PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF CONTAMINATION RISKASSESSMENT FROM WWII ARMOURY IN

IRON BOTTOM SOUND, SOLOMON ISLANDS

Russell J. MaharajSOPAG Secretariat

March 1999 SOPAC Preliminary Report 103

Report of Field Visits to Honolulu, Hawaii,8-17 January 1999 and the Solomon Islands,

23-30 January 1999

Funded by

The Commonwealth Secretariatunder Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation (CFTC)

and

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)under United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)

Contaminauon Iv,-k Assessment, Iron Dol/om Sound, Solomon Islands

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pave Numbero

ACI<NOWLEDGEMENTS 3

INTRODUCTION 4

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AREABackground 4The Study Area 6

DURATION OF THE PROJECT 6RESOURCE MATERIAL 6TASKS, METHODS AND TERMINOLOGY

Tasks 8Methods 8Terminology 9

RESULTSBathymetry and Hydrography ofIron Bottom Sound 9Sunk Military Vessels and Ships 11Aircraft Destroyed _ 12Volume/Tonnage of Wreck 13Lives Lost 14

CONCLUSIONS 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY 25TECHNICAL REFERENCES CITED 29

APPENDIX 1Project Profile 30

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project was supported by the Commonwealth Secretariat, under the CommonwealthFund for Technical Co-operation (CFTC) and the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (U DP), under its United ations Office for Project Services (UNOPS).The Commonwealth Secrerariar/Cf'I'C funded the author.

Logistic and other financial support from SOPAC, prior to commencement of this studyand for the preparation of this technical report, is gratefully acknowledged.

Several people and institutions facilitated the collection of data for this project. Theseinclude, Sunita Prasad, SOPAC Librarian; The Embassy of Japan, Suva and PurnimaChandra, Senior Library Assistant, University of the South Pacific (USP) Main Library,Suva, Fiji.

From the United States of America, Lynette Furuhashi, Pacific Specialist, HamiltonLibrary, University of Hawaii, Manoa; Ross Tagashi, Cartographer, Hamilton Library,University of Hawaii, Manoa; Patty Belcher, Librarian, Bishop's Museum, Honolulu,Hawaii; Librarian, East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii; U. S. Naval Institute, Marylandand Pat Wilde, Berkeley, California.

From Japan, Yoshitaka Hosoi, Japan Mining Engineering Centre for InternationalCooperation, Tokyo, Japan; Akira Kado, The National Diet Library, Tokyo, japan;Masahiro Kawai, Military History Department, Jational Institute for Defence Studies,Tokyo, japan and The Chief Librarian, Main Library, Kyoto University,japan.

From Solomon Islands, Vilimaina Vakaciwa, Librarian, USP Centre, Honiara, SolomonIslands; Donn Tolia and Rennel Magu, Director and Deputy Director respectively,Department of Energy, \'{!ater and Mineral Resources, Ministry of atural Resources,Solomon Islands Government (SIG); Edmund Gagahe, Secretary to the Ministry ofNatural Resources, Solomon Islands Government (SIG); Nairie Alamu, Secretary to theMinistry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, SIG; Clifford Olisukulu, Chief HydrographicSurveyor, Ministry of Land and Housing, SIG; Haikiu Baiabe, Secretary, Ministry ofHome Affairs, SIG; Adrian Bataiofesi, former member of Parliament, SIG; RobertAunama, Solomon Islands Visitors Bureau, Ministry of Tourism, SIG; National Archivesand I ational Museum, SIG. Discussions with Paul Hobbs, Frank Boulay are gratefuJlyacknowledged.

Technical assistance of Olivier Duperray and Anna Elaise, SOPAC's InformationTechnology nit, in digital map preparation is gratefully acknowledged.

This is SOPAC's Project SB 99.03 - Solomons Islands.

