steel drum may be
– Unlined
– Rust inhibited, sometimes called size coat
– Phenolic coating lined
– Epoxy phenolic coating lined
– Custom formulated lining
• Which one to use is determined by the chemical
• Lining suppliers’ recommendations, drum manufacturers and
experience all play a part in the selection
Drums are NOT Storage Vessels; Lining Suppliers Recommend 1 Year Shelf Life
• Linings are insulators; they do not conduct static electricity.
• Steel drums must be grounded and bonded, if filling flammable and explosives where this is a risk of static discharge
UnlinedOils, solvents, hydrocarbons Must be filled as soon as made to keep from rusting.
Rust Inhibited (Clear)Basically unlined drums with a thin film of phenolic rust inhibitor. RI can impact compatibility.
Phenolic Linings (Olive, Red)Solvents, Low pH chemicals, foods, pesticides. Lining can be brittleNo aqueous chemicals, No high pH/alkaline chemicals.
Epoxy Phenolic Linings (Buff)Weaker solvents, high pH (<10 or so) chemicals, aqueous materials. Higher lining flexibility.No strong acids.
LOAD SECUREMENT
Load Securing U.S. DOT Modal Requirements
For Rail Reference 49CFR§174.55
(a) Each package containing a hazardous material being transported
by rail in a freight container or transport vehicle must be loaded so
that it cannot fail or slide and must be safeguarded in such a
manner that other freight cannot fall onto or slide into it under
conditions normally incident to transportation. When this protection
cannot be provided by using other freight, it must be provided by
blocking and bracing.
Each mode—Highway, Air, Vessel have similar requirements
UN Model regulations require load securement hence so does every
country
Regulations specify which chemicals can’t be shipped together and
which need physical segregation
North American Cargo Securement Standard – MODEL REGULATION
U.S. - FMCSA 49 CFR Parts 392 AND 393 SAFETY
REGULATIONS (393.106 – General Requirements For
Securing Articles Of Cargo)
CANADA – NATIONAL SAFETY CODE STANDARD 10
(JUN 2013)
UP is a direction
Most damage in transport is either from mishandling –
creative towmotor and forklift operators
Not securing the load against vertical forces
Poor stacking
U.S. - Performance Criteria 393.102 (a)Canada - Part 1 Division 2 – 5(1)
The cargo securement system shall be capable of withstanding the
forces that result if the vehicle is subjected to each of the following
accelerations
• (i) 0.8g deceleration in a forward direction
• (ii) 0.5g acceleration in a rearward direction
• (iii) 0.5g acceleration in either sideways direction
• (b) 0.2g downward force equivalent to a least 20% of the weight of
the article of cargo if the article is not fully contained within the
structure of the vehicle
No Vertical Load Securement
Note that the integral or welded in valves have been totally broken off and contents emptied. Product was a Class 8, PGII corrosive
Unsecured drums
Point Loading can Fatigue Drums and Cause Leaks and Stack Failures
• Improper stacking can multiply the force on the bottom drums by 4-5 times
the actual.
Shock Data # 3686
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Event
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side-side
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Day 42-endDay 2-9
Triaxial Shock Recorders
Proper Blocking and Bracing of Steel Drums
• Secured freight is critical when shipping steel drums.
• Correct blocking, bracing, loading:o ensure freight arrives in same condition as it was
shipped; ando help to avoid delays, rework costs due to your
load being rejected or “set out” while in transit.
Photo courtesy of Ty-Gard
Proper Blocking and Bracing of Steel Drums
Graphic courtesy of Ty-Gard
Questions?
For more information:
www.whysteeldrums.org
STEEL DRUMS 101PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY THE INDUSTRIAL STEEL DRUM INSTITUTE