PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF FULL REPORT

•

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF

LAND-BASED SOURCES OF POLLUTION IN

EAST ASIAN SEAS

FULL REPORT

Prepared by

WHO Western Pacific Regional Centre for the

Promotion of Environmental Planning and Applied

Studies (PEPAS), Universiti Pertanian Campus,

Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, in collaboration

with the UNEP Regional Seas Programme Activity Centre

1981

Note

This document was prepared by the WHO Western Pacific Regional Centre for the Promotion of Environmental Planning and Applied Studies (PEPAS) under project FP/0503-79-10 as a contribution to the development of an action plan for the protection and development of the marine environment and coastal areas of the East Asian Region. Its contents, conclusions and recommendations do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP and/or WHO.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or WHO concerning the legal status of any state, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

This document was prepared by Hr E. A. Drew, PEPAS Consultant,

in collaboration with Dr H. Nakamura, PEPAS Environmental Systems

Engineer. Hiss Y. H. Soong, PEPAS Technical Assistant, provided

assistance in finalizing this project report.

CON TEN T S

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

SUMMARY 2

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7

PURPOSE AND TERMS OF REFERENCE 13

METHODS AND APPROACHES 15

RESULTS AND FINDINGS 15

ANNEX I Calculation sheet setting out the factors against each industrial classification for water and air pollution assessment 17

ANNEX II Country report on Indonesia 38

ANNEX III Country report on Malaysia 75

ANNEX IV Country report on the Philippines 145

ANNEX V Country report on Singapore 176

ANNEX VI Country report on Thailand 183

1. INTRODUCTION

In response to UNEP Governing Council Resolutions 88(V)D on "Regional Seas Progranune: Asia" and VI/lO on "Regional prograunnes and prograunning: Asia", a draft action plan for the protection and development of the marine environment and coastal areas of the South East Asian Region was developed. The present project forms part of the preparatory activities leading eventually to the adoption and full-scale implementation of this action plan.

The purpose of this project was to develop baseline information on the approximate magnitude and type of pollutants entering the marine waters of South-East Asia from sources located along the coastal zones. This information was developed to guide the design of environmental assessment prograunnes and management projects under the envisaged ASEAN regional action plan for the protection of the marine environment in South-East Asia. Pollution control measures and the necessary legislative regulations will have to be developed according to the significance and nature of the major sources of pollution in the coastal areas.

Coastal areas in all the ASEAN countries have dense population. The present rapid development of countries in South-East Asia has led to the creation of a number of metropolitan agglomerations in coastal or estuarian situations which result in serious waste disposal problems and heavy industrial pollution loads. In addition, the hinterland in many countries is subject to intensive agricultural activities including heavy use of chemicals such as fertilizers and various pesticides.

This variety of concentrated pollution loads has adversely affected the marine environment for such uses as recreation, bathing, fishing, and shellfish harvesting. Immediate and indirect impact on human health of the coastal populations and natural systems ecology is the consequence. Reference to this situation and proposals for remedial action projects were made at the International Workshop on Marine Pollution in East Asian Waters, Penang, 1976 (FP/0501-75-01).

In 1975, an attempt was made by the WHO Regional Office for SouthEast Asia, to gain a suunnary picture of waste generation in the countries of the region, including Indonesia and Thailand. Based upon the experience of project MED X on pollutants from land-based sources in the Mediterranean (FP/0503-76-01), the methodology of pollution soup:e assessment was refined and in 1978 a pilot study was initiated. This WHO study covered three cities, i.e., Bombay, Jakarta and Bangkok, and led to the development of a technical guideline which became available in final form in the suunner of 1979. While the present assessment was based primarily on the information provided in the pollution assessment documents alre~dy available, the waste loads from domestic an4 industrial sources were determined in part by the rapid assessment methodology mentioned above and briefly described in Section V.

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11. SUMMARY

Since this project was preliminary in nature with its sale purpose being to get an overview of the waste loads originating from land-based pollution sources and their overall potential for adversely impacting the coastal marine waters, no conclusive statements can he made with respect to the precise amounts of specific pollutants and their specific impacts on coastal marine environment.

In the assessment of water-borne pollutants, heavy emphasis was placed on the quantification of the amounts of BOD generated from domestic and industrial sources. This is because BOD is a primary overall indicator of the magnitude of potential water-borne pollution arising from land-based sources. Even the assessment of BOD, however, was hampered by various difficulties, e.g., lack of data, inaccessibility of existing data sources and conflicting past assessment results.

Further, with geographical as well as socio-economic situations of one population agglomeration considerably different from that of another and with little research information available in any of the subject countries, it was impossible to assess scientifically how much of the waste load generated within each population agglomeration actually reaches and gives adverse impacts to coastal marine environment.

The assessment of the magnitude of air pollution potential was based almost entirely on the rapid assessment methodology described in Section V. Although, as in the case of water-borne pollution, rough estimates of the magnitude of air-borne pollution arising from the population agglomerations have been made, scientific assessment of the extent of air pollution impacts on coastal marine waters is even more difficult and it was simply not attempted in this study.

Presented below is the summary of findings with respect to the four countries visited by the consultants, and brief statistics provided by the Republic of Singapore.

Indonesia

The liquid pollutant discharges from Jakarta are estimated to be 43 200 tons BODS per year while the air-borne pollutant load is estimated to be 872 800 tons per year. Jakarta city covers an area of 1i60 square kilometres and has several major rivers and canals which are utilized for providing water supply for the city and for the reception of domestic and industrial wastewaters. There is no underground sewerage system. In terms of BODS generated, the contribution from domestic sources significantly exceeds that from industrial sources.

In the Province of East Java, of which the capital is Surabaya, the liquid pollutant load is estimated to be 129 700 tons BODS per year while the air-borne pollutant load 1S 753 400 tons per year.

Food and beverage industries, textile mills and paper mills are the major sources of industrial water-borne pollutants. The air-borne pollutant load arises mainly from industrial emission sources and transportation.

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Malaysia

For the four sectors of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, the liquid and air-borne pollutant loads are estimated below. In terms of BODS generated along the coastal zones, the contribution from domestic sources is approximately twice that from industrial and agricultural sources such as pig farming, food and beverage industries, rubber and palm oil processing mills, etc. The air-borne pollutant load arises mainly from power stations and transportation.

Liquid pollutant load Air-borne pollutant in 103 tons BODs/year load in 103 tons/year

1 2 3

Island of Penang 9.5 30.6

Peninsular Malaysia

West Coast 133.8 1091.6 South Coast 10.7 78.3 East Coast 25.0 65.5

East Malaysia . 30.7 90.0

TOTALS 209.7 1356.0

The degree of pollution ar~s~ng in the five coastal sectors is illustrated by the following table which relates the polluting loads per annum to the length of the coast in the sector.

Length of Tons of BODS/ Tons of air Coastline year/Km pollutants/ ~n Km coast· year/Km coast

Island of Penang 80 117.8 382.5

Peninsular Malaysia

West Coast 800 166.3 1364.5

South Coast 100 106.8 783.4

East Coast 640 38.4 102.3

East Malaysia 1760 17.4 51.1

As indicated above, the larger part of the pollution load ~s ~n the western and southern coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia.

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Philippines

It was estimated that the liquid poliutant load from the Metro Manila area amounts to about 130 000 tons BODS per year. Food and beverage industries, textile mills and paper mills are the major sources of industrial liquid-borne pollutants. The total air-borne pollutant load, from fuel burning sources, is 447 000 tons per year. Apart from mobile sources, the major sources of air pollution are the four power stations.

Singapore

Some 400 000 m3 of domestic wastewater and 30 000 m3 of industrial wastewater (mostly organic) are discharged daily. 80% of domestic wastewater is discharged from sewered areas after treatment.

The main sources of water pollution comprise domestic, industrial and farm waste. The annual water pollution load is estimated at 3 800 tons BODS. It is not clear, without more detailed information, whether this figure correctly reflects the order of magnitude of pollution load generated and discharged to the marine environment surrounding Singapore.

Thailand

In the Bangkok Metropolitan Authority area, the liquid pollutant load is estimated to amount to 83 000 tons BODS per year and the air-borne pollutant load is estimated to be 340 000 tons per year. Water pollution is due mainly to uncontrolled discharges of sewage to watercourses. The BODS generated arises largely from domestic sources. This is because the majority of discharges from industrial premises are upstream of Bangkok Metropolitan Authority area and are therefore not included.

The liquid pollutant load from the 20-kilometre wide coastal zone along the Upper Gulf is estimated at about 92 600 tons BODS per year while the air-borne pollutant load is 26S 000 tons per year. This area is highly industrialized, especially along the East Coast, and 90% of BODS generated arises from industrial sources.

The air-borne pollutant load in Bangkok arises mainly from transportation sources while in the coastal area around the Upper Gulf, a significant proportion arises from power generation.

Overview

A tabulation of water and air-borne pollutant loads from each of the major coastal agglomerations (excluding Singapore) is presented in Table 1. The air-borne pollutant load given in the table refers only to that from fuel-burning sources.

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic sketch indicating the proportional waste contribution from the domestic and industrial sectors of the major coastal population centres to the pollution of coastal waters.

Location

" "-

H ... -.... • • M • ... 0 • o .-< » .. ~

1. MANILA 130.0

2. JAKARTA 43.2

3. EAS! JAVA 129.7

4. ?ENANG 9.5

5. - WEST COAST 133.8 .. «

6. 5~ ~ ~ - 80UTII COAST 10.7

0. 7. - EAST COAST 25.0

8. EAS! MALAYSIA 30.7

9. BANGKOK" 83.0

10.COASTAL AREA AROUND 92.6 UPPER GULF, THAILANDb

-

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TABLE 1

WATER POLLUTANTS AIR-BORNE POLLUTANTS FROM FUEL BURNING SOURCES

.. ~ .... "- " ....

• • 0 • " ~ Major Po. tuting Industries 0 ~ ~

~ .~ 0 ... ~ .-... ... .. ... ~ ... ..... • oo~ .... • · . ~ oo~

• " .M • • • .g ~ " ... 0 • · " = o .-< » o • " ~ .. ~

0. '" ~

75 25 Food and beveragei textile; paper mills 447 30.0 8.6

74 26 Food and beverage; textile; detergentj 545 11.7 10.9 paper mills

58 42 Food and beverage, textile 249 7.0 24.4

64 36 Food and beveragej textile; pig farming 30.6 - 30.0

61 39 Palm oil; rubberj textile; food and 876.7 47.4 10.2 beverage; pig farming

40 60 Palm oil; rubber; food and beverage; 76.9 30.6 5.9 pig beverage

85 15 Palm oil; rubber; food and beverage; 65.5 - 35.1 pig beverage

66 34 Palm oil; rubber; foon and beverage 65.0 7.0 34.0

93 7 Breweries; food manufacturing 304 11.6 31.2

10 90 Tapioca starch; pulp and pAper mills 250 65.6 14.1

- --- --- -- - -'--

Note: a The low pe~entage for industrial water pollution is due to the fact that the majority of discharges from industrial premises are upstream of Bangkok Metropolitan Authority area and are therefore not included.

b The high percentage for industrial water pollution is due to the high industrial load from the East Coast.

C Based on 300 working days/year for industrial load and 365 days/year for domestic load.

.. ~ .. • ... ~ • • " • " 0-~ 0_ " · . ~ ... 0." " .... ... • oo~ 0- o " ~ • § H · 0-a ...... 0 • o " • • " .. ,.'" ....

negligible 61.4

6.2 72.2

8.9 59.7

0.5 69.5

negligible 24.0 15.8 2.6

negligible 51.8 11.6

0.5 52.8 11.6

0.5 53.2 5.3

0.4 56.8

0.1 20.2

I

I

I

FIGURE 1 WATER POLLUTION LOADINGS (BOD)

LEGEND 1. MANILA 2. JAKARTA 3. EAST JAVA ~. PENANG

~ Sor=-sT 6. a:: S. COAST

~ !

7. t E. COAST

8. EAST MALAYSIA

8. BANGKOK 10. COASTAL AREA AROUND

UPPER GULF

SOURCES

D DomestIC Wastes

Industrial Wastes

..... .r)

l l j~,-/-\

. '-

~ THAILAI(D

Note: The size of the circles is proportional to the BOD load.

I •

/,

/

~ ~ [:::x::) . D ~ 'l

~~

a~~77 ~

en

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. CONCLUSIONS

The following are the main conclusions drawn from the results of the preliminary assessment.

1. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) contribution from domestic sources was much greater than that from industrial sources in the majority of coastal population agglomerations surveyed. This fact contrasts with the result of the study conducted for the Mediterranean (Pollutants from Land-based Sources in the Mediterranean, UNEP/IG.ll/INF.5, 10 November 1977) in which the waste load contribution from domestic sources is shown to be about one half of that from industrial sources.

2. There is every indication that the amount of pollutant loads discharged to water courses and eventually reaching coastal marine waters is substantial. In particular, discharges of phosphates and nitrogens to the coastal marine waters are quite significant since the wastes originate mainly from domestic sources as well as from such industries as food manufacturing and textile mills.

3. Published reports provide some clue as to the amount of heavy metals being discharged into coastal marine waters. Although only a rough estimate can be made, the extent of heavy metal pollution along the coastal zones appears to be quite significant. There is every indication of the need for intensification of monitoring of hazardous pollutants at various locations in the standing bodies of marine water such as estuaries and bays next to large population agglomerations.

4. The magnitude of air pollution in the major coastal population centres 1S also quite severe, and it is reasonable to assume there would be measurable impacts of air-borne pollutants on the coastal as well as high sea waters. The principal contribution to air pollution arises from transport and industrial sources.

s. The relative magnitude of the estimated pollution loads obtained in this study did not always correspond in direct proportion to the population size of the cities studied. The discrepancies may be due to such factors as the types of industries in existence and their production scale, extent of provisions for waste treatment, distance from the sea coast, pattern of settlement, geographical characteristics, aside from the insufficiency of information obtained in the course of preliminary survey.

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6. Air and water pollution problems in the region are generally quite severe. In most countries, effective management of environmental pollution is hampered by the lack of trained manpower and financial resources as well as by the inadequacy of institutional arrangements. In all the countries, there appears to be a wide gap between pollution control legislation and its actual implementation.

7. In all cases, there appears to be a great need for the national governments to commit substantially more financial resources and appropriately trained manpower to the pollution control sector. Further, there is a strong need for more emphasis on application of low-cost, appropriate and innovative technology to solve, incrementally, the priority environmental pollution problems.

B. Recommendations

The first of the two sets of recommendations presented below is derived from problems encountered in the conduct of the survey and refers specifically to identification of information sources, access to data, data compilation, and synthesis of information. The second set of recommendations pertains to future national and regional activities on environmental management particularly in respect of control of coastal water pollution, stemming from the analysis of the results of environmental assessment activities.

i) Survey Methodology

1. It is recommended that prior to undertaking a full coastal water pollution assessment project, the procedures and protocpls for executing the survey should be reexamined in the context of the experience gained in the present study to avoid some of the problems encountered. Specific examples of these problems are as follows:

a) The preliminary assessment exercise placed heavy emphasis on large industrial establishments, and little information was acquired on small to marginal industrial establishments. In view of the fact that these small to marginal establishments are often the source of pollutants which are heavily toxic or hazardous to humans (trace organic toxic substances, heavy metals, etc.) and that they will be extremely hard to control effectively because of their number and the nature of their operational practices, serious consideration should be given to the assessment of the overall magnitude.

b) Estimation of domestic waste loads generated which contribute to the pollution of coastal marine waters is extremely difficult because of the prevalent uncontrolled excreta disposal practices. The validity of the assumptions made in this preliminary assessment exercise must be reevaluated to arrive at more reasonable estimates.

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c) The present assessment was conducted independently of the assessment of river-carried pollution loads which was conducted by UNESCO. In view of the fact that the two studies are closely related and that they will make use of common data sources at the detailed survey stage, particularly with regard to the assessment of waste loads transported through water courses to marine coastal fronts, it would be desirable that the scope of the work be jointly reviewed and the schedule for carrying out individual tasks be coordinated as much as possible.

d) As much as possible the validity of information obtained must be ascertained through cross-checking of data from different sources so as to avoid gross misrepresentation of the actual situation, which is so likely to happen when there is a lack of reliable data. There has been little effort exerted in the ASEAN countries to systematically upgrade the quality of information accumulated through various past exercises, and, therefore, surveyors frequently encounter grossly conflicting data pertaining to the same subject. Further, little has been done to intercalibrate data obtained from different monitoring sites or to present data on the same subject using common units of measurement.

e) There are ambiguities in the definition of land-based sources of pollution. Efforts must be made to arrive at a commonly acceptable definition of the term prior to undertaking a full project since the ambiguities are likely to result in confusion and inefficiency in the conduct of the survey. In particular, the definition of geographical study boundaries and of a procedure for establishing the relationship between the amount of pollutant generated and their impact on coastal marine waters, both with respect to water-borne and air-borne pollutants appear to be crucial to the sensible conduct of the survey.

2. It is recommended that appropriate national government agencies in each country collaborate further to strengthen the existing national environmental information systems.

The data necessary for making a comprehensive assessment of land-based sources of pollution are generally scattered among national, provincial and local government agencies dealing with environmental affairs, industrial activities, public works management, public health, agriculture and forestry, energy, etc., as well as in governmental research institutions or research institutions affiliated with universities dealing with similar subjects. The identification of proper sources of information is, therefore quite time-consuming. Further, quite frequently either the surveyors are denied access to data sources or the time it takes for them to have access to data sources is prohibitively long. It was felt that there is a definite need for all participating countries to review the present system of information generation and exchange among the agencies concerned on the subject of environmental pollution and pollution control.

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The existing national information systems are generally inadequate and require significant improvements. As environmental assessment activity is a contin~ing exercise requiring constant updating of information, a workable coordinated system of information generation, collection and compilation, and retrieval and synthesis is essential when undertaking an activity such as the assessment of land-based pollution of coastal marine waters.

3. It is recommended that the suitability of the rapid assessment methodology used in this preliminary phase of study be reviewed and that necessary modifications in the analysis procedure be made, including the evaluation of the reliability of basic data used for pollution load assessment.

In order to assess the magnitude of pollution loads discharged or emitted from various sources located over a vast area, extrapolation of figures from sample surveys is unavoidable. The average numerical values of emission factors, discharge volume/production tonnage, concentrations of pollutants, etc., used for such assessment, therefore, become critically important for arriving at a reasonably accurate representation of the real situation. Since most basic data used in this preliminary survey were those applicable to countries at a more developed stage, they are not likely to be suitable to the situations prevailing in this region. Although the compilation of basic data applicable to the region is a major task by itself, the undertaking of such a task is well worth the effort in view of the fact that the data will be useful to a host of other similar projects including environmental impact assessment exercises.

4. It is recommended that any subsequent full assessment project be validated as much as possible by an in-situ survey of pollution. Further, national government agencies need to allocate the necessary resources for appropriate research institutions which are currently strained financially to undertake such surveys on a regular basis.

The concentration profiles of some pollutants are extremely sensitive to the condition of the receiving environment. For example, the concentration profiles of heavy metals are affected by a large number of factors including the physico-chemical and biological state of the area concerned. Only carefully staged monitoring programmes at strategic locations can reveal the potential for less obvious but serious long term environmental damage along the coastal zones as well as in the coastal marine waters.

Each participating country should continue to strengthen the capability of government agencies to regularly monitor generation, transport and distribution of pollutants in the environment. It should also strengthen its support for research institutions already engaged in monitoring activities of special pollutants such as metals, nutrients, and trace organics.

•

ii)

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5. It is recommended that thp ASEAN countries, evelop further arrangements for information exchange with respe( t to past, ongoing and future research activities in the field of pollution load assessment.

