Preliminary Results on Smallholder Irrigation Technologies

Preliminary Results on Smallholder Irrigation Technologies

International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

Background Information Objective: to Identify factors that influenced the adoption of WLTs (particularly motor pumps) by smallholder farmers

Case studies: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP and Tigray.

Data collected from 800 (200 from each Region) randomly selected farm households.

Why Smallholder Irrigation Technologies?

Initiated and financed by smallholders themselves

Owned and individually or by small informal groups

Can irrigate small plots that can optimally managed by the smallholder

Need relatively less capital

5. Small farmers get opportunity to produce dry season cash crops for market

6. Can be used in diversified water sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, shallow wells, ponds), Can be Integrated with Watershed Management

7. Offer Opportunity for female farmers to support their family

8. In many African countries the smallholder private irrigation is more important than public irrigation in terms of number of farmers involved and the value of the production.

Type technologyNo. of farmersArea under irrigationInvestment costs USD per haMain cropPublic irrigation schemes11,0007,185 ha10,000 15,000RiceSmall reservoirs25,0006,000 ha6,000 15,000Rice/vegetablesMotorized pumps160,000120,000 ha500-1000VegetablesBuckets, watering cans335,00066,000 ha

9. Provide additional income when farmers need it most (some cross-country examples)Burkina Faso, 94% of vegetable production is sold at local markets, generating revenue of US$350 per 0.1 hectare. Vegetable production increased in years when cereal yields were low (DSA 2005). Ethiopia, On average, generates revenue of 1586 dollars/ha High labor employment/haLead to input intensification Ghana, smallholder irrigation primarily dry season vegetable cultivation - adds between USD175 to 840 to household income.

10. Untapped potential exists (FAO Estimates) ???

Some facts on the GroundSource: Amhara & Tigray Bureaus of Agriculture (2010)

Type of TechnologyAmharaTigray supplyon Stock%supplyon Stock%Geo-mebrien551633950072NANANATreadle Pump278292283782672784709470Drip271861557157675086181892Motor Pump21191135686413902422730Rope & Washer192716408510500

Chart3

3434

606542

708644

1251948

23631635

21871755

21431734

46102383

MP Supply

MP Distributed

Motor Pump

Sheet1

YearMotor PumpTreadle Pump (Pressurized & Overflow)Drip SystemRope & Washer

MP SupplyMP DistributedTP SupplyTP DistributedDrip SupplyDrip DistributedRWRW Distributed

20043434242590819216800

20056065421141496422410200

20067086441428510289122000

200712519483117186611735101200

20082363163513084334011843120800

200921871755894243911137598600

201021431734894642491114095200

20114610238350653438118771262105105

Total1390296756727820184675085690105105

10.37443298970.875

0.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429

0.90960451980.07196359820

0.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503

0.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821

0.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187

0.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097

0.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885

11735

9122

224

192

Supply

Supply

42080

4610

2143

2187

2363

1251

15047

12020

2459

Supply

On stock

Distributed

On stock

Distributed

On stock

Distributed

2227

2383 (52%)

2011

409

432

728

303

13375

10514

1517

12575 (30%)

Total

1734 (81%)

2010

1755 (80%)

2009

1635 (69%)

2008

11017

1012 (9%)

948 (76%)

2007

9122

1672 (11%)

2006

122

102 (45.5%)

1506 (13%)

2005

24

168 (87.5%)

942 (38%)

2004

Drip System

Treadle Pump (Pressurized & Overflow)

Motor Pump (Different Model)

Year

Sheet1

MP Supply

MP Distributed

Motor Pump

Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart4

2425908

11414964

142851028

31171866

130843340

89424391

89464249

50653438

TP Supply

TP Distributed

Treadle Pump

Sheet1



20043434242590819216800

20056065421141496422410200

20067086441428510289122000

200712519483117186611735101200

20082363163513084334011843120800

200921871755894243911137598600

201021431734894642491114095200

20114610238350653438118771262105105

Total1390296756727820184675085690105105

10.37443298970.875

0.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429

0.90960451980.07196359820

0.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503

0.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821

0.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187

0.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097

0.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885

11735

9122

224

192

Supply

Supply

42080

4610

2143

2187

2363

1251

15047

12020

2459

Supply

On stock

Distributed

On stock

Distributed

On stock

Distributed

2227

2383 (52%)

2011

409

432

728

303

13375

10514

1517

12575 (30%)

Total

1734 (81%)

2010

1755 (80%)

2009

1635 (69%)

2008

11017

1012 (9%)

948 (76%)

2007

9122

1672 (11%)

2006

122

102 (45.5%)

1506 (13%)

2005

24

168 (87.5%)

942 (38%)

2004

Drip System



Year

Sheet1

MP Supply

MP Distributed

Motor Pump

Sheet2

TP Supply

TP Distributed

Treadle Pump

Sheet3

Chart5

192168

224102

91220

117351012

118431208

11375986

11140952

118771262

Drip Supply

Drip Distributed

Drip Systems

Sheet1



20043434242590819216800

20056065421141496422410200

20067086441428510289122000

200712519483117186611735101200

20082363163513084334011843120800

200921871755894243911137598600

201021431734894642491114095200

20114610238350653438118771262105105

Total1390296756727820184675085690105105

10.37443298970.875

0.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429

0.90960451980.07196359820

0.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503

0.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821

0.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187

0.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097

0.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885

11735

9122

224

192

Supply

Supply

42080

4610

2143

2187

2363

1251

15047

12020

2459

Supply

On stock

Distributed

On stock

Distributed

On stock

Distributed

2227

2383 (52%)

2011

409

432

728

303

13375

10514

1517

12575 (30%)