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1.0 INTRODUCTIO

The Solomon Islands Government (SIG) requested the South Pacific AppliedGeoscience Commission (SOPAC), to conduct a contamination risk assessment study ofJJ;7orld JJ;7ar II 0V1".;7 II) sunken vessels/ ships and aircraft in Iron Bottom Sound, SolomonIslands.

The project was submitted by SIG to the United lations Development Programme(U DP), and accepted for funding by U DP under its nited ations Office forProject Services (UNOPS), with SOPAC being the implementing and executing agency.

The terms of reference for this project are contained in attachments to UNDPReference: INT /96/70S/YX and Contract Number C-98-22S0 (Appendix 1) and inSOPAC's 1999 work program, as SOPAC Project SB 99.03.

This document is a preliminary/progress report of initial results of this study, 10

particular, data collected during two field visits, one to Honolulu, Hawaii from 8 to 17January 1999 and the other to Honiara, Solomon Islands, from 23 to 30 January 1999.

This report presents inventories of all Japanese, American, Australian, and lew Zealandmilitary vessels and ships sunk in Iron Bottom Sound; aircraft types and numberdestroyed; a location map of wrecks with known position and estimates of the totaltonnage of metal which may have accumulated due to the sinking of these vessels.

The final report will contain the above information, in addition to digital information (inlVlapIl1fo GIS" and i\1.J Access software) on the bathymetry/hydrography of Iron BottomSound, possible water circulation pattern; condition of the sunken vessels; possiblecontamination risk and environmental problems. In addition, a proposal for further workto assist in developing sustainable planning and management strategies for the coastaland marine areas in Iron Bottom Sound will be discussed.

2.0 BACKGROUND AND STUDY AREA

2.1 Background

Many areas within the South Pacific were subject to intense military activity and battlesduring IVIV II, resulting in the sinking of numerous military ships, vessels and aircraft.

The Pacific Theatre, as the area was later described by the military of the day, was the stagefor some of the most disastrous naval battles fought, to date. This includes the Battle 0/Sa/JOIsland, A1Igust 7-9, 1942, which has been described by military specialists as the worstU. S. Navy aval) defeat to date.

The Solomon Islands was one country where fighting between the Allied forces (lJSA,Australia and ew Zealand) and Japan over several years, saw the loss of numerousmilitary ships and aircraft in marine and coastal waters. Several of the battles foughtduring !f;7JV II, between August and December 1942, in the Solomon Islands werecentred on Guadalcanal Island, in particular, Iron Bottom Sound.

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In south-cast Solomon Islands, on Guadalcanal Island and surrounding coastal andmarine areas, some of the most intense military campaigns (operation code-named Cactusby the U.S. military) were fought. These were the Battles of Ja7JOIsland, Cape Esperance,Guadalcanal I and II and the Battle of Tassafaronoa, also referred to In military books as theBattle ofSavo I, II, II, IV and V (Table 1).

Table 1.

BATTLES FOUGHT DATE DURATION, mins

1" Hattie of SOI·n/So,·o lsland 42.H.7 - 42.HH 45

2"" Bottle nf SOI·n/Cope lspcrancc 42.10.11 - 42.10.12 .J I

,,,, Battle of So,·n/(;uaualcanal I 42.11.11 - 42.11.14 '~.L

,,,, Battle of Sa\"()/(;uauolcanal II 42.11.14 - 42.11.15 51

4th Battle of S,"·o/Tossafaronga 42.1 UO - 42.12.1 2~

TOTAL 42H.7 - 4212.1 188 mins

These battles were fought over five (5) months, between August 1''', 1942 and December1>I, 1942 (Table 1) and culminated in the defeat in Solomon Islands and retreat from theSouth Pacific, of the Japanese, in February 1943.

A total of 188 minutes of intense military assault was launched during these five battles,with numerous losses of military personnel, battleships, defence aircraft and other navalhardware. AlJ five battles were fought at sea and involved largely naval military.Consequently, most losses were in the coastal and marine areas between GuadalcanalIsland and the Florida Islands, now referred to as Iron Bottom Sound.

