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PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 3 History and Development of Forensic Science Important Names
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PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 1
Chapter 1Introduction
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 2
Definition• Application of science to criminal
and civil laws • Application of science to those
criminal and civil laws• Enforced by police agencies in a
criminal justice system
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 3
History and Development of Forensic Science
Important Names
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 4
History• Mathieu Orfila—the father of forensic
toxicology. • Alphonse Bertillion—devised the first
scientific system of personal identification in 1879.
• Francis Galton—conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification.
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 5
History• Leone Lattes—developed a
procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains.
• Calvin Goddard—used a comparison microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet.
• Albert Osborn—developed the fundamental principles of document examination.
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 6
Figure 1–1 Bertillon’s system of bodily measurements as used for the identification of an individual. Courtesy Sirchie Finger Print Laboratories, Inc., Youngsville, N.C., www.sirchie.com.
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 7
History• Walter McCrone—utilized
microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence.
• Hans Gross—wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation.
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 8
History• Edmond Locard—incorporared
Gross’ principles within a workable crime laboratory.
• Locard’s Exchange Principle—states that when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs.
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 9
The Crime Lab• Rapid growth • Lack of national and regional
planning and coordination. • Approximately 350 public
crime laboratories
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 10
The Crime Lab• Result of:
– Supreme court decisions in the 1960s•Greater emphasis on scientifically
evaluated evidence– Drug specimens
•Accelerated drug abuse– DNA profiling
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 11
Employment OutlookEmployment Outlook• Increased reliance by police
agencies on civilian personnel• Highly‑sophisticated scientific
analysis of evidence• DNA databank of convicted
offenders (state & national)• Re‑opening of old cases
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 12
Crime Lab Organization
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 13
Five Basic ServicesFive Basic Services– Physical science unit:
•Chemistry•Physics•Geology•Identify and compare physical evidence
– Biology unit:•Blood samples•Body fluids•Hair•Fiber samples
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 14
Five Basic Services– Firearms Unit:
•Discharged bullets•Cartridge cases•Shotgun shells•Ammunition
– Document unit:•Handwriting analysis•Other questioned-document
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 15
Technical Support– Photographic Unit:
•Specialized photographic techniques•Record and examine physical
evidence– Optional services
•Toxicology•Fingerprint analysis•Voiceprint analysis•Evidence collection•Polygraph administration
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 16
Functions of the Forensic Scientist
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 17
Job Activities: analysisJob Activities: analysis• Biological and physical
analysis of evidence gathered from a crime or accident scene
• Judicial “generally accepted” (Frye v. US)
• Trial judge as gatekeeper
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 18
Job Activities: testimonyJob Activities: testimony• Court testimony• “Expert” witness• Evaluation of evidence• Opinion offered• No absolute certainty
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 19
The Frye Standard• Set guidelines for determining the
admissibility of scientific evidence into the courtroom
• Must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 20
Daubert Criteria• Technique/theory tested• Peer reviewed• Rate of error• Standards for operation• Widespread acceptance within
scientific community
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 21
Job Activities: trainingJob Activities: training• Training in recognition,
collection and preservation of evidence
• Agencies without 24/7 evidence techs
• Officers trained
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 22
Special Forensic Science Services
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 23
Additional SpecializationAdditional Specialization• DNA analysis
– Human– Non human
• Criminalistics• Latent prints• Pollen• Arson• Engineering
sciences
• Physical anthropology
• Psychiatry• Pathology• Odontology• Toxicology• Entomology• Geology• Jurisprudence
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 24
Figure 1–8 Typical blowfly life cycle from egg deposition to adult fly emergence. This cycle is representative of any one of the nearly ninety species of blowflies in North America. Courtesy E. P. Catts, Ph.D., deceased, and Neal H. Haskell, Ph.D., forensic entomology consultant www.forensic-entomology.com.
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 25
Forensic Pathology• Investigation of unnatural,
unexplained, or violent deaths• Medical examiners or coroners• Determines cause of death• Conducts autopsy
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 26
Stages Of Death• Rigor mortis
– Shortening of muscle tissue– Stiffening of body parts in the position
at death– First 24 hours to 36 hours post mortem
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 27
Stages Of Death– Livor mortis
•Settling of blood in areas of the body closest to the ground
•Begins immediately on death and continues up to 12 hours
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 28
Stages Of Death– Algor mortis
•Loss of heat by a body•Begins about an hour after death
•Loses heat by 1 to 1-1/2 degrees fahrenheit per hour until the body reaches the environmental temperature
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein 29
SummarySummary
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein
• 1. Ted Bundy was an American serial killer who was convicted on the basis of which type of forensic evidence?
• A. Bite marks C. DNA fingerprinting
• B. Latent fingerprints D. Ballistics
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PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein
Answer #1• 1. Ted Bundy was an American serial
killer who was convicted on the basis of which type of forensic evidence?
• A. Bite marks • B. Latent fingerprints • C. DNA fingerprinting • D. Ballistics
31
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein
• 2. The time of death can be calculated by various means. One is rigor mortis, Latin for 'the stiffness of death'. Another indication is livor mortis or lividity. What does this term refer to?
• A. Cloudiness in the eyes• B. Gravitational pooling of blood • C. Degree of digestion of stomach contents• D. Relaxation of muscles following to rigor
mortis
32
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein
Answer #2• 2. The time of death can be calculated by various
means. One is rigor mortis, Latin for 'the stiffness of death'. Another indication is livor mortis or lividity. What does this term refer to?
• A. Cloudiness in the eyes• B. Gravitational pooling of blood • C. Degree of digestion of stomach contents• D. Relaxation of muscles following to rigor mortis
Livor is Latin for 'a black and blue spot' and refers to the discoloration of the skin in the lowest part of a body resulting from the gravitational pooling of blood.
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PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein
• 3. When attempting to identify a skeleton, craniofacial morphology (the structure and form of the skull and face) is the best indicator of race. One group of human beings has a unique, rounded jaw bone which is called a 'rocker jaw'. This is a characteristic of which ethnic group?
• A. Australian Aborigines C. African Americans
• B. Chinese D. Hawaiians
34
PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-
CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/EBy Richard Saferstein
Answer #3• 3. When attempting to identify a skeleton, craniofacial
morphology (the structure and form of the skull and face) is the best indicator of race. One group of human beings has a unique, rounded jaw bone which is called a 'rocker jaw'. This is a characteristic of which ethnic group?
• A. Australian Aborigines C. African Americans
• B. Chinese D. Hawaiians
35