Total

1734 (81%)

2010

1755 (80%)

2009

1635 (69%)

2008

11017

1012 (9%)

948 (76%)

2007

9122

1672 (11%)

2006

122

102 (45.5%)

1506 (13%)

2005

24

168 (87.5%)

942 (38%)

2004

Drip System



Year

Sheet1

Drip Supply

Drip Distributed

Drip Systems

Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart6

10.37443298970.875

0.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429

0.90960451980.07196359820

0.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503

0.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821

0.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187

0.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097

0.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885

Trend MP

Trend TP

Trend drip

Trend of Performance

Sheet1


MP SupplyMP DistributedTP SupplyTP DistributedDrip SupplyDrip DistributedRWRW DistributedTrend MPTrend TPTrend drip

20043434242590819216800200410.37443298970.875

2005606542114149642241020020050.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429

2006708644142851028912200020060.90960451980.07196359820

20071251948311718661173510120020070.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503

2008236316351308433401184312080020080.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821

20092187175589424391113759860020090.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187

20102143173489464249111409520020100.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097

2011461023835065343811877126210510520110.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885

Total1390296756727820184675085690105105

Trend MPTrend TPTrend drip

200410.37443298970.875

20050.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429

20060.90960451980.07196359820

20070.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503

20080.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821

20090.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187

20100.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097

20110.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885

11735

9122

224

192

Supply

Supply

42080

4610

2143

2187

2363

1251

15047

12020

2459

Supply

On stock

Distributed

On stock

Distributed

On stock

Distributed

2227

2383 (52%)

2011

409

432

728

303

13375

10514

1517

12575 (30%)

Total

1734 (81%)

2010

1755 (80%)

2009

1635 (69%)

2008

11017

1012 (9%)

948 (76%)

2007

9122

1672 (11%)

2006

122

102 (45.5%)

1506 (13%)

2005

24

168 (87.5%)

942 (38%)

2004

Drip System



Year

Sheet1

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Trend MP

Trend TP

Trend drip

Trend of Performand

Sheet2

Sheet3

Are Smallholders Aware about Technologies?

RegionHousehold is aware of motor pumpHousehold has adopt motor pumpyesno%yesno%Amhara1554577.56113930.5Oromia1752587.755914129.5SNNP1633781.55514527.5Tigray16832845414627

Cost of investment

Cost ComponentAverage Average CIF Value of water pump (Birr)4668Average tax per unit of water pump (Birr)1832Average purchase price/water pump (CIF+Tax) (Birr)6500Tax contributes 36%Customs duty10%Value Added tax15%Sur tax8%Withhold tax3%Average Selling Price (Regional Bureaus of Water Resources)8093.37

Cost of irrigation infrastructure, accessories and maintenance (Farmers response)

Type of infrastructureAverage cost (Birr)Maximum cost (Birr)Shallow well4021.519 15000Dug-out 957.9753 9450Pond1949.625 5000

Type of technologyAverage cost of Accessories Maintenance (previous Year)Maintenance (since Purchased)Petrol Pump 1872 953 1420 Diesel Pump 19711792 2527

Challenges EquityPump-owners: generally are male, better-off farmers (Gender imbalance).

High upfront investment costs, absence of financing tools, and limited access to investment and marketing information.

Limited access to Credit

Resource sustainabilityMany small dispersed points of water extraction.

Risks of conflicts and environmental problems

EfficiencyPoorly developed equipment supply chain, low quality pumps, limited choice, high taxes and transaction costs.

Lack of information and knowledge on irrigation, seeds, marketing and equipment. Lack of access to infrastructure; output markets are dominated by middlemen.

Frequent breakdown of pumps and high maintenance cost

Weak input & Spare-part supply

Weak maintenance service

Weak extension service

*

Business Model: Making Smallholder Irrigation Technologies Accessible/Affordable*

Potential Outcomes:Affordability of irrigation technologiesMarket efficiency and better income to farmersEmployment opportunityTechnology transfer

Address Problems in Output Market and Post-harvest ManagementAddress Problems in Input Supply Chan

*

Improve the value chainEnhance knowledge flowEnsure technology access for allRethink energy and AWMAdopt Watershed managementSolution pathways to enhance motor pump utilization by smallholdersResearch, Donor, government & private sectorActivity 2aReduce import barriers and taxesActivity 2bDevelop registry of dealersActivity 2cProvide credit to dealers to enlarge their stockActivity 1aEmpower farmers with information to make informed decisions on technology choiceActivity 1bEnsure farmers access to horticulture and marketing informationActivity 3bPilot irrigation service providers conceptActivity 4aStimulate alternative energy sourcesActivity 5aAssess possible environmental impacts at multiple scalesActivity 3aExplore and pilot financial instrumentsActivity 5bRecognize and address resource conflictsActivity 1cImprove market infrastructure & address middlemen monopolyActivity 4bConsider AWM in electrification plans and policiesInvestment in this sector can benefit millions of poor men and women through additional income and improved food security and nutrition.Activity 5cRecognize the importance of grassroots participation

Thank you!

*This presentation presents the dialogue process and how it will help the project to get mote impact. *WCO-GAE067-20080311-03(Market Access)Five solution pathways proposed to enhance the opportunity while addressing efficiency constraints and minimizing adverse social and environmental impacts

Each of these addresses aspects of the limitations e.g. knowledge flows can address equity and inefficiencies, while the watershed approach can address inequities and environmental issues. How the solutions are implemented will be key to enhancing the benefits of motor pump use without creating a new set of problems. Careful supervision and support is what will make smallholder private irrigation a successful solution without stifling the sector through excessive control or regulation. *

Documents

Preliminary Results on Smallholder Irrigation Technologies