There are a number of scientific issues still unresolved which relate to the estimation of land-based poll~tion loads generated, the pollutant transport mechanisms within water, air and soil, as well as alteration of physico-chemical characteristics of pollutants in the receiving environmerts. The most up-to-date regionally pertinent scientific findings must be made readily available to all countries in the region, otherwise most data generated or collected find little value in establishing the cause-effect relationships which are essential for developing viable environmental management programmes in the region.

6. It is recommended that the ASEAN national governments continue to work closely together among themselves as well as with the concerned UN agencies, to enhance further national capabilities to assess and control land-based pollution sources.

It is quite evident that through collaborative efforts with other national governments and specialized UN agencies, the national governments will be able to develop more rapidly self-reliant capability to manage a wide spectrum of. issues concerning land-based pollutions other than those included in the scope of this study. For example, research activities on health and ecological implications of trace organics, heavy metals and other toxic substances in the high temperature climate prevalent in this region will have to be dealt with collaboratively among the countries concerned, since they require substantial manpower and financial resources.

Future k tivities

The following recommendations pertain to desirable future activities concerning the control of marine pollution from landbased sources which might usefully be undertaken in the context of the Regional Seas ktion Plan for the East Asian Seas. The details of the recommended activities are presented in UNEP/WP.41/INF.20, Draft Information Document for the Review of Environmental Management Needs Related to Coastal Area Developments and Coastal Water Pollution Problems in the East Asian Region of UNEP presented at the First Meeting of Experts to Review the Draft Action Plan for the East Asian Seas, held at Baguio, Philippines in June 1980.

1. It is recommended that the ASEAN national governments develop nationally and regionally appropriate environmental quality objectives for coastal waters and the adjacent coastal areas, followed by the setting and enforcement of relevant national and local standards.

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This may require, besides a review of relevant background documents and a thorough examination of various factors involved, establishment of protocol procedures for setting objectives and standards for the immediate future and for other future target dates; identification of short and long-term needs for manpower training for monitoring and the effective enforcement of standards; and establishment of a schedule for periodic review of data collected by a monitoring network to guide possible revisions of objectives and standards. Such activities could be successfully initiated and implemented through a sequence of well-designed regional and national workshops.

2. It is recommended that the ASEAN countries collectively formulate regionally and locally applicable technical guidelines and standards for the management and control of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes.

This will involve formulation of a generally applicable model code of practice for the management and control of wastes in the region. It must be done with due consideration being given to the availability of financial and manpower resources for implementation of various waste management schemes, and to the feasibility of utilizing various non-structural alternatives such as improved land-use planning, relocation of industries and modification of agricultural practices on land adjacent to coastal regions sensitive to agricultural run-off pollution. A series of training seminars and workshops at regional as well as national levels needs to be planned and implemented.

3. It is recommended that the ASEAN countries collectively develop a set of principles and control policies, including locally applicable effluent standards based on an evaluation of the waste assimilation capacity of the receiving waters.

The principles and guidelines should give particular emphasis to management strategies to be used to optimize resources utilization, financial strategies and institutional structures required for effective policy implementation and policy options to achieve progressive reduction or elimination of pollution. The final output, the protocol guidelines for control policies and their implementation, could most usefully be employed by the national governments for the control of pollution from land-based sources having impact not only on marine waters but also on inland air, water and land resources.

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IV. PURPOSE AND TERMS OF REFERENCE

The purpose of this project is to provide baseline information on the magnitude and type of pollutants entering the marine waters of South-East Asia from sources along the coastline. It is hoped that this information will contribute to the design of environmental assessment as well as management projects under the UNEP sponsored ASEAN Regional Seas Action Plan for the protection of the marine environment in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific.

The project was implemented by the World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Centre for the Promotion of Environmental Planning and Applied Studie~ (PEPAS) for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) who provided the financial support. Technical coordination between this project and the project on River Inputs to South-East Asian Seas, being executed by UNESCO, was established.

The terms of reference for the project included:

(a) identification of the potential magnitude of wastes discharged from major coastal agglomerations into marine waters;

(b) differentiation of pollution sources by categories;

(c) preparation of a summary report for each of the selected coastal population agglomerations including Jakarta, Surabaya, Penang, Manila, Bangkok and Singapore.

It was the intention that Singapore would be included in this survey but that government indicated that it would prefer not to be involved at this stage with this particular component of the regional plan. The Government however cooperated 1n providing data for the purpose of this review.

(d) preparation of a short comprehensive report evaluating the results obtained from a regional viewpoint and in view of the initiation of the regional action plan for the protection of the marine environment.

The purpose of the report is also to provide a technical basis for the development of activities under the ASEAN Regional Seas Action Plan, such as:

(a) monitoring of coastal water pollution and critical impacts on coastal waters;

(b) development of national and regional pollution control strategies and selection of appropriate technical solutions for the protection and enhancement of coastal waters; and

(c) regional legislative instruments for the regulation of coastal pollution.

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It is hoped that the adoption of the action plan will encourage and assist each government concerned in the region to extend investigations and up-date available information and data regarding land-based sources of pollution withln its country as a routine procedure.

Paragraph (aJ of the terms of reference refers to "potential magnitude of wastes discharged from major coastal population agglomerations". The countries and population agglomerations included in this assignment, with the exception of Singapore and Penang, have very limited, or completely lack, sanitary sewerage systems. RiVers and canals therefore receive the liquid wastes which may be discharged directly or indirectly, and the water in those water courses acts as the means of conveyance to the sea for disposal. It is extremely difficult to predict how much waste load is receLved by the watercourse, how much of it actually reaches the sea or how much is destroyed through natural action Ln the soil and watercourse.

While paragraph (c) makes it clear that the cities of Manila, Jakarta, Surabaya, Bangkok and the islands of Singapore and Penang are to be included, there is no clear definition of either a "major coastal popUlation agglomeration" or the depth of the coastal fringe to be included in the project. These definitions are particularly important in the case of estuaries where the ''major coastal population agglomeration" may be several kilometres up the river; for instance Bangkok, where there are major sources of land-based pollution both immediately upstream and downstream of the city. The importance of the definition stems from the fact that UNESCO has the responsibility under the regional action plan for River Inputs to the South-East Asian Seas.

In a report on "Coastal Zone Management in the Philippines", the coastal area LS defined by the 100 fathom contour or 3 kilometres, whichever is further from the shore, and one kilometre inland from the shoreline. For this project such a definition is too restrictive. In VLew of the need for compromise, it has been assumed that:

(a) in the case of major estuaries, this project should endeavour to cover not only the problems arising from the major agglomeration within the estuary and the riparian sources of pollution down to the sea but also to draw attention to sources of pollution immediately upstream of the city if they are or are likely to affect the water supply of the city;

(b) consideration must be given to the whole coastal fringe of all countries covered by this project so that where information from monitoring is available, minor sources of pollution may be indicated;

(c) as a general guide, a coastal fringe of 20-kilometre depth constitutes the extent of the coastal area in this report.

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V. MET!-IIIIIS AND APPROACHES

During the course of the work on the Mediterranean Regional Seas Action Plan, it became necessar) to develop a methodology to assess water and a1r pollution loadings from the coastal area of each country.

It was found that within reasonable limits, for the various industrial classifications, there was a direct relationship between the annual production of an industrial premise and the various parameters used to assess the quantity and quality of wastewater from the process.

Thus a series of factors was formulated which, when multiplied by the annual production (in appropriate units), produced an estimate of the quantity of wastewater, BODS, COD, suspended solids, etc.

Similarly in the estimation of air pollution, factors were formulated which enabled assessments of the quantity of emissionR arising from internal and external combustion sources based on a knowledge of the grade and quantity of fuel used in various classifications e.g. thermal power generating stations, industry, domestic, transport, etc.

The details of assessment procedure will be presented 1n the forthcoming document entitled, "Rapid Assessment of Air, Water and Solid Waste Pollution", to be prepared by WHO, Geneva. A set of the calculation sheets setting out the factors against each industrial classification for both water and air pollution assessment is attached as Annex I.

Table I of Annex I (calculation of liquid industrial waste volumes and pollution loads) shows that of the 37 main industrial classifications, a factor for BODS has been given for 27 of them. There are no factors for either BODS or COD shown against a further 6, while in only 4 cases are there factors for COD but not BODS' Under these circumstances, it has been found convenient to concentrate on BODS loadings in this report as the indicator of water pollution load. Should other parameters be needed, they can be calculated from the data provided.

The amount of heavy metals discharged into watercourses have also not been calculated since it was considered preferable to draw attention to actual concentrations in the receiving body of water i.e. canal, river and/or sea, obtained as the result of monitoring. However, as for the chemical quality parameters mentioned above, the concentration at source can be estimated using the industrial production data obtained and unit emission factors given in Annex I.

VI. RESULTS AND FINDINGS

The results and findings obtained during the course of the project are given in the following country reports which are attached as annexes as indicated below:

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Annex II Country Report on Indonesia

Annex III Country Report on Malaysia

Annex IV Country Report on the Philippines

Annex V Country Report on Singapore

Anned VI Country Report on Thailand

Each country report, except that of Singapore. contains an account of the responsibilities of various organizations concerned with the control of the country's environment and the estimates of water and air pollution

-arising from its major coastal population agglomerations adversely affecting its adjacent marine environment.

The country report on Singapore contains only statistics on domestic. industrial and farm wastewaters contributing to the pollution of its surrounding marine environment.

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ANNEX I

Calculation sheets

setting out the factors

against each industrial classification

for

both water and air pollution assessment

TABLE 1

TABLE 2

TABLE 3

TABLE 4

• TABLE 5

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CON TEN T S

Calculation of the liquid industrial waste volumes and polluting loads

Calculation of the liquid wastes from domestic sources

Calculation of emissions from external combustion sources

Calculation of emissions from internal combustion sources

Calculation of emLSS10ns from industrial processes

Page

19

27

28

29

30

•

TABLE I

Calculation of the liquid industrial waste volumes and polluting loads

103 Mi 80D .. cop SS TDS 011 II " ., ~ ., -. Ifr>! tG .. ~

., ., .. ., " r:

lin I t PH ... ~ '§ § § ... ....

~ :1 >, " I'. () r: r: S !i r".r " "'r § >- "" >- >- § » 5 :>, "- "

<? .... :.J i. " "- "- -... ..... -... -... -... ]; f; ..... tr r: yeac fi l' Ii Z' Ii Jr

,. 11: ]' 1i ]' ,I CI. ,)(, .,

~

~RO II'\P\JSTRlts

111 (, :_~_lle~L!e"cll.ot IIC,lds -- - ~-?.?-.. '--- --- .- .--- -----" -i--· -b_._5_wlne_feed~Q.L_· __ · ~~.L~ ---' -- ---- --- 1---" ::c _ !I.~c>U~r __ ~_ed~10 .!:_ " _~4 ---- -- ---- I--i~ --· :~ l..~,!,~ Je_e<l.~ot · )I),tj

· ~ Jurke~edlot 15

" :l...!lu.c:l< f e~ I ot · 1_~

" :.L!>~2_..! "rJns ____ · ;,39 f---· -h ~~hnuses · 4,6

FOOD HANUfACTURING

3111 . -a Slauqhter houses Tn LI;K 5,3 6,4 5,2 2,8 1,58

if l,loed is rot recover ____ ~ add 11

If f,>4unch is not reo.:>l1Cl-____ ed ad:! 4,7

" -b Packing hOllses Tn ofU 9,3 6,3 3 2,3 1,59_

· -e rou I try I'roccsslng 10Jblw_ 31 ,5 11 ,9 22,4 12,7 15 5 6

3112 Va'i ry prltrducts tn of 2,4 5,3 2,2 3,3 ~!k ---

3113 C"""ing of fruits arrl \n of 11 ,3 12,5 4,3 vOJt!'tc'\1.l1es prod.

3114 __ C"!~n~"" of Fish · 23 7r~ 16 ~ 4,5 0,64 -1-

3115 - ~ 011 ve oil Expr,,!>sio tn 9-~ 0,5 7,5 59 3J --_._--._---,---- - --'-"- . - .- ----- - - -.:.1~'y~,~~19 Oil Reflllir tn -. 2~~ C!,9 2.~ ~4 82 6,5 ---311(; __ (':.'~ain Mills tn -~'.£ ~ ~----- - ,- - --- .--

3118 ~~~~~orl .. .': · l8,(, 2,6 f-_),9 .- - --. -b lkel S"'1ar · 2),~ 20 75 -- -_ ..... - -- -"- - - --- -- .-

3 I 21 :~t_3.!"ch _~~_Gl"COGe · r!~ 13, ~ _~1~ 9.7 42,3. _ , f 2 ---- -- ---b Y~ast Products · 50 I~S 18,71- 22S0 1 ~7. S, . ro .. ))7

- -

MV 9CJ>s CQ) liS T05 Oil N

f;(J n - 'I'OT J\ L J\

" , , " " " ., .. , .. r:

~ H :J >-"- -...

~! ... tn c " ... p., ." ...

---- ._- --- --- .. - - --'-' --- --- -- f-_. --

- -_. - '---

-- -- -.. --

-

-- 1---- r-

-- - c-

-- - - !-

-

f-._---r- -- -. -- - .. -

--~--

,. .. c :;l ,.. "- " c " j ~

-- ---- - - -- -

- - ------ -

.

-----

--'--

--- -. --

. .,-.

--

-- --

----1--- -

.... to

103 't(\/ BODe COD SS unlls .. ~ .. .. .-

runet;:;:; !Jnlt PH

~ '§ .... .~

per :J: ~ §

i ~ ye.>r ..... ..... "lE <> J' '"' l' - .lC

BEVSMGi! I NOUSTIt Y

1111 -a Alcohol I>;sti I I "ri .. ,. tn of 63 220 r .. 7 I'rod.

~.-- --.- ---------.l;~~

.-- .. -- ---- --- -- ---JIll .:::l M_alt.I'!L ____ ---I--~ I , I -- _t?_~

:h _~ .. ~r ~ .. .':",-.. n..!~'i __ · 10 7,~ - I.~_? ------- -- -- .-:~~~t?l_ ~~_~r Pr,xL ..

-!..~ ~L~_ 1~ r--3134 Soft dr inks In of 7, I 2,5 1, J

Prod 1--TEXTJ I.E ~1J 1.1.5

3211 •. -" 11\;)01 (~rj"9 tn of 2-10 514 14 1140 196 ____ . lncl~_1 ___ ~od. -- --- -- -:_~ WooIJ~ur_i~ · 2-10 537 81 341 43

:£ __ ~!ton · 8-11 311 55 70 -d Rayon __ · 42 3f1 52 55 =.e Acetate · 15 45 18 40

::.L..~l~" · 125 45 78 30

.:.'L!'.£ r.r_! Ie · 210 25 216 81

:J! Po~:te~ler · 100 85 320 95

LEATIIER

J231 TannC"ries tn of 1-13 52 89 258 J8 hi4u

WOOD IIN2 ~Qe PRODUCTS )) 11 -it Plywacd """,,facturing 1 0\1'\2 10,5 4,' 7,3 1 , 1

rrot!. - b Fiberboard Manuf actUD! tneE 20 125 ~O

Prod.

't(\/ "OD! FOD - --- L...

!'UB-TOT,\t. II

TDS Ou N ~

.. " !: ... .. ~

.. " ~ ~ I " i i i i ..... l' J! ]' ...

M

)85

---- .. - r-----~-. -- --r-- --

t--- - 1----t--alk 3,1

481 191 Cr I,ll

](,5 Cr. 1,33

205 --100

100

100

100

150

351 20 15 Cr 3,5

5.1 0,24

S5 k-DS 01 N

~ ,. ... .. c

>. ~ " "- ..... r:

~ t1\ ., .>I..

r--F~~ ---

'hen 0,22

Pmn 'O!!2.

:-

hE'l'. 0,5

Cr I

I •

" i ~ C ~ .,

------ --.-l._

1-

-.-

---- -----,----

S--

I'h.,",

,. '"' " " ;.. ..... ..... '" r:

.>I. ...