The name, Iron Bottom Sound, was coined after 11~orldH~ar II, following the sinking ofnumerous battleships, aircraft and other military iron hardware of H:/1f;7 II, in the saidmarine area.

Little is known about the total numbers of military ships and aircraft which were sunk,their location and cargo content at the time of sinking. In addition, the potentialenvironmental risks posed by these wreckage to marine bio-diversity, commercial fisheryresources, tourism, and other coastal and marine-based economic activities in lronBottom Sound is unknown.

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The purpose of this study is to collate the existing/documented information on themilitary vessels and aircraft which were sunk and destroyed in Iron Bottom Sound,Solomon Islands and assess the possible risk of contamination to the coastal and marineenvironment in the area.

This information will then be used to evaluate the possible environmental impacts of1171[;7II military hardware and armoury on the natural and human environment and assistin the development of optimum management strategies for utilisation of the said areas.

2.2 The Study Area

The study area is Iron Bottom Sound (Figure 1), located north of Guadalcanallsland andsouth and west of Florida Islands. Savo Island lies in the mid-west of the stud" area andrepresents a sub-aerial volcano.

For the purposes of this study, the study area is defined as the sea area (coastal andmarine areas) which lies between longitude S, 159tl 43' E and 160tl 25' E and latitude 8058' S (to the north of Iron Bottom Sound) and Guadalcanal Island (to the south of IronBottom Sound.) The areas is about 3500 km".

3.0 DURATION OF THE PROJECT

The project will run for about four (4) months. The project began on 4thJanuar~', 1999and will end on 15[h May 1999 (UNDP reference: INT /96/70S/YX and Contract

umber C-98-22S0; Appendix 1).

4.0 RESOURCE MATERIAL

Information was collected from published/public information, from maps, atlases,charts, aerial photographs, books and journals held in international libraries and nationalarchives.

These include military archives in the USA; Bishop's Museum Honolulu and theUniversity of Hawaii, Manoa, USA; military departments in Tokyo, Japan andinformation from the SIG, Honiara.

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5.0 TASKS, METHODS AND TERMINOLOGY

5.1 Tasks

The following are the main tasks identified for this phase of the project:

~ Compile as complete an inventory as possible, on the number of vessels, theirlocation, type(s), probable cargo content using data from as wide a variety of sourcesas possible.

~ Develop a database, in computerised GIS, using MapInfo software, with overlays ofvessel location, water depth, oceanographic conditions where available, such ascurrents and water quality.

~ Identify, from preliminary assessment, areas of potential environmental impact.

~ Define a follow-up work program, as deemed necessary, for further fieldinvestigations of selected areas to assist in developing sustainable planning andmanagement strategies for the coastal and marine areas.

5.2 Methods

Information was collected from several sources, based on two field trips. One trip wasmade to Honolulu, Hawaii, from 8-17 January 1999 and the other to Solomon Islands,from 23-30 January 1999.

Over eighty (80) publications were reviewed. These are listed in the bibliography, Section8.0 of this report. All references contained in this list were seen by the author and formthe basis of this report.

In Fiji, publications from the Pacific and Reference Collection were reviewed at theUniversity of the South Pacific (USP) Main Library.

In Honolulu, information was collected from the Pacific Collection, Maps and AerialPhotograph Sections and General Map Collection of the Hamilton Library, University ofHawaii, Manoa. In addition, publications and aerial photos were reviewed at the Bishop'sMuseum, Honolulu and the Main Library, East-\X/est Centre, Honolulu.

In Honiara, Solomon Islands, information was obtained from the USP Centre; ChiefHydrographic Surveyor; Ministry of Land and Housing; the Visitors Bureau; Ministry ofTourism, the ational Archives and National Museum.

