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Prenatal development Prenatal development (con’t) (con’t)

Prenatal development (con’t). Prenatal testing and screening Women 30-39 are having more babies-risk down syndrome (mental retardation & physical abnormalities)

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Prenatal development Prenatal development (con’t)(con’t)

Prenatal testing and screeningPrenatal testing and screening Women 30-39 are having more babies-risk down Women 30-39 are having more babies-risk down

syndrome (mental retardation & physical abnormalities)syndrome (mental retardation & physical abnormalities)

Amniocentesis Amniocentesis draws fluid from amniotic sacdraws fluid from amniotic sac

Ultrasound or sonography Ultrasound or sonography

uses high-frequency sound wavesuses high-frequency sound waves

Fetoscopy Fetoscopy

small incision and optical viewersmall incision and optical viewer

Chorionic villus samplingChorionic villus sampling

snip tissue from fetal sac snip tissue from fetal sac

Maternal Blood Analysis/Maternal Serum Alpha Maternal Blood Analysis/Maternal Serum Alpha Fetoprotein Fetoprotein

Amniocentesis Fetoscopy

UltrasoundUltrasound

Fetal MonitoringFetal Monitoring

Track the baby’s heart rate during labor.

Safe procedure that has saved the lives of many babies in high-risk situations.

Types of Delivery Types of Delivery MethodsMethods

Normal Delivery (Spontaneous vaginal delivery SVD)

Forcept Vacuum Induction Cesarean

Forceps Forceps DeliveryDelivery

Used when the mother’s pushing during the second stage of labor does not cause the baby to move through the birth canal in a reasonable amount of time.

Forceps are metal clamps placed around the baby’s head to pull the infant from the birth canal.

Risk: can result in head injury or brain damage

Vacuum Extraction

A A vacuum vacuum extractorextractor is a is a suction tube suction tube that is that is attached to a attached to a plastic cup plastic cup placed on the placed on the baby’s head.baby’s head.

Induced LaborInduced Labor

Labor is started artificially by breaking the Labor is started artificially by breaking the amnion and giving the mother a hormone that amnion and giving the mother a hormone that stimulates contractions.stimulates contractions.

Used when continuing the pregnancy threatens Used when continuing the pregnancy threatens the well-being of mother or babythe well-being of mother or baby

Contractions often longer, harder, and closer Contractions often longer, harder, and closer together.together.

Cesarean Cesarean DeliveryDelivery

A cesarean delivery is a surgical birth in which the doctor makes an incision in the mother’s abdomen & lifts the baby out of the uterus.

When babies are in a breech position (turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first) cesareans are often justified.

Although the operation is safe, mothers need more time for recovery and cesarean newborns are more likely to be sleepy and unresponsive & to have breathing difficulties.

Stages of ChildbirthStages of Childbirth

What signs indicate that labor is near?

Stage 1: Time interval? What happens?

Stage 2: Time interval? What happens?

Stage 3: Time interval? What happens?

The Birth ProcessThe Birth Process

Stage 1 : Dilation of the cervixStage 1 : Dilation of the cervix The longest stage of laborThe longest stage of labor

First baby First baby 12 - 14 hours 12 - 14 hours Sebsequent babies Sebsequent babies 4 - 6 hours 4 - 6 hours

Dilation of the cervixDilation of the cervix is the widening and thinning of the cervix is the widening and thinning of the cervix resulting in a resulting in a

clear pathway from the uterus into the birth canal.clear pathway from the uterus into the birth canal.

Contractions are forceful and regularContractions are forceful and regular Gradually, Gradually, they get closer together, occurring every 2 to 3 they get closer together, occurring every 2 to 3 minutes, and become more powerful, continuing for as minutes, and become more powerful, continuing for as long as 60 seconds.long as 60 seconds.

TransitionTransition is reached when the frequency and is reached when the frequency and strength of contractions are at their peak and the strength of contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely.cervix opens completely.

Figure 7.10.1

The Birth The Birth ProcessProcess

Stage 1Stage 1

In Stage 2 : Delivery of the BabyIn Stage 2 : Delivery of the Baby First baby First baby 50 minutes 50 minutes Subsequent births Subsequent births 20 minutes 20 minutes

Strong contractions continue Strong contractions continue mother feels a natural mother feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles forcing the baby down and out. forcing the baby down and out.

An An episiotomyepisiotomy is a small incision at the is a small incision at the perineumperineum increases size of the vaginal opening increases size of the vaginal opening permits baby permits baby to pass without damaging the mother’s tissues.to pass without damaging the mother’s tissues.

The baby’s head crowns when the vaginal opening The baby’s head crowns when the vaginal opening stretches around the entire head.stretches around the entire head.

Figure 7.10.2

Stage 2Stage 2

Stage 3Stage 3

Stage 3: Delivery of the PlacentaStage 3: Delivery of the Placenta

The final stage lasts about 5 to 10 minutes.The final stage lasts about 5 to 10 minutes.

The final contractions and pushes cause the The final contractions and pushes cause the placentaplacenta to separate from the uterine wall to separate from the uterine wall and be delivered.and be delivered.

BIRTH COMPLICATIONSBIRTH COMPLICATIONS Faulty Power Faulty Power

Problem with motherProblem with mother Contraction not strong enoughContraction not strong enough

Faulty PassagewayFaulty Passageway Problem in the uterusProblem in the uterus

Placenta PreviaPlacenta Previa Placenta AbruptionPlacenta Abruption

Faulty PassengerFaulty Passenger Problem with babyProblem with baby

BreechBreech Head too bigHead too big

Low-Birth-Weight BabyLow-Birth-Weight Baby

Weigh less than 2,500gm Weigh less than 2,500gm 2 category2 category

Preterm (premature)Baby born before completing the 35th week of

gestation Small for date

May not be preterm but weigh less than 90% of all babies of the same gestational age

Low-Birth-WeightLow-Birth-Weight 1 in 16 infants is born underweight More common among low-income, ethnic minority

pregnant women. Small-for-date babies are associated with more

serious problems Infections Brain damage Infant death Poor school achievement

Probably due to inadequate nutrition before birth. Perhaps mothers didn’t eat well or placenta did not function normally or babies themselves have defects that prevent them from growing normally.

Preterm BabiesPreterm Babies

Factors influencing the Factors influencing the development during prenatal development during prenatal

periodperiod Parents age

Too Young Mum too old Dad too old

Mother’s Pregnancy History Frequent pregnancy Frequent miscarriage/abortion

Mother’s Physical condition Size (too fat/ thin)

Mother’s Diet Mother’s Emotion Teratogenic Agent