1--,

___ .---...J

~~~---- ~---

-- r------ ---

---

-~-

7

--

S'

'" o

10J MY 0005 COD 55

... ~ ~ ... ...

PROCESS Un1t units Pit 0:: i .. ;) ~ :J >- >- 0:: ..... ..... ..... ..... :J

per M rh lit 0:: ..... 0:: ..... . year :w: .>C .. ]' ... .so ..

PULP A.'in PAPER tn of 34"-a Sulfate (kraftlpulp Prod. 6t .J Jj 18

-b Sulfate (kraft) pulp • 92.4 130 26

-c Sem1-cheldcal pulp • 47 n j 2.

-d Paper H111. • 54 8' II

-e Paper H111sCWater recover • 22 6. 15. -f pal!er H11ls l~roved ..ate: • 12.5 4 12.

rec:overyl

BASIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

3511 Basic Inorganic Chemical

-a Hydrochloric Acid tn of Pre ~. C.l(. Ned Neql Hecrl -b Sulphuric Acid • 162 Hecrl Hecrl Heql

-c Nitric Acid • C •• He"l He'll Hed -d Phosl!horlc Acid (wl~t tn. P~O 670. 3772

pon:Il ----5

-e Phosphoric AcldCwlth pon:I • -1. ~ 2.8

-f Phosphoric AcldC~1 p Pc.1 • 4.6 -q Ammonia tn of pre . 2.1 0.2 Q 2

-h Chlor-Alkal1(Mercw:y Cell tn of Cl" -i Chlor-All<all (Dlaphrll<Jlll • -j

-k -1

3511 Baalc Organic Chemical. t" of

-s Croul! s Csee textl Prod 8.1 0,11 2

-n Croup n ( • .,e textl • 12.7 O.]~ 11 -0 Croup 0 (s.,e toxt) • 12.6 6l 191 -p Croup p Csee text) • 450.. 136. 250.0

.'!!!.. -- ---s 61JIl-'l'OI'AL C • • • • • • ••••

TDS ... ..

>- 0:: >-..... :J ..... c: ..... <: ... .so ...

166 258 134

J7 lQ

15

He'll. Heql

Hecrl

m>. f'" ,., ..

aU ... ... 0:: :J ..... j'

Necrl Heql

Hecrl

10.

>-..... 0:: ...

2!!. ~

•••••

'H ... ... <: :J ..... r

Necrl Hecrl Hecrl

6

0..1

0..1

I< • ... ... • ...

>- S <: ..... :J >-<: I< ..... ..... .. : r B

P.A 32.3

P"", 25 •. '

Pp J .(

NiO 'Il,S

Neg]

'!IX 0.46 '!IX ~O 'n:x: ~6 '!IX ~lG

H 1',0"

• ••• • •••

I< • ... ... • .. 9 0::

:J :... I< ..... ..... :j' <:

: I

r 22.2·

r-I

1.2'

I

Ih 0.15!

-0-

I

I

.. . . . .

110}

..,

I< • ... ... • ... 9 0::

:J .. ..... : r

01 O. 7~

in4 82.

00. 8.4

!u. 40 !legL

>-...... 0: ...

,

l\) .....

10J I(V

" PROCESS Unit lInits ~

PK IS :>

per ..... '1.: vear

3S12 Fertilizer Manufacture

-a N:>anal superphosphate tn of _lH ,jo etfl

{19\ P-PSI prod. s 1f. ric II

-b Triple . (48\ P~Or' • -c AmmoniUl1l phosphate •

. (20\ P2OS1 -d DlammonlU111 phosphat. ·

(20\ PZOS.

lS12 PesticJ.des - tn of -e DDT prod. S.l -f OllorinatOO IMr .Herbicldes • O. ! l.6 -g Carbamate • .1(

-h Parathion • 2

1511 Synthetic Resins PlastIc

and Fibers tn of -a Kalon f thera (synthl prod. 471

-b VUlcanlzable Elastonf?rs .rub I • 19. -c Polyoletlns (221ythclcncsl • ?o ..

-d Polyst;t!ene Pealns , Oopol~ lera • 5. -e Vlnll Re3tns (P.V.C.' • 12.

-f Polyester. Alleyl Pealna • N/" -2 PhenOlic Realn. • 6.4 4.

-h l\cfl(lI.c /I.e"IIl8(bulk ~I~ • -0· -1 1\cry1LC ResINl( .... lnlnn • • O.

f Ethyl lIydr09~n .'Jlhte , Ch lorn.,.,n,.n •

SlIn-1'QTAL 0

• Chlorophenole

BOOS COO ~ " " ~ ..

'1.: IS li " >- >-'1. ..... ..... ..... :5 ~ 0:: ~ - "

ent are tho e fr m t

id 511 I

22.7 30 ?Q?

.. 0<0:"-

68. 355

2i' 20 . -Neg. Ileq,

10

47. . -1

WV ~()() '00

- -... , ... . , ..

55 TDS 011

" " " " ~ .. ~ ~

IS ~ IS IS

" >- >- :s >- :s ..... ..... ..... ..... ....... ..... ..... ~ <: ~ 5 ~ 0:: ~ ., u

e pr ~uc ion fp ~sph ric acid

• itto • itto

• ltto

!l 365

?O ...

·0.-

193 2441 12 1 ,2 . ~

Nc~

1.5

t,6 o 5

- •

9S TOS 01 -. ... , ... . . , .

N ~ lil " " " • .. • ~ li a >- >-..... If ..... ..... If

IS :. ~ 0:: :. ... ...

l3S t .: or ell ~

L,9) 11~ (*1 ..... ....

II't1cI 6.

N ~h'" - -• ••• . , , ..

" .. IS :s >-..... ..... ~ IS

u

38

0.85

il:nIl

...

If • " " • .. s IS :s .. ....... :: ~

.* 38

Cl 187

-

>-.... 0:: ...

N N

~

103 WV BOD,\: COD 55 ... ... ... ~ ... Unit. ... .... .. ..

PROCESS Unit PH .: "1.0: c .: >- .: :> :J >. :J , :J per ...... ... ...... ...... , 0: .....

year ...... 0 0- .: 0- ... tp - .>< oJ ..: .>C

3521 Paints, varnishes ard T. Negligible po lution

3522 pl-amaceuticals

-a Biological Products

-b Med. Chemical & BIologic 1 Products

) 5 2J Soap ard Cleanirq Preparations tno~ • ..,. Soap bV kettle toillrq 4.5 6 10 " -b Soap fran Fatty Acids • 3.1 ll.S 29, 23

-c Detergents • 2.8 0,4 1 • 0,7

-d Glyceri~e Refininq • alII 1 20 40 4

-e Liguid Detergents · S,l 7.! a,li

tn ot: 3529 Animai Glue (fran fleshiml prod 421 2500 4800 4280

lIninal Glue (fran hidesl • 457 581l 1421l 1920

Animal Glue (fran chrane stock) • 426 280 650 400

3530 Petroleum Ret:lninq 10l Kl -a Topping RefIneries lfoo1stocl< 5]0 7,1 24 6,4

~ t- cracldrq Refineries • 790 71 .J 200 27

-c High Cracldrq Refineries • 620 82.~ 260 32.3

-d Lubrication Refinerles • 910 187 382 79

-e Petrochemical Reflnerie, • 960 149 372 44 .3

-f (ntegrated Refineries • 800 238 5~a 29

3540 ABph~lt Products

-.1 ASl!h.1lt Pavlnll No oig Iltlc~ r.t I:J llul Ion

-b ARph~lt Roo(ln4 -ell to

WV IIoD COp .-

GUn-TOTAL e .... . ... t • , ,

TDS 011 N ... • ... ... ... ... .. .. .... • >. .: >. .: >. r:: >. S , :J ..... :J , ::l ..... 0: , 0: ...... 0: ...... .: .. ... lit ... '" ... '" ... " .>C .>< .>C ...

0,'1.

3,5

0,4

2

5.1 1 43 1-27 10. • 31 " ~ • 136 22 • 45,8 14 .3 • III l5.4 ·

59 Tm btl N --- -- --

.. , .

,. .. .. ... ... ... .. .. c: S c :J >; :J

...... ..... .. ...... ". .: " '" -" ... ... oX

ZnO 9

02 s" • S'

,8 • 5"

" 1 S" .21

" : S" , 1

a. ) S" .6! , , S" , .

'Mt ------

~ ... • >- S

...... ... .: " oJ ...

10C 10C

10C

hoc 10C

9~

... ~ >-.....' ~:i

4.9, 45.

I", .' -

111

-

N W

10l WV 8OD~ COD Uni tl .. :>. .. .. ..;; PROCESS Unit. per Pli ~ i ~ I :>.

'"' ~ year "'x 0 ~

3551 Trres and Inner Tubes tn.ot J7 0.78 prod.

NON METALLIC MINERAL INDUSTRY 3610 Pottery Chlna • ~e tn. Of No ala iUc nt bollu 10n

prod.

3620 Glass & Glass Products • 9- 45.9 ,(,6.

3691 Structural Cla1 Products • No siq 1£lc nt ollu 10n

3692 cement • No slQ Uic nt I>ollu 10n

BASIC HSTAL INDUSTRY 3710 Iron and Steel Industry tn. of

-a MeWlllI'9 kal COk.e OVen Prod. 0,42 0.51

-b Blast Furnace • 4. 4 .. -c Bor Steel Furnace • :Z. J

-d Open Hearth Steel Furn cs • 2.U

-e Electric Are Steel rurnace • a 8

-f steel , Gray Ircn Foundries • 1 6

3720 Hon-Ferrous Hetal Sasle Industry tn. ot

-a Allumlnwa prod 2.9 -b Secondary Al .. ",iniUII\ • -c COEEer Reflntnl fraN

Sulfite Orea · -d Bra~1I and Bronze FOln'lrl • ., • -e Load _ttl!!! (een ore • -f Secondacl Lead Smeltln2 •

WV hoD roo

SUD-TOTAL r ... • • • • ••••

SS TDS Oil ~ .. .. .. .. § i § § :>.

~ i :>. ..... ~ ~ ~ 5 .i

I 12 a.12

0.7 8,0

0.4 QQ] 0.95

15. 0.Q9

J. a.Ol;

4.9

IJ. 0.3 a 25

4.4 ~ 2.2 0.46

98 TO. pH If - --

, , , , • • • • . , .. • •••

~ .. ~

I I ~ I :

Clf', a.04 iPher CN" n.o I .

" , .. Zn ',0:

Zn .5

Zn b.Ol !D

.. I ~

b.19

b.oo 5

4.4

H .. J § )

Is~ 10.18 S- 10.11

F- 10.0< 8

F- 10.04 55 F- ilJ,01 "

F- 14.2

:>.

~

N >I>

10J WV BODS U~lts .. ~ ..

PAOCI!5S Unit PH .... § ~ .,% :..

per ~ ...

~ year ... 0 :r;; til. ot

=-'!.. TI n J'ryJ. -- --- -:-JI_~j~_~i.!:9_f,...n Or£. · .- ---, liN:: Secondary I'rocC's-

---.!~- -- ----- ----- I---

FAIWIC/.l'1:l) METM. P/tODUCT tn.of

3840 .:.!!.-.!!.'!~.:~ehvld AHJJiar1Cf:, iron 5') 19.) sh".,t

-b Electroplating tn.of ~nodes ~U .1403

~i 1519

r.!:22) 36300

n 181 S

Cd 883

n 1125

Copper D"l'osiU m2 94

Nick.el De~slJ · 103

Chranlum • · 9S Zinc Depos! t · 93

-c Acid I'ickli~ of rron !"n.of s_ts !sheets 1

-d PiCkli!.'2.-~ilht !>.!~ CDF~~......:c~

~n.of Procluc 9

3841 Motor veh.lcles Manllfact .. - M.ot 1r pn iTri(j-------- sheet .. palntl!d 55 19.3

£LECTRICITY AND GAS OlMWH 4101 Power Plant" 129 2.2 --

.1~1 City Gas ~ COkII1ll. o.-ens OT\I'IR PMc£SSES

\IV ,BOD!

III If cyanide ~th Is uUd (lJ On I)' In t:ases of 6rau SUB-TOTAl. G

COl) S5 .. .. 1 t ~ ~

5 !l l'

--' 1-

--.-

82 ,-!.,l.

82 8.1 .-!.L. 2S(, ---- . - ~ =--.-

COli 55

'lOS OIL N

oJ ...

11~ ~ § ] ~ ..... ~ l'

-r-~ -- ------ -

f--- I -t- .-

,-

22,' 3.4

13.4 ~~ . . '.I_1!. 0.1 S -

.-....-~ ---

:rDS· Di I -

!,!oen.o.l.

~ ~ ~ f '" .. .. .. .. ~ 1 !

., 5 ~ 5 ~ u

" "'- ~ ~ .i' . ~ l' ...

-- - .. ~. --

-- -- .- -. ....

1-'" - -- .-

-----

~·t _ '<; . .r_.O.:.~ .'_ P __ 12..&2

(I. Cu .7 Cl . )U

Ni 3.9 r-- r·,,::,--·-- -' ~ ,2');_

-r;- ---t--f--r(LdtJ I' I ,

~~- ~.!.. - T~;;',~:'~ - .. _--- -- --

cd eN 17.

Sn -- --Cu 0.66 -- 1--- -- ---Ni 0.27

crG+ -- -- --- --0.92 "tot 1~94G - .- -_.

ZII 0.21

- ----(2)

cu 3.5 ~n 7 , ~SO~ -.. ~,- . -

Zn p.44 I-- Cr O. i 1-" t"~ 1.n p.01 NI .0·1 ,'"l' .006

-- .. - --. =.":---. --. - . .-. -~ - --

-- 0--. --

;;:'. ~" ~u tn C't.,t ZII ~d !)I)

:-. 5".

1

-

I-'-~ t--'l

I

1--1 ,

·---1 "-=-~

i

-1 --; __ J f-I

--

--I

f-

-, t--~

1 -'1

N U1

- 26 -

Sub-Total Sub-Total Sub-Total Sub-Total Sub-Total Sub-Total S'..:b-To'-...al PARAMETER A B C 0 E F G

WV

BODS

COD

TDS

Oil

N

Phenols

P20 S

--S

CN

Hg

Cu

Ni

Cr

Zn

Cd

Sn

TABLE 2. CALCULATION OF THE LIQUID WASTES FRO~I DOMESTIC SOURCES

AREA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • YEAR ••.••••••

POPULATION WV BODS COD

103 people) m3/c:py 103m3 /~ kg/~ tn/y kg/cpy tn/y

. People Connected

to Sewer 55 19.7 44

People rot ron-

meted to sewer 3.6 5.1 13

TOTAL

* The per capita waste volume varies widely from

place to place and water conoumption figures,

whenever available, can be used for"better accuracy.

SS TDS

kg/cpy tn/y kg/cpy Wy

20 36.5

16

N P

kg/cpy tn/y kg/~

3.3 0.4

tn/y

"Q

'" IJII II)

l»

"

- 28 -

TABLE 3. CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM EXTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES

AREA, ................................ 'O ..................... 'O'O..... Y&An ...... 'O .......... ..

COnsUII. rarticulate S02 NOx HC CO PRoXESS COoIBUSTIBLE Unit 10 3 k, kg kg kg kg t

unitaly per tn/y per tn/y per tn/y per tn/" per tn/" Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit

Power L1gnHoi tn l.S A IS 5 7 0.5 O.S Antnr.scite tn ~.5 A 19 II , 0.015 0.5 Plants Bi tu:a1noua coa.l tn ~ A 19 5 9 O.IS 0.5 F~d 011 tn 14. 74 19.95 ll.2 0.26 0.42 Natural Gas 103Nml ~.24 .0096 9.6 0.016 0.27 1 til p.29 .0115 11.5 0.019 0.32

51.:3 70:-;.1. -'-Lo;nl. te tn 3.5 A 5 5 3 0.5 1

Industria AnthraCite tn I A 9 5 5 ~. I 3

and B1tlmlinoua Coal tn 6.5 A 9 S 7.5 ~.5 1

!commercia iWl 011 f¥aiC,,1 tn 2.87 9.95 7.5 0.37 0.52

Fuel 011 D1stil13t. tn 2.13 0.1 S 7.5 0.41 0.59 iFurnaces LPG

i .. 3 0.21 O.74S 1. 43 0.36 0.19 tn 0.38 1.35S 2.6 ~.65 0.35

lOatur.sl Cola t '03Nq13 0.29 0~096 3 ~.048 0.27 tn 0.34 0.01 15 3.6 P .058 0.32

:>t:1I ":':l':AL

Domestic Anthra~ite tn 5 {h.snd-f 1re41

18 S 1.5 .:U 45

Furnaces lii.'tlllll1noua Coal (hand-firedl

tn 10 19 5 3 .5 5

wood tn 13.7 0.5 5 I ~l 011 Diati!1ate tn 1.42 20.1 5 1.8 p.4' 0.71

lC.r .... n. tn 3 17 S 2.3 p.4. 0.25 LPG

l 1Il

3 0.23 0.015 1 jl. 094 0.24 tn 0.42 0.025 1.8 .17 0.44 lIatural Gas I

103., 0.302 0.009 1.3 .128 0.l2 til 0.363 0.011 1.56 .154 0.38

SUB TOTAL

TOT A L

Distillate Fuel 011 Residual Fuel Oil LPG

N .. tur .. l 9"S

A is the percent ash content of cODlbuat101e by weight S is the percent sulfur content of combustible by weight

0.845 0.957 0.55 (mixture of 80'

Butane 20' Propane) 0.832 kg/NlD3

•

- 29 -

TABLE 4. C~CULA~ION OF EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES

AREA • • • • • . • • • YE1,R . • •

10 3 Purticulatcs S02 NO x He co Unit ..

Unit par Xg kg kg k'1 kg Year per tn/y per tn/y per tn/y per tn/y I per

Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit

Ovet"all Avet" . for 103km 0.36 0.12 3.3 7.2 4e Iht;h,.,ay Vehicles

Li9h~-Duty,~line-Powered(US 1 o 3 kin 0.33 0.08 3.2 6 40 Li9ht-Outy,Ciesel-Pcwered (US) • 0.45 0.39 0.99 0.28 1.1

)oIMv::! - Dutll, C3soline (Us

. 0.52 0.16 5.7 9.9 81 Powero!<! Heavy-Du~y ,DieS-"l-Pc:o.,,;rad (US " 0.75 1 . 5 21 2.1 , 2.7 . . . . (US) I'fl' of

Diesel 1.89 Ill- S 52 5.2 32

Motorcycles '" (US) I o 3 kin 0.2 Q.02 0.07 10 17

GasDline-~red Orrs anj (EO MT 2.0 0.54 10.3 14 .S ~77 T.tucks .

143

•s Diesel-Powered cars ,'!'nlcks (Ell M'l' 2.4 19~5 11 2.6

sua TOTAL .1 Jumbo Jet .~,. 2 3 ~O 19

Long Range Jet l"akcof!' 2 3 ~~ 75

Mecium Range Jet cycles 0.5 1 11 5

Air Carrier ~urboprop 1 .5 0.5 3 4

Business Je~ 0.3 0.2 1.6 1.5

General Aviation Piston 0.01 0.006 0.021 0.1 B

SUB TOTAL

Steamship In-Be=th t.:o of 6.8 36"5 90.7 4.1 ship-

~~torships In-Berth ~:SBert 7.5 19.5 22.7 14.9

SOB TOTAL

Su.tionory GlIIS Tu=bines:

Using Dis~llate ~~el Oil tn 1 .2 20.15 16.6 2

Usir. .. W"tural Cas 103lW\ 1 .54 O.O11! 2 1 .1

SUB 'l'O'rAL

T 0 'r A L

~otes: Particulate emission factors for vehicles account also for tire-wear

U.S Motor vehicle enisslon factors are based on 1910 model cars S is the percentage sulfur content of the fuel by weight

74

86

18

9 4.2

5.5

I 0.036

20.8

13

11

I tn/y

---

--

-

- 30 -

TABLE 5. CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

AREA .............................. yEAR ........ .

I

Consun Particulates SO, NOx HC CO OTHER

PRO C E S S UNIT 103 Kg per ~g per kg per Kg peJ Kg pe kg per Units/ Unit t::h/y unit tn/y unit tn/y unit tn/y unit tn/y unit tn/y Year

FOOD }~NUF~CTURING "2S

3114 Canning ~ Fish 0.05 tn 0.005

3115 Veqetable & Animal Oil & Fat tn -3116 Grain Hills tn 8.8

3118-a Sugar Cane Factories tn 20

3121-a Starch Manufacturing tn 4

BEVERAGE INDUSTRY

3133 Beer m3 4

TEXTILE INDUSTRY

3211-c Cotton Ginning tn 14

HOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS

3311-a Plywood Manufacturing 1.2

PAPER & PAPER PRODUCTS

3411-a Sulfate (kraft) pulp

(i) No Controls tn 123 ~, 7.2 I

2.5 35 >1 n .77.

(ii) With Scrubbers tn 27 2.5 35 257 . 2

Ilhen.77

SUB - TOTAL A illS

I . 'henols -

•

- 31 -

~on5lll1. Particulates S02 IDx u: CO Ol'HER 103

PROCESS UNIT Units/ kg per t.h/y kg per tn/y ~g per tn/y kg per tn/y kg per tn/y kg per tn/y Year unit unit unit unit unit unit

3411-b Sulfite Pulp

(i) Without Controls tn

(ii) With Controls tn

3411-c Semi-Chemical Pulp

(i) Without Controls tn

(ii) With Controls tn

BASIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

3511 Basic Inorganic Chemical~

-a Hydrochloric Acid

(i) Without Controls tn ICI 3 (ii) With Controls tn ICI .2

-b Sulfuric Acid tn 20

-c Nitric Acid

(i) Without Controls tn 26.2

(ii) With Controls tn 2.5

-die Prospooric Acid (Wet tn Fluor. Process) 20.1

- .. -- f Pl~sphoric Acid (Thermal tn 5,1

Process) lIel

SUB-TOTAL 8 l~luor.

~onsum. 103 Particulat:c~

PRO e E S S UNIT junits/ kg per t.n/y unit

Year

-g Ammonia tn

-li. ehlor-Alkali (l-Ercury eell)

(i) Without Controls I:n of el

(U) With water AbsOrber " -i ehlor-Alkali (Diaphragm)

(i) Witrout Controls " (U) With Water Absorber' "

3512 Fertilizer Manufacture

-a Nannal Superphosl2hate tn 4.5

-b Triple Superphosphate tn -

-c/d Diamrronil.l1\ Phosl2hate tn 41

-e Nitrate Fertilizers(NH3+~ Il) tn 5

-f Urea tn 10

3513 Synthetic Resin Plastics ani

Fibres

-a Rayon Fibres tn

SUB-TOTAL C

- 32 -

8°2 NO" lIe eo

kg pel tn/y

Kg per tn/y

kg per tn/y

kg per unit unit unit \mit

45

2

0.7 2

tn/y

OTHER

kg per unit

1NH3 101

t:123Q.6

t:l2 8.5

ICl2 60

!e12 11

Fluor. 0.075

Fluor 0.015

Fluor 0.02

NIl3 1.5

1NH3 5

es 27.' H~ 3

el 2 Fluor. :NH. cs ~ _. Z

tnll

I I

- 33 -

f:onsum. 103

Particulates S02 NOx HC CO 01'lIER

PRO C E S S UNIT Units/ ~g per tn/y kg per tn/y kg per tn/y kg :T tn/y kg per tn/y J...-g pel: tn/y Year unit un! t unit unle unit unit

-b Vulcanizable Elastaners

Butadiene tn 20

All others tn 5 -e Vinyl Resins tn 17 3.5

3521 Paints, Varnishes, & Lacquers --a Paints Manufactoring tn 1 15

Surface Coatin] tn 560

-b Varnishes Manufacturin] tn 40 Surface Coatin] tn 500

-c Lacquers Surface Coatin] tn 770 ---3523 Soap ani Detergents

-c Detergents

(i) Uncontrolled tn 45

(ii) With cyclone tn 4

3530 Petroleum Refining

-a Refineries· 103M Feeds to ~ 80.7 700 S 328 297

3540 Asphalt Products

-a Asphalt Paving tn 22

-b Asehalt Roofin2 tn 2.3 0.8 0.5

I SUB - TOTAL D

- 34 -

Consun. Particulates S02 NO~ HC CO OTHER I 103

PROCESS UNIT Units/ kg per tn/y

kg per tn/y

kg per tn/y

kg per tn/y

kg per tn/y

kg per tn/y Year unit unit unit unit unit unit

OON-METALLIC MINERAL INDUSTRY I 3610 Pottery China ! Earthware- tn 65

3620 Glass and. Glass Products* tn 1 F~ 10

3691 Structural Clay· Prooucts* tn 65

3692 Cenent*

(1) Without any controls tn 170

(ii) With Multicyclones tn 34

(iii) With Electr. Prec. tn 8.5

(iv) With Eleetr .Pree. + tn 4.3 Multicyclones

BASIC METAL INDUSTRY

3710 Iron and Steel Irrlustry

-a Metallurgical Coke OVen tn of Coal 1. 75 2.01 0.02 2.1 0.63 NH

3O.O<

tn of Coke 2.5 2.9 0.03 3 0.9 NH3O.1

-b Blast Furnace

(1) Without Controls tn 75 875

(ii) With Dry Cyclone tn 30 .... 50

(iii) + Wet Scruber tn 7.5 .... 10

(iv) + Venturi or Electr. tn 0.75 --1O Pree.

.1:2 sun - TOTAL E

N~ L-. ----- - - -- -- --- ---

* Emm' s Ions frem fuel canbllstiotl h.lve been excluded, s I nee they are cal cu latEd elsewhere (!ieEe tahle 3)

- 35 -

Cons\.Ull Particulates S02 NO HC CO OTHER 103

kg per kg per kg per kg per kg per kg per PRO C E S S UNIT lJnits/ , t,n/y tn/y tn/y tn/y tn/y tn/y Year unit . , unit unit unit unit unit

-c OOF Steel Furnace

(i) Nithout Controls tn 25.5 69.5 CaF2 0.1

(ii) Spray Chilltiber tn 7.65 " o. O~

(iii) Venturi or Electr .Pree tn 0.255 "0.001

-d ~ Hearth Steel Furnace

(i) ~~ithout Controls tn 8.7 "tt.OT (ii) Electrostatic Pree. tn 0.17!: "O.ooro

(Hi) Venturi tn 0.08< "O.OOOf

-e Electric Arc Steel Furnace

(i) Without Controls tn 5.5 9 "0. 11 e

(H) Electrost. Free. tn 0.3 9 "0.005<

(iii) Venturi tn 0.11 9 "0. 005~

-f Steel! Gray Iron FOUIrlries tn 8.5 72.5 ;;

3720 Non-Ferrous Metal Basic 1m. -a Al\.UlliniAm (fran Bauxite}

UF 26. 1 • (i) Without Controls tn 295 Fluor. 8

(ii) With Spray Towers tn 83.3 (IF 14. Fluor.

-b Al\.Ulliniln secorrla!y tn 2.15 6.3

-c Copper Refining fran Sulfide ores ~n 270 2504

-d nr~ss am Bronze Foundrieq tn 30

-Fluor.

SUB - To'rAL F -HE'

- 36 -

con~um Particulates S02 NOli' 10

He CO OTHER I PRO C E S S UNIT Units/ ,g per

~!,/y kg pe

tn/y kg per

tn/y kg per

tn/y kg pel tn/y kg pe

f- tn/~ Year unit unIt unit 'Unit unit unit ,

-e Lead Smeltin:;J fran Ore tn 137 660

-f Secondary Lead Sneltirq

(1) No Controls tn 65 43

(ii) Controlled tn 1 • E 43

-g Tin

-h ztm Smelting fran Ore tn 300 1100

-1 ztm Secondary Processin;r 50

FABRICATED MEI'AL PROOOCl'S

3840 -a Household ~l1ances. tno! 16,2 Itronshe ~t

3843 -b M:ltor Vehicles r.tanuf. " 16.2

ELECrRICITY AND GAS

4101 IUwer Plants (See table 3)

4102 cty Gas .!?y Cok1n:;J Ovens n of Cc III 1.15 2,01 0.02 2.1 0.6} ~10.0(

to of Cc ~e 2.5 2.9 O.O} 3 0·9 ~10.1. 103m.iof

Ga~ 3.75 4.31 0.04 4.'5 1. 35 ~30.1(

ornm POCOSSES

: I

SUB - T01'I\L G NH)