Publications were procured from the several agencies in Japan. These represent the bestsources of information for the Japanese military operations in Solomon Islands. Alldocuments obtained were in Japanese and were translated by the author. Agenciesconsulted were, the Japan Mining Engineering Centre for International Co-operation,Tokyo; The National Diet Library, Tokyo; the Military History Department, NationalInstitute for Defence Studies, Tokyo and The Main Library, Kyoto University, Kyoto.

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In addition, publications and information were obtained from the U.S. Naval Institute,Maryland, U.S.A.

It is noteworthy to mention that in collecting the data for this project, it was found thatthere were several variations in the records written by the Japanese, Americans andmilitary historians. This include the total number of vessels sunk, their location and in afew instances, the date some were sunk. These are discussed further in the text.

For this report, the records procured from the Japanese and American military werethought to be the most accurate of their individual operations during the events whichtranspired and supersede any other written work on the same subject.

5.3 Terminology

People perceive risks differently, depending on factors like the likelihood of a hazardhaving adverse effects; how widespread, familiar, and dreaded the effects are; how ahazard affects individuals personally and whether they have agreed to bear the risks(Slovic, 1986).

For the purposes of this study and for clarity, the term risk is defined as follows:

~ Risk is defined as tbe possibdity of suffering harm from a bazard. A baZaJd is a sonrcr ofrisle andrefers to a substance, or action that can cause harm (Nathan and Bronstein) 1998).

Risk assessment refers to the technical assessment of the nature and magnitude of risk(NRC, 1989).

Although risk analysis is sometimes used synonymously with risk assessment, it is usedhere to include methods of risk assessment, as well as methods to best use the resultinginformation and data.

6.0 RESULTS

6.1 Bathymetry and Hydrography of Iron Bottom Sound

The hydrography of the study area is taken from Hydrographer of the Navy (1989). IronBottom Sound represents an eastern extension of the New Georgia Sound and CentralSolomon Trough (Figure 2). The Central Solomon Trough is a southeast-northwesttrending ocean trough, that can be traced further west to Bougainville and to the easternpart of the Solomon Islands. This area is a tectonically controlled fracture zone, andrepresents part of the plate boundary, where the Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates meet.

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Compressional forces affect this plate boundary in this part of the Pacific and theboundary here is a largely convergent margin of oceanic-oceanic lithosphere material.Consequently, the sea floor in this area and in Iron Bottom Sound is very narrow incomparison to its length, forming a classic ocean trough, with steep side slopes underdeep ocean.

The sea area of Iron Bottom Sound delineated for this study, corresponds to an areabetween 24 km wide in the east, to 42 km wide in the west, giving it a funnel shape.

The Sound is about 80 km long, along its main axis, which trends northwest-southeast.

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The bathymetry of Iron Bottom Sound is a generally cone shaped morphology, withshallower areas in the east and deeper areas to the west. Consequently, there is a naturalgradient and corresponding gravity flow of deep water to the west and northwest.

To the east, water depth varies between 50-90 m in the shallow nearshore areas. Theseareas consist of numerous shoals, both in Lengo Channel, north of Guadalcanal Islandand in Nggela Channel, to the immediate south of ggela Pile in the Florida IslandsGroup.

These shoals support several coral reefs and other benthic reef biota in the more photiczones (less than 30 m of water). Between these shallow areas, water depth increasessharply, down to 320-360 rn, in the Sealark Channel, an east-northeast trending(0751l/255Ij trench. Slope gradient across these deep areas are estimated to be greaterthan io. Slope grades to the southwest/2551l

, in the Sealark Channel, with estimatedgradient of 11l

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The western and central part of Iron Bottom Sound is significantly deeper, with onlynarrow sections of shallow coastal waters, averaging 0.5-1 km wide. Beyond 1 km fromthe Guadalcanal and Savo Island shores, slopes become progressively steeper, with waterdepths of up to 800 m in the central part of the Sound and up to 1225 m, to thenorthwest part of the Sound. In these areas, slope also grades to the northwest.Estimated slope angle in the central and western part of the Sound varies between 0.8-1".

Due to the natural slope gradient to the west and northwest, deep-water circulation willbe significantly influenced by gravity, causing a predominant westerly flow. In shallowerareas, like on the shoals north of Guadalcanal Island and Tggela Pile, predominant windsand waves, in addition to tidal streams will influence flow. Bottom current flow of 2-3knots (3.88-5.82 m sec I) has been noted in these areas (Hydrographer of the Navy,1989).

6.2 Sunk Military Vesselsand Ships

Tables 2-5 present the results of the literature review and inventories of Japanese,American, Australian and New Zealand naval military vessels which were destroyed andsunk in Iron bottom Sound.

Based on records reviewed, sixty-five (65) Japanese; forty-four (44) American; one (1)Australian and one (1) ew Zealand vessel were sunk in the study area. This gives a totalof one hundred and eleven (111) naval vessels destroyed. In addition, 154 Japanese and37 American vessels were damaged, contributing further wreckage to the already litteredseabed (Table 6).

However, records obtained from the U. S. military, in particular data presented in Harms(1987), and written by the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester \'('.Nimitz, dated 17'h April 1943, indicates that 121-145 vessels were destroyed (Table 6)during the five battles fought between August-December 1942. The additional, 10-34naval vessels destroyed, as suggested by these records, are not known. In addition, thepoor data quality and variations in available records by both the Japanese and Americans,as documented in various publications do not facilitate clarification of this issue.

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Japanese military records show many additional naval vessels were destroyed during the"sotonzon IVaI''' of 1942-1943. However, these records also indicate that the exactlocations of these vessels are not known, while some give estimated locations out of thestudy area, at several degrees west and north from Iron Bottom Sound. It is the author'sopinion that inclusion of these data be discouraged because of their uncertainty.

From the Japanese Navy G), 65 vessels were sunk. These were 21 destroyers (DD); 3heavy cruisers (CA); 2 battleships (BB); 6 submarines as); 5 transport vessels (AP / APD);20 supply/transport vessels aT); 1 landing tank (LST); 2 cargo ships (AK); 1 light cruiser(CL); 1 carrier (CV) and two crafts of unknown designation (Table 2).

From the US Navy (US), 44 vessels were sunk. These were 20 destroyers (DD); 8 heavycruisers (CA); 8 transport vessels (AP / APD); 1 tug; 1 light cruiser (CL); and 6 patrolvessels (PT) (Table 3).

One heavy cruiser (CA) the HMS Canberra, from the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) andone mine-sweeper, Moa, from New Zealand (NZ), were also sunk (Tables 4 and 5).

From the records presented in Tables 2-5, 44 DD; 12 CA; 2 BB; 6 JS; 13 AP; 20 JT; 1LST; 2 AK; 1 CL; 1 CV; 1 tug; 1 mine sweeper and 2 unknown naval vessels were sunk.

The summary presented in Table 6 and extracted from Harms (1987) shows somevariations from the above figures. This table shows a larger number of Japanese vesselsand a smaller number of American vessels sunk in Iron Bottom Sound. At this point,data is not available for clarification of this aspect.

Figure 3 shows the location of some of the Japanese and American vessels sunk in thestudy area. Only those vessels with good quality location data are shown here. Since thelatitude and longitude of most of the vessels destroyed are not known, their positionscannot be plotted on a map.

Analysis of the data presented in Tables 2-5 and Figure 3 show that most vessels forwhich bathymetric records are available (52), are largely found in water depths greaterthan 100 rn (42 or about 80 % of the total for which depths are known). These are asfollows:

~ 10 vessels between 0-100 m, of which 5 are beached,~ 8 vessels between 100-500 m,~ 31 vessels between 500-1000 m and~ 3 vessels in water depths greater than 1000 m

6.3 Aircraft Destroyed

Tables 7 and 8 present lists of the various aircraft used by the military in the fiveGuadalcanal battles fought between August 7'h and December 1'I, 1942.