- 37 -

5 U B - TOT A L S TOTAL PARAHETER

A B C 0 E F G t/yr

Particulates

5°4

NOx

HC

eo

1125

e52

Phenols

NII3

el2

HCI

F2

Fluorides

'IF

- 38 -

ANNEX II

COUNTRY REPORT ON INDONESIA

based on assignment carried out during

2 - 23 September 1980

by

E. A. Drew PEPAS Consultant

M. Nakamura PEPAS Environmental Systems Engineer

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

- 39 -

CON TEN T S

SUMMARY

PURPOSE AND TERNS OF REFERENCE

CONTACTS MADE IN THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

POLLUTION SOURCE INVENTORY

FINDINGS

5.1 Water pollut ion

5.2 Air pollution

OBSERVATIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE 1

TABLE 2

TABLE 3

TABLE 4

TABLE 5

TABLE 6

TABLE 7

Average values of various parameters of quality - Ci1iwung River 1977/78

Liquid waste polluting loads - Jakarta

Average values of various parameters of quality - Brantas River 1978/79

Liquid waste polluting loads - East Java

Fuel consumption in Jakarta and East Java 1978/79

Emissions of a~r pollutants from fuel burning sources

Summary of emissions from Jakarta and East Java

Page

41

41

41

43

46

46

52

53

54

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

62

TABLE 8

- 40 -

Number of registered vehicles in two regions of Indonesia - Jakarta & East Java

TABLE 9 Calculation of liquid industrial waste load

TABLE 10 Calculation of emissions from internal combustion sources - Indonesia 1978/79

TABLE 11 Calculation of emissions from combustion sources - Indonesia 1978/79

TABLE 12 Calculation of emissions from industrial processes

FIGURE 1 Location map of Jakarta

FIGURE 2 Diagrammatic sketch of rivers and canals in Jakarta showing levels of pollution in 1975

FIGURE 3 Location of monitoring stations 1n Jakarta Bay. 1975 - 1979

Page

63

64

65

67

70

72

73

74

- 41 -

1. SUMMARY

1.1 It is estimated that for Jakarta the water pollution load in BODS amounts to 43.2 x 103 tons per year while the air pollution load from fuel burning sources and industrial processes amounts to 872.8 x 103 tons per year.

1.2 It is estimated that for the Province of East Java, the water pollution in BODS amounts to 129.7 x 103 tons per year; the air pollution load from fuel burning sources and industrial processes amounts to 753.4 x 103 tons per year.

2. PURPOSE AND TERMS OF REFERENCE

2.1 The purpose and terms of reference of this project are given in Section IV of the main text of this document.

3. CONTACTS MADE IN THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Organization Persons contacted

Ministry of State for Development Supervision and the Human Environment (PPDL>

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Industry

National Statistics Bureau (BPS)

Investment Coordinating Board

Ir Rachmat Wiriadisuria Assistant to Minister

Dr Nabiel Makarim

Professor Hutasoit Director of Animal Husbandry

Mr Artowo

Mr Hasan Basri Nasution

Ir M. Afiat Wirjoasmoro Bureau of Data & Industrial Analysis

Ir Sugiarto

Ms Augusta Tjahjadi Head, Investment Aspect Division

National Institute of Oceanology (NIO)

National Institute of Health Research & Development (pPPK)

Institute of Hydraulics Bandung (DPMA)

National Electricity Board (PLN)

Provincial Government of Jakarta (DKI)

- 42 -

1. Koestcno 'Chief, Division af Regional Planning

Dr Aprilani Soegiarto Director

Mr Soekarno Assistant Direct~r of Research

Mr Djoko Prawato Praseno Head, Centre for Scientific Services

Ms Suminarti H. Thayeb Laboratory Environmental Services

Ms Hamidah

Ms Sri Soewasti Soesanto Head of Institute

Ms Tri Tugaswati

Ir Badruddin Mahbub Chief, Water Quality Division

Mr Sabarto

Ir H. Martono Soemodinoto Head, Industrial Services Department (DP)

Mr Syaririal

Mr Nasril Rivai

Mr Bianpoen Head of Urban and Environment Research Centre (PPHPL)

Ms Yunani

Mr M. N. Sumaran

Ms Christina

Mr Darmawan Head of Agricultural Division (DP)

Head of Computer Services

Provincial Government of East Java (PJT)

- 43 -

Mr Soemardip Chief Officer, East Java Regional Development Board (BAPPEDA)

Mr Suyona Economics and Finance Officer, East Java

Regional Development Board (BAPPEDA)

Mr Ginting Deputy Chief PPLH, East Java Regional

Development Board (BAPPEDA)

Mr Soedjasmiran Chief Officer, Agricultural Division (DP)

Mr Soemardi Deputy Chief Officer, Agricultural Division (DP)

WHO Regional Office for Mr Sorab J. Arceivala South-East Asia (SEARO)

United Nations Development Mr Swietering Programme (UNDP), Jakarta

United Nations Educational, Mr J. Irish Social and Cultural Programme Consultant Organisation (UNESCO), Jakarta

4. POLLUTION SOURCE INVENTORY

4.1 Indonesia

In 1978, Martin and Economopoulos made a report at the request of the WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia on "Rapid Assessment of Water and Air Pollution Sources in Jakarta, Indonesia". The present assignment makes use of that assessment and also includes an assessment of the water and air pollution arising from land-based sources in the coastal area of the Province of East Java in the vicinity of Surabaya.

4.2 It became apparent in the initial research for data for the City of Surabaya that the East Java Provincial Government was in possession of virtually all the data for the Province needed for the assignment whereas the Municipality of Surabaya would need to consult with the Provincial

- 44 -

Government in order to obtain some cf the data for the City. It was therefore decided, in the circumstances, that the present assessment should cover the Province. This decision is not in contravention of the terms of reference in the light of the following facts:

(a) the valley of the Brantas River with the City of Surabaya at its outlet to the sea includes virtually all the industrial development in the Province;

(b) the Brantas River is the source of water supply for the City and the Valley - the industrial development in the Valley extends upstream of the City's supply intake;

(c) approximately 66% of the Province consists of mountains of volcanic origin bordering the southern and eastern coastline. Apart from the island of Madura, the only flat coastal fringe of 25 kilometres depth or more on the mainland Province extends for 200 kilometres north and west, along the coast from Surabaya and for 50 kilometres south of the City.

4.3 The Ministries, departments and institutions concerned with the control of the Indonesian environment include:

(a) Ministry of Health (including the National Institute of Health Research and Development)

(b) Ministry of Agriculture

(c) Ministry of Mining and Energy

(d) Ministry of Public Works

(e) Ministry of Industry

(f) Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration

(g) Ministry of Trade and Cooperatives

(h) Ministry of Communications

(i) Ministry of Education and Culture

(j) State Ministry for Research and Technology

Sanitation, food quality, pesticides

Renewable resources, forestry, fisheries, animal husbandry

Non-renewable resources, offshore mining

Water management, human settlements, city planning, pollution, energy

Industrial pollution control

Transmigration settlements, occupational safety

Trade in protected animals, plants, cultural objects

Noise pollution, pollution by shipping

Environmental education, protection of culture

Ecology, Oceanography, natural resource inventory

(k) Ministry of Justice

(1) Ministry of Finance

(m) Ministry of Home Affairs

(n) State Ministry for Development Supervision and the Human Environment

(0) Provincial Governments (in the case of this report Jakarta and East Java

(p) National Institute of Oceanology

- 45 -

Codification of environmental law

Environmental budget

Supervision of Municipal and Provincial Agencies dealing with environment

Coordination of environmental affairs, environmental supervision of development projects, environmental impact analysis

Responsible for provincial enactments for pollution control

One of the national research institutions under the 'care' of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences with capability to research in marine sciences and to investigate marine pollution in coastal areas and the effects of that pollution.

4.4 The territories of Indonesia extend for 4 900 kilometres along the equator (the limits being 60 N and 110S) and consist of 13 667 islands with an area of 2 million square kilometres and a coastline of 81 000 kilometres. The 1979 population was estimated to be 140 million, with 65% living on the islands of Java and Madura (see Figure 1).

4.5 The major fuel of the country is wood. Coal deposits in South Sumatra and Kalimantan are scarcely tapped yet. The majority of the oil production is from offshore wells. All of these energy sources do and will add to atmospheric pollution. To some extent this pollution will be dispersed by the diurnal reversal of wind direction across the islands of the country.

4.6 Authority for the control of the environment is vested in the Provincial Governors and is implemented by the Secretary of the Provincial Administrator. However, in 1978, the Government of Indonesia created the Ministry of State Development and Environment with environmental jurisdiction. The Minister coordinates at national level the activities of the Provincial Governors in the environmental field and liaises with the other Ministries concerned with the environment (see paragraph 4.3 above). A new environment conservation law is now being drafted together with regulations to cover the water pollution control aspect. At this stage, there is no intention of proceeding with similar enactment for air pollution.

- 46 -

4.7 In the letter of 10 March 1980 to the WHO Regional Director for South-East Asia, the Minister of State for Development Supervision and the Environment offered full cooperation in this assignment and stated that his Ministry would be the National Agency for collaboration in the East Asian Seas Action Plan of the UNEP Regional Seas Programme.

4.8 The field-work in Jakarta and East Java commenced on 2 September and ended on 23 September 1980.

4.9 The terms of reference for this assignment specifically include an investigation of the cities of Jakarta and Surabaya, since they are the obvious main sources of land-based pollution on the coasts of Indonesia. Palembang in the Province of South Sumatra might also have been included for it is understood that the city is the centre of the country's oil refining and petrochemical industries. However, the City of Palembang is approximately 70 kilometres up the river from the open sea and that may well be the reason for its exclusion.

4.10 The data collected for this assignment has been extracted from the Central Bureau of Statistics in Jakarta, the Provincial Government records in Surabaya, various technical reports and discussions with technical officers of institutions. The data was probably in the first instance obtained by questionnaire or from annual returns. In the time available for the field work, it was not possible to elaborate on the data, or to inspect premises for which data had been received.

5. FINDINGS

5.1 Water Pollution

(a) Jakarta

The city of Jakarta covers an area of 660 square kilometres and is a Province of Indonesia.

The city is situated on the north coast of the island of Java approximately 100 kilometres from the straits between that island and that of Sumatra. The city extends for 30 kilometres along the southern shore of a semi-circular bay.

Jakarta has several major r1vers (all on a north/south line) and canals which collect run-off. These rivers and canals are utilized for such diverse purposes as providing water supply for the city and for the reception of domestic and industrial wastewaters. There is no underground sewerage system. In addition to the liquid wastes, a proportion of the city's solid wastes is dumped along the banks and therefore causes further nuisance and pollution.

The rivers and canals in Jakarta form a complex system of waterways with sluice gates and siphons which are operated to divert river water to control both water quality and flow. There are six outlets to Jakarta Bay along the city's sea-front (see Figure 2).

- 47 -

Some of the rivers have their source outside the Province. Of these, the most important is the Ciliwung River which is the source of the city's water supply. This river rises south of Bogor (400 000 population), a town due south of the city. Within and from Bogor the river valley is industrialized to the southern limits of the city.

In 1977, a firm of consulting engineers submitted a Master Plan for the sewerage and sanitation of the city. In that report, they gave data on population obtained from the Census and Statistical Office, Jakarta. Census figures for 1961 and 1971 were 2.9 x 105 and 4.53 x 106 respectively, i.e. an annual average growth rate of 5.5%. The Census and Statistical Office estimates the 1980 population as 6.40 x 106 with a rise to 7.36 x 106 by 1986 i.e. average growth rates of 4.1% and 3.5% respectively.

(i) Water Supply

The Sewerage and Sanitation Master Plan Report estimated that the average water consumption for metered supplies was 246 litres/ head/day in 1975. Between September 1977 and September 1978, an investigation of the Jakarta River System, with particular reference to synthetic detergents, was carried out by a joint team comprising Sucofindo Consultnats, lTB (Institute of Technology, Bandung) and the Urban and Environmental Research Centre for the Provincial administration. The report indicated that the quality of the water of the Ciliwung River varied as shown in Table 1. The intake for Jakarta water supply is taken indirectly from the Ciliwung River (see Notes below Table 1).

Table 1 clearly indicates the serious pollution of both the Ciliwung River and the PAM intake. The report concluded that textile and detergent factories, together with leachates from solid waste disposal dumps in the city, and human and animal wastes are the major pollutants of the Ciliwung River.

(ii) Pollution arising from domestic sources

With such a complex system of river and canal control (see Figure 2) it is impossible to assess from existing data how much of the total load received by those rivers reaches Jakarta Bay. The National Institute of Oceanology reported at the time of preparation of the Sewerage and Sanitation Master Plan that heavy metals reach the Bay from the catchment area of Jakarta and its rivers. The source of those metals is now under investigation.

The Sewerage and Sanitation Master Plan report estimated that the waste volume in 1975 from domestic sources was 303 000 m3/day from the area proposed to be sewered i.e. 22 x 103 hectares out of 66 x 103 hectares of the City. The population in that area was estimated to be 3.19 x 106• The BODS load from that population was estimated to be 87.95 tons/day i.e. 27.6 gms BODS per head per day.

- 48 -

(iii)Pollution arising from industrial sources

The Provincial Administration for Jakarta discourages the establishment of primary industries in order to minimize environmental pollution risk. The majority of the factories in Jakarta are secondary industries such as assembly, packaging and finishing plants etc. Primary products are imported into the city from elsewhere in the country or overseas.

During the period of the field survey work in Jakarta, it was not possible to obtain data on either industrial production performance or quality of industrial wastewater discharged to the rivers, canals and the Bay. Whilst it is known that monitoring of industrial wastewater does not take place as a routine procedure, it was hoped that data on production performance of the various industrial classifications would have been received from the Provincial Administration of Jakarta before this report was finalized. In the absence of this data, it has been necessary for water pollution load arising from industrial premises to include the estimates prepared by Martin and Economopou1os in their Rapid Assessment Report for Jakarta 1979, even though the author expressed concern about the inadequacy of the data. It is felt that their estimates are more realistic than those given in the Sewerage and Sanitation Master Plan Report. It is probable that the majority of the premises have low grade pollution loading but it is known that there are textile manufacturers, DDT pesticide manufacturers, breweries, etc. which have high pollution loadings. In a few cases, it 1S

understood that there are lagoons receiving industrial waste for treatment before discharge to the river system or canals.

The Provincial Administration for Jakarta has designated industrial development areas in the planning proposals for the city. However, it will take many years before these proposals can be fully implemented. The Annual Report of the Industrial Services Department of the Provincial Administration for 1977/78 indicated that there were at that time 800 industrial premises established in seven industrial estates, out of an estimated total of 8000 industrial premises. The industrial classifications indicated that 250 of the 800 premises are potential water polluters.

The Sewerage and Sanitation Master Plan Report of 1977 estimated 45.5 x 103 m3 per day waste volume and 4.55 tons BODS per day from industry and 87.95 tons BODS per day from domestic sources. The percentages in this case therefore were 95% from domestic sources and 5% from industry. Even allowing for the fact that the industries of Jakarta produce secondary products, it is felt that this division of the BODS loading 1S unrealistic.

Martin and Economopoulos estimated that the waste volume from industry amounted to 30.56 x 106 m3 per year or 102 x 103 m3/day (based on 300 working days/year) with a total BODS polluting load of 11 030 tons per year or 37 tons per day (based on 300

•

- 49 -

working days/year). They did not make a separate estimation of the domestic waste load but used the estimation of 87.95 tons BODs/day provided in the Master Plan Report. The daily percentage contribution from industries and domestic sources, therefore, are 30% and 70%, respectively.

(iv) Assessment of total loadings

The summary in Table 2 has been prepared for comparing the domestic and industrial BODS loads in tons per year generated in Jakarta.

(v) Marine investigation of Jakarta Bay