Records obtained from the U.S. military, in particular data presented in Harms (1987),and written by the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester \,(r Nimitz,dated 171h April 1943, indicate that 330 American and 1120 Japanese planes \\C1'e shotdown in the study area (Table 7). This gives a total of 1450.

12

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Figure 3. Location ofsome of the Japanese and American vessels sunk in the stucfy area.

Most of these were shot down over Iron Bottom Sound. However, the locations of thesemilitary aircraft are not known.

6.4 Volume/Tonnageof Wreck

Of the 111 vessels, which are tabulated in Tables 2-5, 66 of these have tonnage (I)information. These records are more complete for the Japanese Navy vessels than theAmerican avy.

Fifty-six (56) of the 65 Japanese vessels have tonnage records. For the tonnage indicatedin Table 2, their cumulative weight is 292,463T. For the American vessels, 10 of whichhave tonnage records, their cumulative weight is 60,615T. This gives a sub-total of353,078T of metal wreck.

For the remainder of the Japanese and American vessels which have no tonnage data,estimates were made, using averages from vessels of similar class/ categories.

For the Japanese Navy the following was obtained:

~ 1 class/category CA vessel @ 7100T~ 1 class/category CL vessel @ 1800T~ 3 class/category JS vessel @ 1953T

7,100T1,800T1,953T

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~ 1 class/category DD vessel @ 1800T~ 1 class/category CV vessel @ 1800T~ 2 class/category CT vessel @ 5500T

1,800T1,800T11,000T

This gives a total of nine (9) Japanese vessels, with a sub-total of 29,359T.

For the American avy (US) the following was obtained:

~ 4 class/category PT vessel @ 45T~ 1 class/category CL vessel @ 1800T~ 2 class/category CA vessel @ 71OOT~ 6 class/category AP vessel @ 200T~ 21 class/category DD vessel @ 1800T

180T1,800T14,200T1,200T37,800T

This gives a total of thirty-four (34) USN vessels, with a sub-total of 55, 180T.

In addition, the one RA and one JZ vessels are estimated to have weights of 7,100Tand 1,800T respectively.

The total estimated tonnage for the additional forty-five (45) vessels is 93,439T. Thisgives the estimated total tonnage of metal wreck for the 111 naval vessels at 44Ci,517T.

6. 4 Lives Lost

In addition to the metal/iron wrecks sunk in Iron Bottom Sound, thousands of soldierswere killed while fighting. This represents an additional contribution to the seabedcarnage of the area.

Data presented in Harms (1987), and written by the Commander in Chief of the PacificFleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, dated 1Til April 1943, indicated that over 35,000 liveswere lost during the battles which were fought between August-December 1942. Theserecords also indicate that 15,000-20,000 lives were lost at sca, in Iron Bottom Sound.

6.0 CO CLUSIONS

Preliminary results of a contamination risk assessment study in Iron Bottom Sound haveshown that 111 Japanese, American and ew Zealand naval vessels were destroyed andsunk in Iron Bottom Sound. These include 65 Japanese, 44 American, 1 Australian and 1

ew Zealand vessel. In addition, 1450 fighter planes and bombers (1120 J apancse and330 American) were also shot down, while 15,000-20,000 military personnel were killedin the Sound.

Of the 52 wrecks with known locations, 10 are in water depths of less than 100 m, 8 in100-500 m; 31 in 500-1000 m and 3 in water depths greater than 1000 m deep.

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Calculation of the volume/tonnage (T) of debris, which litter the seabed of the Sound,indicates a cumulative volume of 446,517T of metal from the 111 slink vessels. Of this,321,822T are from the Japanese, 115,795T from the American, with the remainder fromthe Australian and lew Zealand vessels.