In view of the lack of information about both the fate of the liquid wastes in Jakarta, and the amount of waste that actually reaches the marine environment, the National Institute of Oceanology (NIO) extended its investigations in Jakarta Bay which it carried out during the time of the Sewerage and Sanitation Master Plan investigations in 1975. The Master Plan Report states that the absence of strong on-shore currents due to either wind or tidal action, and the drift of off-shore water masses toward the shore being gradual, supports the recommendation for marine disposal of domestic and industrial liquid wastes through a 3-kilometre outfall system. .It is also stated that no toxic materials in wastes produced in Jakarta reached the Bay through the existing drainage~system. However, there were areas where the problem was serious due to local industries situated on or near the Bay.

The NIO investigations extended until 1979 - quarterly samples (January, May, August and November) were collected from the 22 stations (see Figure 3) from 1976 and data were obtained for the following parameters:

temperature salinity sediment

oxygen transparency microbiological content parameters

pH phosphates heavy metals

benthos (determinations by nitrates Atomic Energy

phytoplankton Research Centre silica (BATAN) during

zoo-plankton 1978 only)

The microbiological survey work actually commenced in 1971 continued sporadically until 1974 then continued as part of the 4-year survey referred to above. Since 1979 the work has continued on samples collected 50 metres from the shore line.

- 50·-

NIO and BATAN have now published the details of their survey work. They indicate that whilst there was no certainty about the amount of the pollution reaching the Bay or the source of the heavy metals, the condition of the marine environment had steadily deteriorated over the 4-year period 1976 - 1979.

The following information, reported in the Quarterly Journal of the Indonesian Atomic Energy Agency dated 30 October 1979, indicates the heavy metal distribution in the Bay in 1978:

m1n1m1m Maximum concentration concentration

in ug/l in ug/l

mercury 2.8 35.2 (January) (14 stations)

lead 40.0 500.0 (November) (14 stations)

cadmium 5.0 450.0 (May) (7 stations)

Z1nc 14.25 748.9 (May) (12 stations)

nickel 31.00 306.0 (May) (6 stations)

The analyses showed that the concentration level of the five metals exceeded normal standards; that they were distributed over the whole sampling area and that there was accumulation of these elements in some regions of the Bay. Maximum concentrations for each element varied from quarter to quarter. In an effort to trace the source of these metals, the Minister of State Development and Environment has now set up a joint technical investigation team to study the industries of Jakarta and Bogor in an endeavour to obtain information about the source. Chromium and arsenic have been added to the list for this investigation.

(b) East Java

The Province of East Java covers an area of 47 922 square kilometres at the eastern end of the Island of Java and of this area about 40 500 square kilometres is on the Island of Java. It has a population of 29.3 million of which 2.5 million are estimated to live in the city of Surabaya.

Surabaya is situated on the coast of the narrow straits between the Islands of Java and Madura, and at the mouth of the Brantas River. The Brantas River, one of the two large rivers in East Java rises in the

•

- 51 -

mountains approximately 125 kilometres due north of Surabaya. From the source, it flows due west for 100 kilometres into a pronounced valley between two mountain ranges, and then north-east for 160 kilometres to Surabaya. It is in the latter section that the valley has become industrialized. The waters of the Brantas are used both for potable supply and as a receiver and cosnveyor of both domestic and industrial liquid wastes. With the steady deterioration of the water quality of the Brantas River, the Provincial Governor set up an Environmental Assessment Commission (PPLH) in 1978 to study the situation and to make recommendations for the protection of the water quality, and in particular the Surabaya supply source.

A survey of water quality of the Brantas River for three months at the end of 1978 and beginning of 1979 revealed the information shown in Table 3 at Mojokerto (55 kilometres upstream of Surabaya) and at Wonokromo water intake for Surabaya supply (10 kilometres upstream of Surabaya).

It is evident that the water intake for Surabaya is seriously polluted. The Institute of Hydraulic Engineering (DPMA) at Bandung plans to open a regional laboratory in Surabaya in 1980 - 81 as part of the national effort to expand monitoring of water quality, and thereby control pollution.

(0 Pollution from domestic sources

In the absence of any information regarding the fate of domestic wastes, it is assumed that in the 47 922 square kilometres of East Java, 50% does not reach a watercourse and that 50% only contributes 5.1 Kg BODS per head per year i.e. the load included in the calculation sheet referred to in Section V of the main text of this document (see Table 2 of Annex I: "people not connected to sewer"). The estimated potential domestic BODS load per year from East Java is 74 715 tons. As in the case of Jakarta, it is impossible to assess how much of the load may reach the sea.

(ii) Pollution from industrial sources

The Annual Report of the Development Board for the Province of East Java sets out the annual production of each industrial classification within the Province. This information, together with the data produced by the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) has enabled an assessment to be made of the of BODS load arising from industry in East Java. This assessment is given in Table 9.

(iii)Marine investigations in East Java

The National Institute of Oceanology and the Provincial Administrator have no knowledge of any marine investigations 1n the vicinity of Surabaya.

(iv) Assessment of total loadings

The summary in Table 4 has been prepared for comparing the domestic and industrial BODS loads in tons per year generated in the Province of East Java.

- 52 -

(c) Coastal Monitoring

The National Institute of Oceanology (NIO) has, in addition to the marine survey work carried out in Jakarta Bay and referred to in detail on page carried out oceanographic work in Indonesian waters in the following locations:

(i) Straits of Malacca - two surveys in 1979;

(ii) North Java - two surveys in 1979;

(iii)Coral Island 20 miles off Jakarta - tar ball survey 1n 1977 and 1978:

(iv) Cilicap - south coast of Java - quarterly for 1 year.

They propose to survey the waters off Pontianak, West Kalimantan next year to establish the effects on the marine environment of pesticides and wood preservatives used in the timber industry in Kalimantan.

No investigations have been carried out in the seas around East Java.

5.2 Air Pollution

The assessment of the weight of pollutants in emissions has been based upon:

(i)

(H)

the amount of oil consumed in 1978/79 in Jakarta Java - data from Bureau of National Statistics. in a summary form is presented in Table 5;

and East The data

the amount of oil Jakarta and East Authority (PLN).

consumed by the thermal stations in Java - data from National Electricity

(Also included in Table 5.);

(iii)the road vehicle statistics provided by the two Provincial Administrations (see Table 8):

(iv) the estimates made by Martin and Economopoulos in their "Rapid Assessment of Water and Air Pollution Sources in Jakarta, Indonesia": and;

(v) the methodology produced during the work on the Mediterranean Regional Seas Action Plan (see Section V of the main text of this document).

Tables 10 and 11 set out the calculations for the estimation of emissions from internal combustion sources and external combustion sources respectively whilst Table 6 summarizes the total emissions from all fuel burning sources. Table 12 sets out the calculation of emissions from industrial processes in Jakarta and East Java.

- 53 -

The summary of emissions given in Table 7 has been extracted from Table 6 and Table 12 and indicates the quantity of pollutants discharged into the atmosphere from Jakarta and East Java.

6. OBSERVATIONS

6.1 Water Pollution

(a) There pollution. complaint.

does not appear to be an active programme to control water Action appears to be taken only after the receipt of a

(b) The absence of positive control appears to be the result of:

(i) lack of coordination among the many Ministries and agencies which are actually or theoretically involved in the environmental field;

(ii) the mass of legislation built up over the past 60 years which renders enforcement difficult to achieve;

(iii)lack of finance to improve the domestic waste problem;

(iv) lack of a forum for discussions on industrial waste problems.

(c) It is impossible to assess what water pollution load from either Jakarta or East Java actually reaches the sea.

(d) Rivers in Jakarta (including canals) are grossly polluted. They are required to convey storm water and sewage including industrial waste, and in the case of the Ciliwung River also to provide a source of water suitable for the city's supply. Measures for protection against pollution are urgently needed. Similarly the Brantas River in East Java which is also a source of potable water is grossly polluted.

6.2 Air Pollution

(a) The observations already made in paragraph 6.1 for water pollution appear to apply equally to air pollution.

(b) Steps already taken at Provincial level to control emission of smoke from car exhausts must be welcomed but data on the enforcement was not available during the field survey.

- 54 -

7. RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Whilst the methodology used in this type of assessment is .~ce1lent, a reasonable degree of accuracy can only be achieved with a kno~ledge of the type of process used in each industrial classification.

7.2 Whilst the rivers and canals in Jakarta are grossly polluted and unsightly, there appears to be no alternative but that they continue to act in a dual capacity for many years. Nevertheless, it appears that steps could be taken at reasonable cost to improve the situation.

7.3 The efforts of the East Java Provincial Administration to face up to their pollution control responsibilities by setting up an Environmental Assessment Commission are laudable, and should be encouraged.

7.4 New submarine outfall sewers appear to be a priority in Jakarta and Surabaya. Marine investigations have been carried out at Jakarta. There is an urgent need to carry out similar investigations off the estuary of the Brantas River.

7.S In view of the importance of rivers as water supply sources for the large cities, a water management authority or agency with wide powers to cover the whole spectrum of water resource uses might be worthy of consideration.

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The collaboration received from the nominated counterpart ~as excellent. At no stage was there any reluctance to assist with the task of seeking data. This is reflected in the large number of institutions, departments and staff interviewed during the course of the field work. However, the report suffers from the shortage of data made available in Jakarta.

- 55 -

TABLE J

AVERAGE VALUES AND RANGES OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS OF QUALITY - CILIWUNG RIVER 1977/78

SAMPLING POINT ON CILIWUNG RIVER

PARAMETER KELAPA DAM (see Note 1) MANGGARAI WEIR (see Note 2) PAM INTAKE (see Note 3) (average of 11 samples) (average of 7 samples) (average of 56 samples)

1 2 3 4

Dissolved O2

mg/1 6.71 4.15 2.9

COD 142 (range 29 - 444) 378 (range 39 - 891) 164

BOD mg/l 14 (range 2 - 28) 41. 5 (range 28 - 61) -

pH 6.99 6.39 6.98

Total suspended solids mg/i 892 (range 52 - 2760) 244 (range 100 - 500) 237

Total disolved solids mg/l 83 (range 4.8 - 148) 121 (range 54 - 164) 121

Conductivity 111 153 -

Ammonia as N mg/l Trace 0.29 0.06

Ni tri te as N mg/l 0.01 0.06 0.24

Nitrate as N mg/l 1.62 0.83 1.24

Chloride mg/1 13 29.4 15.9

CO2 mg/l 3.54 6.90 3.50

-_ ... _- - -- - - -

Note: 1. "Kelapa Dam" is a village on the river between Bogar and the city.

2. "Manggarai Weir" is the point at which water is diverted by sluice gate from the natural river into the Banjir Canal

3. "PAM Intake" is the intake from the Banjir Canal into the Pejompongan water treatment plant of the Jakarta Water Supply Company (PAM), an agency of the Provincial Administration.

i ,

I

- 56 -

TABLE 2

LIQUID WASTE POLLUTING LOADS - JAKARTA

SOURCE LOAD IN TONS PERCENTAGE BOD5 PER YEAR OF TOTAL

Domestic 32,120 74

Industrial 11 ,030 26

TOTALS 43,150 100

Note: 1. The figures do not include the BOD5 load from abattoirs, which amount to 1.8 tons per day, and from electric energy generation which is considered to be negligible.

2. Figures are based on 365 days/year for domestic load and 300 days/year for industrial load.

- 57 -

TABLE 3

AVERAGE VALUES AND RANGES OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS OF QUALITY - BRANTAS RIVER 1978/79

I SAMPLING POINT ON BRANTAS RIVER , PARAMETER

MOJOKERTO (see Note 1) INTAKE AT WONOKROMO (see Note 1) ! 8 Samples 12 Samples ;

1 2 3

COD in mg/1 203 (range 78 - 370 ) 187 (range 39 - 429

BOD in mg/1 6.98 (range 0.39 - 17.1S) 6.6 (range 1.9 - 14.5 )

pH 7.12 (range 7.0 - 7.4 ) 7.17 (range 6.9 - 7.6 )

Ammonia as N in mg/l 0.17 (range 0.007 - 0.6 ) 0.13 (range 0.006 - 0.76)

Nitrate as N in mg/l 4.0 (range (j.15 - 10.5 ) 5.2 (range 0.10 - 14.0 )

Chloride in mg/l 28.3 (range 6.2 - 96 ) 134 (range 16.5 - 430 )

Total coliform count/l00 ml range 5 x 104 - 17 x 105 range 9 x 104 - 11 x 105

--- -- -- ---

Note: 1. Mojokerto is situated 55 kilometres upstream of Surabaya.

2. Wonokromo is situated 10 kilometres upstream of Surabaya.

- 58 -

TABLE 4

LIQUID WASTE POLLUTING LOADS - EAST JAVA

SOURCE LOAD IN TONS BOD5 PERCENTAGE PER YEAR OF TOTAL

Domestic 74,715 58

Industrial 54,935 42

TOTALS 129,650 100.0

Note: Figures are based on 365 days/year

for domestic load and 300 days/

year for industrial load.

- 59 -

TABLE 5

FUEL CONSUMPTION IN JAKARTA and EAST JAVA 1978/79

JAKARTA EAST JAVA

SOURCE ConsUlllption in As % of ConsUlllption in As % of

103 tons/year Stationary Sources All Sources 103 tons/year Stationary Sources All Sources 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

THERMAL Fuel Oil 562 16.15 ) 148.5 5.88 ) POWER 21.12 10.5 7.91 4.6 STATIONS Gas Oil 173 4.97 ) 51 2.03 )

Gas Oil 655 18.82 ) 559.2 22.15 ) I

Diesel 78.3 2.24 ) 190.2 7.54 )

INDUSTRY Kerosene 9.4 0.27 ) 21.64 10.8 22.6 0.89 ) 31.05 18.1 , I

LPG 0.7 - ) 0.1 - )

Gasoline 10.8 0.31 ) 11.6 0.47 )

Kerosene 1964.5 56.44 ) 1535.3 60.81 ) DOMESTIC 57.24 28.5 61.04 35.6

LPG 26.6 0.80 ) 5.9 0.23 )

TOTAL STATIONARY 3480.3 100% 2524.4 100% SOURCES

I TRANSPORT Gas Oil 2131.5 - 30.6 ) 1039.4 - 24.0 ) - Road Gasoline 1019.4 - 14.6 ) 579.8 - 13.4 )

Jet Fuel 206.1 - 3.0 ) 143.1 - 3.3 ) TRANSPORT 50.2 41. 7 Aviation - Air 5.9 - 0.1 ) 5.7 - 0.1 ) Spirit

Fuel Oil 123.4 1.8 ) 32.3 - 0.7 ) TRANSPORT -- SEA Gas 011 4.5 - 0.1 ) 8.4 - 0.2 )

TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 34QO.8 - 1808.7 -

GRAND TOTAL 6971.1 - 100% 4333.1 - 100% ---

- 60 -

TABLE 6 (SHEET 1)

EMISSIONS of AIR POLLUTANTS from FUEL BURNING SOURCES in TONStyEAR

As % of

SOURCE PARTICULATES S02 NO HC CO TOTAL Stationary x All Sources Sources

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

POWER Fuel Oil 2663.9 39143.3 7418.4 146.1 236.0 49607.7 32.7 ) 9.1 )

STATIONS 4l.9 11.7 Gas Oil 368.5 12170.6 1297.5 70.9 102.1 14009.6 9.2 ) 2.6 )

Gas Oil 1395.4 46086.3 4913.3 268.6 386.5 53050.1 35.0 ) 9.7 )

Diesel Oil 166.8 5487.3 587.3 32.1 46.2 6319.7 4.2 ) 1.2 ) INDUSTRY

Kerosene 28.2 32.0 21.6 3.8 2.4 88.0 0.1 ) 39.3 ) 10.9 -etc 1 PG 0.3 * * * * 0.3 - ) - )

Gasoline - - - - - - - ) - ) < Eo< ~ Kerosene 5893.5 16698.3 4518.4 785.8 49l.1 28387.1 18.7 ) 5.2 ) < ;.: DOMESTIC 18.8 5.2 < ...., LPG 11.2 * 47.9 4.5 11. 7 75.3 0.1 ) - )

I TOTAL STATIONARY I 10527.8 119617.8 18804.4 1311.8 1276.0 151537.8 100.0

I SOURCES

I Motor 591 59.1 207 29600 50200 80657.1 - 14.8 ) cycles

I Diesel 5120 41600 23500 5540 92740 168500.0 - 30.9 )

TRANSPORT Gasoline 2720 744 14000 19700 105000 142194.0 - 26.1 ) 72.2 I

Aircraft 44 53 593 373 1044 2107.0 0.4 ) -Take-offs

I TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 8475 42456.1 38300 55213 248984 393458.1 -I I

I I

GRAND TOTAL 19002.8 162103.9 57104.4 56524.8 250260.0 544995.9 100.0 ,

I - - - -

* .negligible

- 61 -

TABLE 6 (SHEET 2)

EMISSIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS FROM FUEL BURNING SOURCES IN TONS/yEAR

As % of

SOURCE PARTICULATES S02 NO HC CO TOTAL Stationary All Sources x Sources I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

POWER Fuel Oil 703.9 10343.0 1960.2 38.6 62.4 13108.1 13.1 ) 5.3 )

STATIONS 17.2 7.0 Gas Oil 108.6 3587.9 382.5 20.9 30.1 4130.0 4.1 ) 1. 7 )

Gas Oil 1191.9 39339.7 4194 229.3 329.9 45284.8 45.2 ) 18.2 )

Diesel Oil 405.1 13380.6 1426.5 78.0 112.2 15402.4 15.4 ) 6.2 ) INDUSTRY

Kerosene 67.8 76.8 52.0 9.0 5.7 211.3 0.2 ) 60.8 ) 24.4 etc -LBG 0.04 * * * * I O.M - ) - )

Gasoline - - - - - - - ) - )

< Kerosene 4605.9 13050.1 3531.2 514.1 383.8 22085.1 22.0 8.9 > DOMESTIC ;; LPG 4.4 * 10.6 1.0 2.6 18.6 - -~ CIl < TOTAL STATIONARY r.:I 7087.64 79778.1 11557 890.9 926.7 100240.34 100.00

SOURCES

Motor cycles 284.0 28.4 99.3 14200 24100 38711.7 - 15.6 )

Diesel 2490.0 20300.0 11400.0 2700 45200 82090.0 - 33.0 ) TRANSPORT

Gasoline 1550.0 417.0 7960.0 11200 5950 27077.0 10.9 ) 59.7 -Aircraft

7.7 15.3 168.3 76.5 275.4 543.2 0.2 ) Take-offs -

TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 4331.7 20160.7 19627.6 28176.5 75525.4 148421.9 -

GRAND TOTAL 11419.34 100538.8 31184.6 29067.4 76452.1 248662.24 - 100.00

-- -- -- - -

* negligible

- 62 -

TABLE 7

SUMMARY of EMISSIONS from JAKARTA and EAST JAVA in 103

TONS/YEAR

..

I SOURCE PARTICULATES S02 NO HC CO AMMONIA TOTALS x

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

I ,

JAKARTA I

I Fuel burning sources

19.0 162.1 57.1 56.5 250.3 - 545.0 (see Table 6)

I Industrial processes I i 303.7 4.5 13.9 - i - 5.7 327.8

I (see Table 12) I

I I I I , r----

i I i TOTALS 322.7 166.6 71.0 56.5 250.3 5.7 872.8

, EAST JAVA !

Fuel burning sources 11.4 100.5 31.2 29.1 76.5 248.7 (see Table 6)

Industrial processes 232.4 2.4 6.8 0.2 245.8 17.1 504.7 (see Table 12)

i

I TOTA~ 243.8 102.9 38.0 29.3 322.3 17.1 753.4 I - -_ .. _- ------~ --- .J

REGION

1

JAKARTA

E. JAVA (Surabaya)

- 63 -

TABLE 8

NUMBER OF REGISTERED VEHICLES IN TWO REGIONS OF INDONESIA - JAKARTA 8. EAST JAVA

BUSES TAXIS LORRIES and VANS CARS MOTORCYCLES

Petrol Diesel Petrol Diesel Petrol Diesel Petrol Petrol

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

8000 9132 * - 15000 43449 190566 369428

987 1365 8624 - 4596 11220 18958 177315

Note: * Taxis are included wi thin column 8 Under CARS

Sulphur content of diesel fuel for internal combustion engines: 0.5% by weight maximum

TOTALS

Petrol Diesel

10 11

582994 52631

210480 12575

I

- 64 -

TABLE 9

CALCULATION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE LOAD

INDUSTRIAL EAST JAVA (includes SURABAYA)

CLASSIFICATION Annual Production BOD5 In Tons/year

3111 (a) 97,700 tons/LWK 586

(b) 46,700 3

10 birds 555

3112

3113 187,100 Tons 2,340

3114 11,700 " 730

3115 33,400 " 431

3116 578,700 " 637

3118 3,064,600 " 7,967

3121 (a) 309,200 4,143

(b) 6.5 " 73

3131 57,600 " 25, BOO

3133 7,600 " 65

3134 5,840 " 15

3211 55,200 " 8,560

3231 475 42

3311 71 103 m2 0

3411 843 Tons 100

3419 112,274 Tons 900

3511 4,000. " 0

3512 94,230 " 0

3521 5,234 " 0

3523 soap 5,700 " 29

detergent 5,100 " 1

3551 25.2 " 0

3610 70 " 0

3620 6,250 " 0

3691 10,400 " 0

3692 1,000,000 " 0

3710 3,390,000 " 1,960

3843 485 " 0

4101 0.291 103 MWH 1

TOTALS 54,935.

- 65 -

TABLE 10 (SHEET 1)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES - INDONESIA 1978/79

103 PARTICULATES S02 NOx HC CO

AREA TYPE OF VEHICLE UNIT uni ts/ kg per tons/ kg per tons/ kg per tons/ kg per tons/ kg per tons/

year unit year unit year unit year unit year unit year

1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Motorcycles 103 km/yr 2955 0.2 591 0.02 59 0.07 20.1 10.0 29600 17.0 50200

Petrol cars/trucks ton fuel 1359 2.0 2720 0.54 774 10.30 14000 14.5 19700 77.0 105000

~ ,

= Diesel cars/trucks ton fuel 2132 2.4 5120 19.05 41600 11.00 23500 2.6 5540 43.5 92700 < :.:: < land/ .."

Aircraft take-off 49 4.0 44 4.50 53 55.00 593 42.0 373 99.0 1044 cycles

- 66 -

TABLE 10 (SHEET 2)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES - INDONESIA 1978/79

- , -------- -----

PARTICULATES I S02 NO x HC CO

103 I : , I ,

AREA TYPE OF VEHICLE UNIT uni tsl tonsl ! kg per

, I kg per tons/ kg per I tonsl ! kg per tons! I kg per i tonsl I I

year , , ,

unit year unit year unit year unit year , uni t year I - ._- ---

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 i 13 14 . - r- -- -

Motorcycles 103 km/yr 1419 0.2 284 0.02 28.4 0.07 99.3 10.0 14200 17.0 24100

! I ..: Petrol cars/trucks ton fuel 773 2.0 1550 , 0.54 417 10.30 7960 14.5 11200 77.0 5950

> ,

..: ,

.... Eo<

Diesel cars/trucks ton fuel 1039 2.4 2490 19.05 20300 11.00 11400 2.6 2700 43.5 45200

C/l ..:

land/ Jill

Aircraft take-off 15.3 0.5 7.7 1.0 15.3 11.00 168.3 5.0 76.5 18 275.4

cycles ; I

I ! .

~ I'll

~

1

~

~ Il.

Ill:

~

< ~ <

2

§ ~

: ~ Eo<

~ I'll

I

~ ... Eo< rg

~ 3

Fuel Oil (3.518)

Gas Oil (0.518)

SUBTOTALS

. i I Fuel Oil I

(3.5IS)

Gas Oil (0.51S)

SUBTOTALS

- 67 -

TABLE 11 (SHEET 1)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES - INDONESIA .1978/79

UNIT

4

KiloH tree/toDs

"

"

"

CONSUMPTION I PARTICULATES

kg 103 per year I per

unit

5 6

tODS/ year

7

kg per unit

8

S02

tODS/ year

9

kg per unit

10

NOx

tODS/ year

11

568/562 4.7412663.91 19.98 139143.3 113.217418.4

203.8/173 2.131 368.51 20.1S 112170.6 I 7.5 11297.5

I 771.8/735 3032.4 , 51313.9 8715.9

I I

HC CO

kg per unit

tODS/ I kg per

year unit

12 13 I 14

0.261146.1

0.41 I 70.9

I 217.0

0.42

0.59

150/148.5 4.74 703.91 19.9S . I

10343.0 113.2 t 1960.2 I 0.26 38.6 0.42 I

I I

I 60/51 2.13 108.6 1 20. 1S 3587.9 I 7.5 I 382.5 I 0.41 1 20.9

981.8/934.5 812.5 13930.9

Note: Specific gravity fuel oil (MFO) = 0.99 gas oil (ADO) = 0.85

2342.7 59.5

0.59

tODS/ year

15

236.0

102.1

I 338.1 I

62.4 '

30.1

92.5

- 70 -TABLE 12 (~HEET 1)

CALCULATION of EMISSIONS from INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

z 0

0-1 ..... JAKARTA E A S T J A V A ":E--..... ..: ~8 REMARKS oor.. Annual ;:, ..... Annual Production t:leo Production Emission in tons/year Emission in tons/year zeo tons .... ;:s tons

(Unle~~egr~r~tse u

1 2 3 4 5 6

3114 - - 11700 Partic. neglig. H2S neglig. )

3115 33400 - - ) - -)

3116 365600 Partic. 3656 578700 Partic. 5092 )

3118 - - 3064600 Partic. 61292 )

)

3121 2400 Partic. 10 309200 Partic. 1237 )

6.5 - - ) The annual

3133 - - 7600 m3 Partic. 30.4 ) productions and ) emissions for

3211 23200 - 55200 Partic. 773 ) Jakarta have been

3311 71000 m3 HC 85 ) taken from the - -) Rapid Assessment

3411 - - - - ) report by Martin

3511 17000 Partic. 340 4000 - ) and Economopoulos )

3512 5700 Partic. 5700 NO 11400 3423100 Partic. 34231 S02 2396 )

502 40 NH

x 5700 NOx 6846 NH3 17115.5 ) 3

3513 ) - - -)

3521 - - 5234 Partic. 5 )

HC 80 )

3523 54000 Partic. 2430 5700 soap )

)

3530 - - 5100 detergents Partic. 225 )

TOTALS Partic.12136 NOx 11400 Partic .102885 S02 2396 502 40 NH3 5700 NO x 6846 He 165

NH3 17115.5

- 71 -

TABLE 12 (SHEET 2)

CALCULATION of EMISSIONS from INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

:z 0 i JAKARTA E A S ~ J A V A ...l ....

...:f-o .... ...: ~~ REMARKS enr.. Annual Annual :::> .... Cen Production Emission in tons/year Production Emission in tons/year :zen .... :5 tons tons

t.l I

1 2 3 4 5 6 I

3540 - - ) -3610 - - 70 Partie. 4.5 )

3620 90000 - 6250 Partie. 6.3 )

3691 - - 10400 Partie. 676 ) The annual productions

3692 1700000 Partie. 289000 NO 2210 1000000 Partie. 100000 say ) and emissions for Jakarta x

S02 4420 ) have been taken from the

3710 517000 Partie. 2580 NOx 250 3390000 Partie. 28815 eo 245775 ) Rapid Assessment report

3720 - - - ) by Martin & Eeonomopoulos 3840 - - - )

3843 - - 485 He 7.9 )

4101 - - - )

4102 - - -

TOTALS Partie. 291580 NO 2460 Partie. 129501.8 He 8 x eo 245775 S02 4420

TOTALS Partie. 303716 NOx 13860 Partie. 232386.8 He 173 for S02 4460 NH3 5700 NOx 6846 eo 245775 Sheets He - NH3 17115.5 1 & 2 S02 2396

-~ -- ~ -- -- -- , ~ --~- -- ~--

- 72 -

FIGURE 1

LOCATION MAP OF JAKARTA

, Sumatera C)

c:v

S 10

'D

Jova

N

Borneo (Kalimantan)

/~~

PROJECT STUDy AREA

-L.)

z04

~ tr <l ... <l ..,

$ 0 :z W t!> w -l

E 0 ~ <> 0

Ii ... 0 Q

0 oJ)

co 1\

I

-;- ., 0

'" 0 ~ '" Q , 0 0

, M - '"'

m ~ §

t 1/ OJ' '" t; -~ '"

~ ~

'" '" '" '" it ! c ~

" ... 8 0 • Ot) 0: i E "" v ~ .,

" ...

rn 0.. 0;

0 ~ ® ~ S \",..I

74-

FIGURE 3 LOCATION OF MONITORING STATIONS IN JAKARTA BAY, 1975-1979

10e"lS' '0 5 (J 107· "J7~10

5'"", -= 1.1>"45' II !

50'

6'

a ,OKm

P, Pari ,-- "-~;"''''''''-'~''

'''~'''~7 I-'~/ ".\. ..

e9 .8 .. ... fa - f4 --". '. P. L,onconge& ..... e,) .... "eo.,.ot

0"

.17 ~

e16

,':

Y.'I-~""." .. m.ut • 4

'"i'~ ,.' 2~, 5 _._ .... _ .. "'"tQ,,~JOWO Air ~M'.

'\ /1' I" r·· ........ -10 ..... -. ~g.PQSIf \

--, .. .; .. ' A \\

UtliBuo.r . " .... Ubi Kecil Air 8u., .,.0

... .. ... ~

'-;"~'-i:",,;,':-,;;:S-:-:,:->:;;>,~;,;N ~.: ·:;"Cr~!.3

, , , " . .

,

'~ l:.. _, __

~

Q Oa.mo.r 8t ~Ilr

e18 • DOmor Kecil

o Nyamuk Kuil

e 22 " Nyamuk Belar

r' •

e10

e15

e19

, (

.14"

~

•

.12

-. , , . . '.

. -. '. ,~

Primary monitoring stations

trawl monitoring stations

6·

~,~:~

6·'OIII['~' ':~-~",'~',:~. I,,,,-~;'I' _""~_';_·I-'~'\::;":":'_-';!~:·~~'J>"'~"·":"~' ;>-'"1":-":'-" :;.,,;-~~--:<,' :',',.: ;':'-'~"", ,', ~/-,~ ~,'<;-.,': ';'·;':.I"·'-"\·~s-~'-":":;(l \l\6.,01

106-15' 40 ' '50' 11),· 107·,0'

- 75 -

ANNEX III

COUNTRY REPORT ON MALAYSIA


12 - 15 May & 4 - 27 June 1980

by



1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

- 76 -

CON TEN T S

SUMMARY

PURPOSE AND TERMS OF REFERENCE

CONTACTS HADE IN MALAYSIA


FINDINGS

5.1 Water Pollution 5.2 Air Pollution

RECOMMENDATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE 1

TABLE 2

TABLE 3

TABLE 4

TABLE 5

TABLE 6

TABLE 7

TABLE 8

Liquid wastes in Malaysia

Sources of industrial liquid wastes in Peninsular Malaysia

Sources of liquid wastes on island of Penang

Sources of liquid wastes in Peninsular Malaysia - West Coast

Sources of liquid wastes in Peninsular Malaysia - South Coast

Sources of liquid wastes in Peninsular Malaysia - East Coast

Sources of liquid wastes in East Malaysia

Estimated emissions from wood burning and petroleum refineries, Peninsular Malaysia, 1977

78

79

79

80

85

85 90

91

92

93

94

95

95

96

96

97

97

- 77 -

TABLE 9 Estimated fuel consumption in coastal Malaysia 1979

TABLE 10 Summary of em1SS1ons 1n Malaysia in tons/year

TABLE 11 West Malaysia - coastal monitoring stations

TABLE 12 Malaysia - crude palm oil mills 1n coastal area

TABLE 13 Malaysia - rubber producing factories in coastal area

TABLE 14 Malaysia - oil sales (excluding kerosene for aircraft) in imperial gallons

TABLE 15 Number of registered vehicles in Peninsular Malaysia. 1973 - 1979

TABLE 16 Calculation of domestic liquid waste polluting load

TABLE 17 Calculation of liquid industrial waste polluting load

TABLE 18 Calculation of emissions from external combustion sources - Malaysia 1979

TABLE 19 Calculation of emissions from internal combustion sources - Malaysia 1979

TABLE 20 Calculation of emissions from industrial processes

TABLE 21 Emissions of air pollutants from fuelburning sources - Malaysia

Figure I-A Peninsular Malaysia

Figure l-B East Malaysia (Sabah & Sarawak)

98

99

100

101

104

108

109

110

115

128

133

134

143

144

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1. SUMMARY

1.1 Estimates have been produced of the magnitude of the water and air polluting loads that originate in the coastal area of Malaysia. In order to assist an appreciation of the sources of these loads, the coastline of Peninsular Malaysia has been considered in four sectors, together with that of East Malaysia.

1.2 It is estimated that for the four sectors i.e. Island of Penang and West, South and East Coasts of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, the water and air pollution (from fuel-burning sources and industrial processes) total loads are as follows:

Water pollution loads Air pollution total in 103 tons BOD5IYear loads in 103 tons/year

(see Tables 3-7) (see Table 10)

1 2 3

Island of Penang 9.5 30.6 Peninsular Malaysia West Coast 133.8 1091.6 South Coast 10.7 78.3 East Coast 25.0 65.5

East Malaysia 30.7 90.0

TOTALS 209.7 1356.0

1.3 The degree of the pollution arising 1n the five coastal sectors is illustrated by the following table which relates the polluting loads per annum to the length of the coast in the sector.

Length of Tons of BOOs/ Tons of air coastline year/Km coast pollutants/

1n KIn year/Km coast

Island of Penang 80 117.8 382.5

Peninsular Malaysia

West Coast 800 166.3 1364.5

South Coast 100 106.8 783.4

East Coast 640 38.4 102.3

East Malaysia 1760 17.4 51.1

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1.4 These figures underline the decision of the Malaysian Government to offer tax incentives for new industrial development away from the West and South coasts of Peninsular Malaysia.

1.5 It must be remembered that these estimates were prepared from information and statistics which in no way could be stated as being complete, and from assumptions backed by personal observations. However, it is believed that they are "balanced" and give a reasonably accurate picture of the actual situation.

1.6 The situation on the West and South coasts of Peninsular Malaysia gives cause for concern. The level of pollution in the rivers and along these coasts should be reduced.

The development of the other coastal areas of Malaysia must be controlled within limits that will ensure the protection of their environmnet. The design of preparatory work to achieve this objective should now be in hand.

1.7 Just as for water pollution, the situation with regard to air pollution on the west and south coasts of Peninsular Malaysia gives cause for concern.

Table 21 clearly indicates the magnitude of the pollutant load originating from the thermal power stations. A reduction in these sou~es will improve the situation.

The magnitude of the pollutant load ar1s1ng from the clearance of rubber forests by WOOd-burning is surprising. It is difficult to see how this situation can be improved if, as one must assume, every effort has already been made to find alternative uses for this timber.


2.1 The purpose and terms of reference of this project are given 1n Section IV of the main text of this document.

Organization

Division of Environment Ministry of Science,

Technology & Environment

3. CONTACTS HADE IN MALAYSIA

Persons contacted

Hr S. T. Sundram Direc tor-General

Hr E. A. Haheswaran Director, Water Pollutant Control

Department of Town & Country Planning

Ministry of Housing & Local Government

Municipality of Penang Island

Malaysian Industrial Development Authority

Veterinary Department Ministry of Agriculture

4.

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Mr K. S. Goh Director, Air Pollution Control

Mr G. Singam Principal Assistant Director, Water Pollution Control

Mr P. Ho Environmental Control Officer

Mr P. Tan Environmental Control Officer

Dr Dharmonathan Assistant Director

Mr T. Gan Director of Engineering

Mr c. L. Ong Senior Engineer, Engineering Department

Dr J. Kennedy Consulting Engineer

Mr B. C. Chew

Dr C. B. Lim Assistant Director


4.1 Ministries, Departments, etc. concerned with the control of the Malaysian environment.

At the Federal level, several ministries are involved in the protection and control of the environment. Within these ministries, there are departments that specialize in various aspects of this work and which generally have regulatory power. In some cases, the departments have branches in the various States, but in all cases, the departments act in an advisory capac ity to the States.

(a) The Division of Environment (DOE), Ministry of Science, Technology & Environment (MSTE)

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responsible for regulation of waste discharges, and formulation and enforcement of policy related to environmental quality;

responsible for exercising regulatory power over discharges to rivers, water courses and the marine environment, and emission of waste to the atmosphere under the Environmental Quality Act 1974.

(b) Environmental Health and Engineering Unit (EHEU) under the control of Ministry of Health (MOH)

concerned with rural sanitation, urban sewerage, solid waste disposal and environmental quality control;

promotes sewerage projects in consultation with local authorities; and

acts in cooperation with DOE on aspects of environmental protection.

(c) Ministry of Local Government and Federal Territory (MLGFT)

promotes national policies in local government affairs;

processes local government applications for loans to finance proposed projects for protection and control of pollution in the environment;

coordinates its activities with those of EHEU.

(d) Public Works Department (PWO), Ministry of Works and Utilities (HWU)

responsible for serving as a coordinator for the State PWDs;

State PWDs are responsible for civil engineering projects, water supply (apart from Penang which has its own Water Authority) and roadside drains.

(e) Drinage & Irrigation Department (DID), Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF)

responsible for the prov1s10n, management and control of water resources for irrigation, monsoon drains, and for some road drainage.

(f) Municipal Council, Penang Island

responsible for the local government activities on the Island of Penang;

the Engineering Department has responsibility for drainage, sewerage and sewage disposal and sanitation installation, and these activities form the major part of the work of the Department.

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4.2 The assignment was carried out in Malaysia from 12 to 15 May and 4 to 27 June 1980. During the latter period, 2 days were spent 1n Penang.

4.3 The Environmental Quality Act 1974 provides broad power for the protection and enhancement of the quality of the environment, including control of effluent and emission discharges either through licensing of industrial premises or by specifying acceptable conditions for discharge. In the case of the palm oil mill and rubber factory discharges to watercourses, pollution control is exercised through the issue of licences and the arrangements are incorporated in the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm Oil) Regulations, 1977 and the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Raw Natural Rubber) Regulations, 1978. Discharge standards are the principal conditions attached to the licences. In the case of other effluents i.e. domestic sewage and/or other industrial discharges to water courses, pollution control is effected through the Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations, 1979. In these cases, acceptable quantitative and qualitative conditions of discharge are specified in the consent.

In the field of air pollution control, emissions to the atmosphere (i.e. particulate and other impurities including gases and pollutants) are controlled through the Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations, 1978. In this case, emission standards covering smoke, dust, solid particles, gaseous substances, etc. generated by fuel combustion are specified in the approval.