ABBREVIATION CLASSES OF VESSELS FOR TABLES 2 - 6

AK CARGO SHIP

AP TRANSPORT VESSEL

APA TRANSPORT ATTACK VESSEL

APD HIGH SPEED TRANSPORT VESSEL

BB BATTLESHIP

CA HEAVY CRUISER

CL LIGHT CRUISER

CV CARRIER

DD DESTROYER

JN JAPANESE NAVY

JS JAPANESE SUBMARINE

JT JAPANESE TRANSPORT VESSEL

MN MINESWEEPER

PT PETROL VESSEL

RAN ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVY

SS AMERICAN SUBMARINE

USN UNITED STATES

LST LANDING TANK

NZ NEW ZEALAND

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u.; .\/rlhartlj,ll)l)f): JUP Ie Jlrdilllilllll)' !{r,/wrl IOJ

9.0 TECHNICAL REFERENCES CITED

Hydrographer of the avv. 1989. JOllth Pacfic Oceau, SOIOlllOIlIslands . .\"mlmk Clmune! alld.Approacbes to Honiara. Hydrqgraphic Sheet 1713. Scale 1:100,000 at Lrili!lIrle 9" /5 '. I Sheet.CrO\\'11Copyright, London.

Nathan, V. R. and Bronstein, D.A. 1998. Environmental impacts of militarv base closurein the United States: a case study on the closing of Fort Sheridan, Illinois. il/lpact/1sseJJlJlellt and Project .Appraisal, 16 (4),315-324.

NRC (National Research Council). 1989. ill/pro/JiIlY, Iv,rk COllllllllllimliollJ. NationalAcademy Press, U. S. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

Slovic, P. 1986. Perception of risk. Xaeuce, 236, 280-285.

APPENDIX I

CONTAMINATION RISK ASSESSMENT FROM WWII SUNKEN VESSELS IRON BOTTOM SOUND,SOLOMON ISLANDS: SOPAC PROJECT - SB 99.03

Objectives

To compile an invcntorv in C;IS-based format of sunken ships ami aeroplanes (if possible) in Iron l)orrol1l Sound,Solomon Islands.

Background

,\Ianv areas within the Pacific were subject to intense rnilitarv acrivirv dunng \\'\,' II, resulting in t11L' sinking ot'numerous milirarv :-;hip~ and nircrafr. ~()IOnl()ll 1::.;Jalld~ w:is one particular area where fighring over ,! ~p(111 of .5 Yl'{l1"~·

saw the loss of some 100 plus ships In coastal waters. 1;01' these ships and .urcru tr little is known of about rh« cargocontent at the time of sinking, their location. water depth and therefore the porcnrial ha/.:lrcb nsb posed to m.uin«biodivcrsitv, the impacts on susrainabilirv of commercial fi:-;hcric:-I, tourism. and other m.uinc-ba sccl l'C()1l()1l11C 'lcti\'iric:-;.

Equipment and Resources

.vcccs« to prc-cx i-.tinj; sources of information.

Work Program

).- Compile as complete an iuvcnrorv as possible, on number of vessels, probable Clr,l:O content uSing d:1Ll from "swide a vancrv of sources as possible In the time available, such as war .uchivcs in \\'ashlngton, J)"hop ,\Iuseum,Tokyo and l loniara.

, Develop a database 111 (; IS with ovcrlavs of vcxscl location. water depth. OU":;lllogTaphic conditions wlur«available. such as currents and water qualirv.

»: Prclirninarv definition of areas of porcnrial onvironmcntal Impact.

).- Define a follow-up work plan as ma)' be ncccssarv.

Output

lnvcnrorv of ships, locations, water depths cargo content in C; IS :\Iaplnfo format, rogerher 1V1rhrccornrncndarions. astTlay be 'H..:cc~sary, for fun-her fidel illvcsti~:lti()lls of selected areas to assist in de"eloping sllst,ll11ahlc pLll1llill,t!; ,Indtl1311agclTICnt measures.

Client

Solorno» lslands C;()\'Crnment (SlC ;).

Technical Personnel/Professional Staff

SC)l'.\(: Coastal and Information Technologl' Units