4.4 The DOE is at the present time increasing its activities under the above Regulations by setting up regional offices in Kuala Lumpur, Georgetown, Kuantan, Johore Bahru. Kuching and Kota Kinabalu. It is hoped that these centres will be operational by 1981. They will be responsible for monitoring coastal water, rivers and the atmosphere for enfon:ement of the conditions of licence of point soun:es under the above Regulations and obtaining data for the advancement of control measures. The sea around the coastline of Peninsular Malaysia has been monitored annually since 1978 at 205 stations. From January 1981, it is anticipated that the Regional Centres will be active and that there will be more frequent monitoring. Samples are analysed at present by the Government Central I.aboratories to establish chemical. bacteriological and plankton parameters. In addition, there are 87 beach stations to record amounts of beach tar arising from oil spillages (see Table 11). River monitoring will enable a proper river quality management policy to be adopted and in association with the coastal and enfon:ement policies enable, through negotiation. persuasion and advice. the river water quality to be classified in accordance with long term objectives for that river. i.e •• for potable supply, fisheries or low grade industrial re-use. etc. The objectives will be determined depending on the present and potential uses of the river, the present quality and whether it is realistic to undertake the measures necessary to improve the quality. The financial cost of achieving water quality objectives will influence the time-period over which the objectives will be achieved. rather than the objectives themselves. The enfon:ement of point source licensing will concentrate on domestic and industrial discharges in accordance with the various Regulations. In addition to the water quality monitoring. the regional offices will be responsible for carrying out routine air sampling, checking complaints, enforcing emission standards, and assisting the DOE headquarters with advance planning and evaluation of applications for lie ffl uent-d ischarge permi til •

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4.5 Peninsular Malaysia has an area of apprOximat~ly 140 000 square kilometres and a coastline of approximately 1 440 kilometres, whilst the figures for East Malaysia (comprising Sabah knd Sarawak) are 170 000 square milometres anel 1 760 kilometres respectively (see Figures I-A and I-B)

4.6 The eight States on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia have a coastline of about 800 kilometres and the three States on the East Coast have a coastline of about 640 kilometres. It should be noted that the State of Johore at the southern end of Peninsular Malaysia has 145 kilometres on the West Coast, 100 kilometres of coastline facing south and 160 kilometres on the East Coast. The island of Penang off the north-west coast of Peninsular Malaysia has a coastline of about 80 kilometres and an area of 290 square kilometres; it is an approximate rectangle in plan with sides of 25 kilometres (north and south) and 15 kilometres (east and west).

4.7 The two States (Sabah and Sarawak) of East Malaysia have a coastline of 1 760 kilometres.

4.8 It has been assumed for this assignment that the "coastline area" in both Peninsular and East Malaysia is a strip 20 kilometres in depth from the coastline, but in the case of Penang, the whole island has been included.

4.9 A cursory analysis of the 1970 Census of Population i~dicates that about 75% of the population of both Peninsular and East Malaysia was living within the 20-kilometre coastal strip. It has been assumed, in the light of a 1979 DOE report entitled "Regulatory Measures and Programmes for Water Pollution Control in Malaysia", stressing the movement of population from the rural to the urban areas, that the proportion had by 1980 risen to 80%. According to the Department of Town and Country Planning, MLGFT, and the DOE, MSTE, the average population growth rate in Malaysia is about 2.6% but that of the Island of Penang is only 2.2%. The coastal population of Malaysia in 1980 has therefore been estimated to be:

State of Penang

West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (apart from Penang)

South Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Coast of East Malaysia Sabah Sarawak

1980 Total Coastal Population

978 700 (This includes 555 000 on the Island and 275 000 in the Butterworth Metropolitan area)

6 101 000

345 240

1 703 200

660 000 983 000

10 771 140 ===========

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4.10 The DOE report states that only Kuala Lumpur and Georgetown (Island of Penang) have sewerage systems and in neither case is the whole conurbation served. Recent reports by Consultants indicate that only 15% of the Kuala Lumpur population is covered by the water-borne sewerage system, whilst 32% is served by local septic or Imhoff tanks, and 53% by buckets or pit latrines. In a similar report on Georgetown, it appears that about 45% of the 480 000 popoulation in the City, the North and East Coast areas (in particular the new development of Bandar Bayan Baru) covering 60 square kilometres, is served by water-borne sewerage, 25% is served by septic tanks, 25% by buckets or pit latrines and 5% has no provision. In the remainder of the country, most the wastewater is discharged into the sea, rivers, drains or watercourses either through septic tanks or direct. There are in addition some arrangements for excreta collection and disposal by a bucket system. The DOE report also indicated that:

(a) 11.9% of urban population has flush toilets connected to a sewer; 44.3% of urban population has flush toilets connected to septic tanks; 34.7% of urban population has bucket systems, 9% of urban population has no facilities;

(b) 72.6% of the urban population and 50% of the rural population has a piped water supply.

4.11 There are Regional Development Plans in existence and under consideration by KLGFT for virtually the whole of Peninsular Malaysia. The exception are the inland areas of the States of Pahang and Northern Johore. The potential 1990 population covered by these Plans is stated to be:

West Coast States Johore Bahru East Coast States

10.35. million 0.73 million 2.17 million

The Malaysian Government is anxious to develop coastal areas for tourism. There is a proposal to connect the Island of Penang to the mainland by a road bridge during this decade and this is expected to lead to an increase of population in the southern half of the Island.

4.12 Agriculture represents the main economic activity of Malaysia. The main crops in order of magnitude are palm oil, rubber, tapioca, pineapple and sugar.

4.13 There are oil wells off the coast of the State of Trengganu on the east side of Peninsular Malaysia, and off the north coast of Sarawak, East Malaysia.

In connexion with the development of the oil industry off the coast of Trengganu, the Malaysian Government is considering the desirability of developing a New Town at Chukai and Kerteh to house a population of about 50 000 for the development of the petrochemical industry.

Refineries have been developed at Port Dickson in the State of Negri Sembilan on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, and on the north coast of Sarawak, East Malaysia.

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On the north coast of Sarawak, East Malaysia, the Government 1S also considering the possibility of expanding the town of Bintulu to a population of 40 000 by 1995, but in this case it is the intention to accommodate heavy industries, i.e. coal mining, liquid natural gas, fertilizer plant, steel furnace and/or aluminium smelter.

The Government has introduced locational incentive schemes of tax relief for 10 years to encourage the dispersal of industry away from the west and south coasts of Peninsular Malaysia. The designated areas cover the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and the whole of East Malaysia.

5. FINDINGS

5.1 Water Pollution (see Figures I-A & I-B)

There are 49 main river catchments in Peninsular Malaysia and of these 38 are subject to pollution in varying amounts. The rivers Juru (in Penang), and Linggi and Klang (in Selangor) are the most seriously polluted, followed by the rivers of Johore. Of these, the Juru catchment area was subject to sn investigation by the DOE in 1976, and the Linggi is subject at the present time to an investigation by DOE with technical support from WHO/PEPAS. The Klang Valley has been the subject of a technical study and report by Consulting Engineers.

It has already been stated that the larger part of industry in Malaysia is agro-based. It is also the major source of water pollution in the country. It is estimated by the DOE that in 1980, the generation of wastes by agro-industries will be:

Palm oil 450 tons BOD3 per day

rubber 300 " " " " tapioca 30 " BODS per day

pineapple 10 " " " " sugar 10 " " " " piggeries and abattoirs unknown at present but research

is now in hand by DOE

It should be noted that ~alm oil and rubber waste loadings are expressed as BOD3 i.e. the we1ght of oxygen utilized in 3 days at 300 C and !Q! 5 days at 200 C. From limited analytical work, it appears that for industrial wastes the approximate ratio of BODS to BOD3 is 1.1 and for domestic sewage it is 1.6.

The BOD3 value is incorporated into the 1977 and 1978 Regulations under the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 prescribing the quality of palm oil and rubber wastes discharged to watercourses.

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It is estimated that there are now 140 palm oil mills throughout the country and 58 in the coastal area (see Table 12). They are all located close to wate~ourses. The annual production of palm oil is about 2 million tons giving rise to about 12 000 tons of wastes. As a result of cooperation and research, a viable form of pretreatment is now available and in accordance with a 4-year sliding scale of BOD3 reduction and financial charges scheduled in the 1977 Regulations, all mills must now reduce the "strength" of the waste from 20 000 mg/litre BOD3 down to 2 000 mg/litre BOD3 before discharge to the wate~ourse. By 1981, the levels will be down to 500 mg/litre BOD3. In the event of a mill using land disposal for its waste, then the prescribed standard included in the Regulations is 5 000 mg/litre.

In the rubber industry, the progress with measures for pollution control has not been so marked despite cooperation and research by all interested parties. Whilst it is hoped that oxidation ponds will ultimately prove to be an acceptable and viable form of pretreatment for latex concentrate wastes, there is not at present any universally accepted pretreatment method. Initially, therefore, the industry was ~equired to adopt "good housekeeping" measures devised by the Rubber Resea~h Institute of Malaysia as a preliminary control measure for latex concentrate or associated product effluents. After this initial period of 6 months i.e. from July 1978, these factories along with other premises in the industry were subject under the 1978 Regulations to a 3-year sliding scale of BOD3 reduction and financial charges. It is estimated that there are 100 rubber producing factories in the coastal area of Malaysia (see Table 13).

More detailed information on the palm oil and rubber industry regulations etc. is given in a report by Dr K. M. Yao, PEPAS Water Quality Management Adviser on "Industrial Waste Control in Malaysia", 1979.

(a) Assessment of the land-based pollutant loads

For the assessment of water pollution arising in the coastal areas of Malaysia and discharged into the marine environment, the coast of the country has been sub-divided into the following sectors:

Island of Penang

Peninsular Malaysia

East Malaysia

West Coast (apart from the Island of Penang)

South Coast of Johore

East Coast

Pollution loads from these sectors have been assessed from data supplied locally (for example from the Municipal Council of P~nang Island), data obtained from Government statistics; guidelines based on methodology produced during the course of the work on the Mediterranean Action Plan (see Section V of the main text of this document) or a combination of them all.

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In this connexion, the following comments are pertinent:

(i) estimation of population - from local sources, or from the 1970 Census of Population up-dated. In the absence of detailed information, it has had to be assumed that 50% of the domestic liquid waste load is discharged to a watercourse and that 50% is discharged indirectly to the watercourse, i.e. via a septic tank etc. On the evidence presented in studies for Georgetown, Butterworth, Kuala Lumpur and Bintulu it has been assumed that the present water consumption is 175 litres per head per day;

(ii) Industry - through the good offices of DOE and the Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (KIDA) it has been possible to obtain data connecting industrial classification and annual production without in any way endangering the confidentiality of the material. It was considered by MIDA that whilst their data did not cover the crude palm oil or rubber industries, it did cover about 70% of the manufacturing capacity of the various classifications within the membership.

Data for the pollution loads discharged by the "coastal" crude palm oil (see Table 12) and rubber (see Table 13) industries were obtained from DOE, as was the load discharged from the River Juru from the Prai Industrial Area.

The domestic and industrial waste loads in tons per year of BOD5 from the various sectors of the coasts are set out in Tables 16 and 17 respectively. These annexes form the basis for the summaries given in Tables 1 and 2.

Island of Penang

Discussions were held with the Director of Engineering, Municipal Council of Penang Island, his staff and the Council's Consulting Engineer, in order to obtain data about the existing sewerage and disposal arrangements. The Council has recently accepted a feasibility study prepared by their Consulting Engineers, Environal Services Sdn. Bhd. to extend and upgrade the existing sewerage system. Instructions have already been issued to the Consulting Engineers to proceed with the design and construction of extensions along part of the north coast of the island, in order to overcome beach pollution in an area scheduled for tourist amenities.

The sole outfall for the existing and extended sewerage system is situated on the east coast, some 2 miles south of Georgetown City Centre (which is at the north coast corner of the Island). The outfall which receives sewage and night soil from a pumping station extends 1 200 feet on a piled jetty from the shore, above water level at all states of the tide. The outfall is situated alongside the refuse disposal area which is an open tip into the sea with the object of land reclamation.

The existing popUlation is estimated to be 555 000 whilst the population at the end of the century is expected to be 910 000.

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Whilst the outfall discharges into the narrow channel between the Island and Butterworth, float tests indicate that the dispersal of .ewage is nearly always to the south, regardless of tidal conditions. However, there is an urgent need for a properly designed oceanographic study. This would clearly establish the present situation and enable the prediction of future marine pollution. This study would be particularly valuable to predict the possibility of coastal pollution when the road bridge piers are being sited in the narrow channel. The Science University in Penang may be able to collaborate in such a study.

At the present time, the north coast of the Island is grossly polluted. Whilst new hotel development (each with its own sewage treatment plant) is progressing fast along this coast, the area is subject to extensive pollution from pig-farming and development on the coastal fringe. The extension of the sewerage system from Georgetown will overcome this problem.

The west coast of the Island is at present relatively undeveloped. The construction of an east-west highway across the island together with the possibility of the new bridge may accelerate the pace of development. It is likely that the inland town of Balik Pulau will be sewered and provided with a treatment plant. It should be possible to protect the coastline from pollution with the existing statutory powers.

The DOE has established 23 sea water quality and 3 "beach tar" monitoring stations around the Island and along the State's coastline on the mainland. The Division's regional office is to be established on the Island in Georgetown in 1981.

There is a good water supply to the Island, both from the upland interior, and from the mainland north of Butterworth through twin 36-inch diameter submarine supply pipes.

There is no heavy industry on the Island, and the future planning policy is to maintain and expand light industrial development. The development of the harbour and heavy industries at Butterworth on the mainland opposite Georgetown has underlined and aggravated the marine pollution problem in this area. Butterworth has been the subject of a recent report by Japanese Consulting Engineers on sewage and disposal. This again emphasizes the need for an oceanographic survey study of the nRrrnw Atrait between the Island and the mainland.

Tables 16 and 17 provide the data used for the summary for the Island of Penang as shown in Table 3.

Peninsular Malaysia - West Coast

This part of Malaysia has the majority of the population and industrial development as a result of the historical background and availability of resources. The 1980 estimate of population living in the 20-kilometre deep coastal strip is of the order of 6.5 million out of a total coastal popUlation of 8.5 million in Peninsular Malaysia (see population figures in Table 16).

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Tables 16 and 17 provide the data used for the summary of sources of liquid wastes in the west coast area of Peninsular Malaysia as shown in Table 4.

The DOE has established 21 "beach tar" and 86 sea-water quality monitoring stations along the west coast.

Peninsular Malaysia - South Coast

Tables 16 and 17 provide the data used for the summary of sources of liquid wastes arising along the south coast of Peninsular Malaysia as shown in Table 5.

The DOE has established 1 "beach tar' and 24 sea-water quality monitoring stations along the south coast. A regional office is anticipated in lohore Bahru in 1981.

Peninsular Malaysia - East Coast

Tables 16 and 17 provide the data used for the summary of liquid wastes arising along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia as shown in Table 6.

Whilst the amount of industrial waste is small compared to that of domestic waste at present, it i8 expected that this ratio will change radically in the wake of the intensive off-shore oil prospecting now taking place.

The DOE has set up 56 "beach tar" stations and 74 sea-water quality monitoring stations along the east coast. A regional office is to be set up in Kuantan in 1981.

East Malaysia

Tables 16 and 17 provide the data used for the summary of sources of liquid wastes arising along the coast of East Malaysia as shown in Table 7.

At the present time, no monitoring of sea water quality is carried out by the DOE in East Malaysia. However, the situation will be rectified when the DOE regional offices are set up in Sabah and Sarawak.

(b) Coastal Monitoring

It has already been reported that the DOE has set up 87 "beach tar" and 205 sea-water quality monitoring stations around the coasts of West Malaysia (see Table 11). At the present time, the sampling is infrequent but it is hoped that this will improve when the regional offices and laboratories become operational in 1981.

An inspection of analyses from 1978 to present day indicates that in 172 samples, the range of heavcy metal and pesticide concentrations were:

Mercury

Cadmium

Lead

Pesticides

S.2 Air Pollution

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0.0012 mg per litre to non-detectable

0.24

0.20

mg per litre to non-detectable

mg per litre to non-detectable

non-detectable

The sources of emissions and the assessment of the weight of pollutants in those emissions have been based upon:

(a) the amount of oil sold in 1979 throughout Malaysia -data provided by DOE (see Table 14);

(b) the data provided by DOE on the amount of pollutants arising from (i) wood burning (forest clearance) in the rubber industry in 1977; (ii) the use of fibre and shell as a fuel for boilers and incinerators in the crude palm oil industry in 1977; (iii) the petroleum refineries in 1977;

(c) the Road Transport Department statistics on the number of registered vehicles in the various states of Peninsular Malaysia (see Table IS). There are no similar statistics for East Malaysia;

(d) the methodology produced during the work on the Mediterranean Action Plan (see Section V of the main text of this document and Tables 18, 19 and 20)

Tables 18 and 19 set out the calculations for the estimation of emissions from stationary (external) sources and internal combustion sources whilst Table 20 incorporates both Tables 18 and 19 and summarizes the total emissions from all fuel-burning sources in the five coastal sectors. Table 20 sets out the calculations of emissions originating from industrial processes situated in the coastal sectors.

Thermal Power Stations

The five large thermal power stations in the country are situated on the coasts of Peninsular Malaysia. There are thermal power stations of smaller capacity throughout Peninsular Malaysia but these are only used for standby capacity. The stations in East Malaysia are powered by diesel engines.

Industrial and Domestic Sources

In estimating the quantity of oil used in the five coastal sectors by industry and for domestic purposes, it has been assumed that 80% of the total oil consumed is for premises in the coastal fringe. This amount has been further sub-divided in proportion to the populations in the five coastal sectors.

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Transport

As for industrial and domestic sources, it has been assumed that 80% of the vehicles registered in each State (see Table 15) burn fuel in the coastal fringe. In the absence of statistical data for East Malaysia it has been assumed that the registrations are the same as for the East coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Wood-burning and petroleum refineries

Emission data provided by DOE are shown in Table 8. It has been assumed that all emissions from wood-burning occur 1n the coastal fringe -petroleum refineries are known to be on the coast.

Estimated total fuel consumption

Information extracted from Table 14 is summarized in Table 9.

In Table 14, it will be noted that there is an exclusion of kerosene for aircraft, and no allowance has been made in the present report for oil used by "Marine and Government vehicles and Military vehicles". In both cases, the omission was due to lack of information in the time available in Malaysia for the assignment.

Summary of Emissions

The information in Table 10 has been extracted from Tables 20 and 21 and indicates the quantity of pollutants discharged into the atmosphere from each coastal sector.

6. RECOMMENDATIONS

It is understood that the DOE has statutory control in areas covered by the Environmental Quality Act 1974, and the various Regulations under Section 29 of that Act. However, responsibilities are shared in some areas with other Governmental agencies, and with State Governments; in those areas DOE has laid down guidelines to assist the State Governments and agencies to incorporate environmental considerations into developoment plans. The regionalization of the DOE in 1981 will assist administration and cooperation with the State Governments and agencies. It is vital that all Federal and State Government Ministries, agencies and local authorities work in close cooperation with the DOE so that those responsible for producing pollution clearly realize that the DOE, and the other authorities, are "united', and speak with one voice.

The various Regional Plans covering the whole country give a clear indication of the national development intentions, but it must be realized that such Plans should be dependent on the provision of services for the infrastructure of which water management is one of the most important.

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It is evident that oceanographic survey work should be started as quickly as possible in the vicinity of the Island of Penang and in the narrow strait between Johore Bahru and Singapore, although it is not known what action the Government of Singapore has taken or is taking in the latter case.

In this connexion, the recoDDllendations of the "Report of the IOC/FAO(IPFC)/UNEP International Workshop on Marine Pollution in East Asian Waters" held in Penang in April 1976 are appropriate.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The advice and assistance of Mr S. T. Sundram, Director-General of the Division of Environment, Ministry of Science, Technology & Environment and DOE's Director of Water Pollution Control, Mr E. A. Mehaswaran, are gratefully acknowledged.

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TABLE 1

LIQUID WASTES IN MALAYSIA

LOAD IN 103 TONS PER YEAR BOD5

COASTAL SECTOR TOTAL Domestic Industrial

------ t--- --- ---- ---

I 2 3 4

Island of Penang 6.1 (64.2%) 3.4 (35.8%) 9.5 Peninsular Malaysia

West Coast 81.2 (60.7%) 52.6 (39.3%) 133.8

South Coast 4.3 (40.2%) 6.4 (59.8%) 10.7

East Coast 21.1 (84.4%) 3.9 (15.6%) 25.0

East Malaysia 20.4 (66.4%) 10.3 (33.6%) 30.7

TOTALS 133.1 76.6 209.7

% 63.5 36.5 100.0

-

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TABLE 2

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL LIQUID WASTES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

INDUSTRIAL LOAD IN 103 TONS PER YEAR CLASSIFICATION BODS

1 2

Pig farming 27.2

Food and Drink 15.8

Textiles 6.9

Crude Palm Oil 4.2

Rubber 4.0

Others 8.2

TOTAL 66.3

PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL LOAD

3

41.0

23.9

10.4

6.3

6.0

12.4

100.0

- 95 -

TABLE 3

SOURCES OF LIQUID WASTES ON ISLAND OF PENANG

SOURCE LOAD IN 103

TONS PER YEAR BOD

5

1 2

Domestic 6.1

Industrial 3.4 arising mainly from pig farming, food and drink industry and textiles

TOTALS 9.5

TABLE 4

SOURCES OF LIQUID WASTES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA - WEST COAST

SOURCE LOAD IN 103

TONS PER YEAR BOD5

1 2

Domestic 81.2

Industrial 52.6 arising mainly from pig farming, food and drink industry, rubber industry, textiles, crude palm oil industry

TOTALS 133.8

PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL

3

64.2

35.8

100.0

PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL

3

60.7

39.3

100.0

- 96 -

TABLE S

SOURCES OF LIQUID WASTES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA SOUTH COAST

SOURCE LOAD IN 103

TONS PER PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL YEAR BOD5

1 2 3

Domestic 4.3 40.1

Industrial 6.4 59.9 arising mainly from pig-farming, food & drink industry, crude palm oil industry, rubber industry

TOTALS 10.7 100.0

---~-- -

TABLE 6

SOURCES OF LIQUID WASTES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA - EAST COAST

.------- ~-- --~---~

SOURCE LOAD IN 103

TONS PER PERCENTAGE OF YEAR BODS

1 2 3

Domestic 21.1 84.4

Industrial 3.9 15.6 mainly arising from pig-farming, food & drink industry, crude palm oil and rUbber industries

-_. TOTALS 25.0 100.0

TOTAL

- 97 -

TABLE 7

SOURCES OF LIQUID WASTES IN EAST MALAYSIA

SOURCE LOAD IN 103

TONS PER PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL YEAR BOD

5

1 2 3

Domestic 20.4 66.4

Industrial 10.3 33.6 arising mainly from food & drink industry, crude palm oil and rubber industries

TOTALS 30.7 100.0

---

TABLE S

ESTIMATED EMISSIONS FROM WOOD BURNING AND PETROLEUM REFINERIES, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, 1977

---

WooD3

BURNING 1977 IN PETROLEUM REFINERIES 1977 10 TONS PER YEAR IN 103 TONS PER YEAR

Particulate lS.4 0.4

S02 - S.5

NO 20.2 1.0 x

HC - 0.3

CO 119.4 11. 5

TOTALS 15S.0 21.7

- 98 -

TABLE 9

ESTIMATED FUEL CONSUMPTION IN COASTAL MALAYSIA 1979

Consumption in 10 3 As % of SOURCE

tons per year Stationary All

sources sources

1 2 3 4

Thermal fuel oil 4468 1 63.3 )

Power ) 65.3 54.3 Stations diesel 147 2.0 )

fuel oil 1388 19.7 )

Industry diesel 605 8.6 ) 29.0 24.2 kerosene 15 0.2 ) LPG 46 0.5 )

Domestic kerosene 199 2.9 ) LPG 173 2.8 )

5.7 4.4

TOTAL STATIONARY 7041 SOURCES

Transport

TOTAL

1

100% 82.9

petrol 894 - 10.5 diesel 565 - 6.6

8500 - 100.0%

The figure 4468 x 103 tons per year refers to the sales figure given by the oil company and is not the actual consumption figure.

- 99 -

TABLE 10

SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS IN MALAYSIA IN TONS/yEAR

i

Source Particulates S02 NO lIe Cu H2S Totals x -------1 2 3 4 5 i 6 7 2

----i- -,

ISLAND OF PENANG

Fuel burning sources 635.5 8041.3 1803.3 6115.1 I

14003.0 -Industrial processes 0.20 - - - - 0.02

I -TOTALS 635.70 8041.3 lC03.3 6115.1 lL.JO'l.O 0.02 30592.42

',IJ::ST COAS T

Fuel burning sources 43557.3 423549.5 93554.6 594'H.5 256605.8 -Industrial processes 21'3412.0 25 l.l26.0 LO.8 - n.s

TOTALS 256989.'3 4'?3574.'5 94880.6 '59472.1 256605.8 71..5 1091!227.0

SOUTH COAST Fuel burning sources 3163.5 23597.3 6880.7 3227.8 40074.3 -Industrial Erocesses 1102.5 .-- ___ 17.Q 1.1 218.0 - 51.4

TOl'J..lS 4266.0 .2l6.lh7 6?81.2 ~5.2 ! 007/ •• 3 51.4 '78335.0

EAST COAST Fuel burning sources 2672.9 20110.6 5261.0 2828.1 34532.6 -In,ustrial ETocesses 0.10 - - - - -

'roTALS 2673.0 20110.6 5261.0 2888.1 3Lill.6 - 62f&2.J...

SAST NALAYSIA Fuel burnine Bources 2360.3 22285.2 5750.9 I 2942.3 31626.0 -Industrial processes 24962.2 - 93.8 I - - - I I

I -- I---- i

I I ,

I TO:'ALS 2'1322.5 22285 •. ') 5844.7 ?942.3 316::>6.0 I

')00:'0.7 I - --.-.

COAST

1.

PENANG

WEST COAST

SOUl'H COAST

EAST COAST

- 100 -

TABLE 11

WEST MALAYSIA - COASTAL MONITORING STATIONS

STATE NUMBER OF SAMPLING STATIONS

BEACH TAR SEA-WATER

2 3

PENANG 9

PERLIS -KEDAR 5

PERAK 3

SELANGOR 1

NEGRI SEMBlLAN 7

MALACCA 5

JOHORE -

JOHORE 1

JOBORE 9

PAHANG 21

TRENGGANU 22

KELANTAN

TOTALS

NOTE:

4

87

NO MONITORING STATIONS HAVE BEEN

ESTABLISHED IN EAST MALAYSIA.

4

23

2

17

16

22

10

8

11

24

15

24

29

6

205

QUALITY

- 101 -

TABLE 12 (SHEET 1)

MALAYSIA - CRUDE PALM OIL MILLS IN COASTAL AREA

STATE PALM OIL MILL CRUDE PALM OIL EFFLUENT D~SCHARGED CAPACITY IN PRODUCTION IN IN M /YR TONS/HR TONS/YR

1 2 3 4

PENANG 10 11020 26208

10 12000 12000

10 5460 14851

TOTALS 3 30 28480 53059

KEDAH 20 12000 33384

TOTALS 1 20 12000 33384

PERAK 20 18000 37500

20 11608 30758

40 30000 82080

20 18000 40680

20 15000 36000

10 12000 24000

10 9953 18915

60 31250 72000

12 11232 22464

45 28750 68947

12 10332 2280 (river)

7920 (land)

40 22250 21288

30 6625 7920 (river)

1712 (land)

10 4621 23040

12.5 15000 30500

-

TOTALS 15 361.5 222371 52R004

- 102 -

TABLE 12 (SHEET 2)

1 2 3 4

SELANGOR 27 27150 70590

50 48750 81300 (river)

26700 (land)

50 42500 46025

18 14600 24180

20 15090 -20 15000 31002

20 18750 35000

20 18750 37500

16 25200 60480

10 9000 14400

18 18904 34117

36 29494 53083

20 75000 20717

20 18750 57000

20 19500 19500

TOTALS 15 365 328948 610594

NEGRI 40 26682 164195 SEMBILAN

35 27434 71328

12 9000 22500

TOTALS 3 87 63116 258023

MALACCA 10 12000 24000

TOTALS 1 10 12000 24000

JOHORE 25 16250 17220 (west)

TOTALS 1 25 16250 17220

- 103 -

TABLE 12 (SHEET 3)

1 2 3 4

JOHORE 35 28800 69120 (south)

36 30000 36000

20 18000 36000

10 12000 19400

TOTALS 4 101 88800 160520

TRENGGANU 60 40000 88920

30 31250 62400

TOTALS 2 90 71250 151320

PAHANG 20 19750 51347

TOTALS 2 20 19750 51347

SABAH 10 2125 5350

24 25500 51840

60 27500 68784

13 8500 17000

24 2000 25000

20 6500 16545

10 27500 7000

20 19500 50522

TOTALS 8 181 119125 242041

SARAWAK 30 30000 65000

20 14500 49920

1 180 378

TOTALS 3 51 44680 115298

STATE

PENANG

KEDAH

- 104 -

TABLE 13 (SHEET 1)

MALAYSIA - RUBBER PRODUCING FACTORIES IN COASTAL AREA

FACTORY PRODUCT PRODUCTION

(see Note at end TONS/DAY

of Table on Page LATEX 107 ) CONCENTRATE

SMR RSS SMR SMR SMR LATEX CONCENTRATE 5.76 CREPE SMR RSS

SMR SMR

TOTAL 9 5.76

CREPE SMR SMR SMRL SKIM BLANKET SMR CREPE SMR SMR RSS SMR SMR LATEX CONCENTRATE 35.0 SMR SMR RSS slim LATEX CONCENTRATE 50.0 SKIM LATEX RSS SMR SMR RSS

TOTAL 21 85.0

IN EFFLUENT DISCHARGED

OTHERS IN M3/YEAR

24 196,517 25 )

153,600 40 )

18 23,472 8.62) 84,900

)

163,100 100.0 1,425,000 23.0 54,588 15.0 3~,303 10.0 45,490

263.62 2,185,970

6 64 6 .0 , 68 20.0 13.0 7.5 2.5

10 9.5

26.0 15.0 4.4

10.0 6.0

)

15.0) 24.0 6.6

11. 0 )

50.0) 5.0

16.0 2.1 5.49

265.09

43,200 74,724 60,000 16,649

203,400 120,540 Re-cyc1ed

31,680 47,600 64,800 41,760

231,000 162,144

655 81,882

106,080

22,500 158,305 57,000 9,524

1,598,111

- 105 -

TABLE 13 (SHEET 2'-

STATE FACTORY PRODUCT PRODUCTION IN EFFLUENT (see Note at end

TONS/DAY DISCHARGED of Table on Page

IN M3/YEAR 107 ) LATEX OTHERS

CONCENTRATE

PERAK SMR 20.0 300,000 RSS 16.0 2,100 LATEX CONCENTRATE 35.6 - 366,106 RSS 10.9 2,563 DRY RUBBER 9.4 42,241 SMR 6.0 34,500 SMR 3.0)

214,200 RSS 5.0) CREPE 4.0) RSS 8.0 16,800 RSS 16.0 2,100 SMR 8.0 45,490 RSS 8.0 2,300

, TOTAL 11 35.6 104.3 1,028,400

SELANGOR SMa 11.0 64,200 LATEX CONCENTRATE 8.0 70,600 SMR 25.0 300,000 SMR 10.0 Re-cycled SMR 2.5 13,143 SMR 10.8 16,200

TOTAL 6 8.0 59.3 404,1113

NEGRI LATEX CONCENTRATE 10 42,423 SEMBI LAN SMR 12.0) 214,456

LATEX CONCENTRATE 56.6) SMR 5.0 34,092 CREPE 5.0 85,6111 RSS 4.0 60,000 RSS 6.0 11 ,400 CREPE 7.0 SMR 5.0 27,300 RSS 5.5) 53,760 TPC 2.4) SMR 7.0) 41,700 LATEX CONCENTRATE 7.0 ) 66,000 PALE CREPE 2.8)

TOTAL 11 17.0 118.3 636,821

MALACCA SMR 5.0 42,000 SMR 48.0) 489,000 RSS 7.0) SMR 20.0 Re-cyc1ed LATEX CONCENTRATE 22.0 90,072 CREPE 6.0 90,000 RSS 5.0 13,647 RSS 25.0) 210,000 SMR 50.0)

TOTAL 7 22.0 166.0 934,719

- 106 -

TABLE 13 (SHEET 3)

STATE FACTORY PRODUCT PRODUCTION IN EFFLUENT (see Note at end TONS/DAY DISCHARGED

I of Table on Page IN M3/YEAR i 107 ) LATEX OTHERS I I CONCENTRATE r-I JOHORE SMR BLOCK 5.5 16,000

I RSS ) 5.0 3,144 RSS )

SMR 20.0 72,000 SMR BLOCK ) 55.0 14,400 RSS )

SMR BLOCK ) 9.25 90.026 ADS )

SMR BLOCK 7.0 46,800 RSS 12.0 2,095 SMR BLOCK 22.0 207,360 SMR BLOCK 11.24 168,000 RSS )

ADS ) 11.0 100,000 SMR )

SMR BLOCK 28.0 32!;},160 RSS 10.0 4,224 RUBBER CREPE/BLANKET 5.0 35,000 SMR BLOCK 16.0 52,800 BLOCK RUBBERS 31. 72 491,292

I RSS 16.0 6,823 I , SMR BLOCK 15.0 22,290

L CREPE RUBBER BLANKET 8.0 3,548

TOTAL 18 287.71 1,664.962

JOHORE/south coast)

SMR BLOCK ) 7.25 71,760 RSS )

SMR BLOCK 12.0 272,563 LATEX CONCENTRATE 30.0 81,000 SMR BLOCK 4.0 19,600 SMR BLOCK 3.0 27,000 SMR BLOCK 30.25 54,114

~ SMR BLOCK 3.78 6,000 SMR BLOCK 20.0 2 016 000

i I

I TOTAL 8 30.0 80.28 2,548,037

I JOHORE (east coast) TRENGGANU RSS 10.0 27,000 KELANTAN SMR BLOCK 20.5 271,128

l SMR BLOCK 24.0 720,000 SMR BLOCK 3.9 28,080 SMR BLOCK 7.5 56,160

TOTAL 5 65.9 1 102,368

- 107 -

TASt.E 13 (SHEEt 4)

.-

STATE FACTORY PRODUCT PRODUCTION

(see Note below) TONS/DAY

LATEX CONCENTRATE

SARAWAK SMR SABAH SMR

SMR SMR

TOTAL 4

NOTE: RSS = RIBBED SMOKED SHEET SMR = STANDARD MALAYSIAN RUBBER TPC THIN PALE CREPE ADS = AIR DRIED SHEET

IN J£FFLUENT DISCHARGED IN M3/YEAR

OTHERS

5.0 54,588 10.0 33,000 14.42 17,750 11.00 90,160

30.42 194,498

I

- 108 -

TABLE 14

MALAYSIA - OIL SALES (EXCLUDING KEROSENE FOR AIRCRAFT) IN IMPERIAL GALLONS

Year

Power Stations Transport (land) Industries

1976 Domes ti c Marine & Govt.

vehicles and Military vehicles

Power Stations Transport (land) Industries

1977 Domestic

1978

1979

Marine & Govt. vehicles and Military vehicles

Power Stations Transport (land) Industries Domestic Marine & Govt.

vehicles and Military vehicles

Power Stations Transport (land) Industries Domestic Marine & Govt. vehicles and Military vehicles

I I I I i

---

Fuel Oil

307,847,040

177,697,186

2,770,053 (Marine plus others)

345,336,038

173,359,417

3,179,320 (Marine pl us others)

985,163,940

385,971,715

23,014,160 (marine plus others)

1,001,882,590

406,069,435


~

Diesel

222,285 104,010,920 212,318,233


274,575 113,731,807 222,382,105


10,257,000 183,974,605 183,673,835


33,060,000 185,984,485 200,594,435


I I !

--- - ---- - ---

Kerosene

2,623,807 64,182,403

92,575 (others)

2,833,574 67,840,051

349,300 (others)

Liquid Petroleum Gas

4,094,454 22,046,599

1,051,445 (others)

4,293,822 24,554,473

1,119,654 (others)

Gasoline

202,824,000

226,593,995

- - - ------ - ---------

, 259,800,000

7,538,000 (others) 1,966,205 (others) t

i

294,546,000 I 5,016,660 15,290,130 I

65,410,260 56,871,020

8,015,000 (others) 2,204,425 (others) ;

I - - -

- 109 -

TABLE 15

l'tUMBER OF··REGISTERED VEHICLES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, 1973 - 1979

I Private Tractors I HIRE I

Lorries Private Motor- Steamrollers Total YEAR Rotor- ~~r~r-MArn

Bunes Taxies cars c c es and Vans cars Cycles rnd Others TOTAL --P D P D P D P D P D P D P P D P D T

- ..

1973 729 6,5/.5 711. 6,680 106 6:: - - 39,25CJ 32,O0) 2()8, '378 18,516 507,096 2,107 16,551 848,389 81,259 10,303 93'1,'152

197/, 829 6,9CY1 829 7,150 129 83 - - 43,910 )7,674 337,935 19,975 611,822 2,2'10 1(),389 Qf)7,742 91,126 1l,352 1,C90,:n()

1975 895 7,70 1 1,198 7,806 14::- 93 - - 49,081 43,126 )75,854 22,1('0 722,109 2,240 22,284 1,151,719 103,262 12,138 1,267,11')

11176 859 8,876 1,737 8,"l7CJ :>12 98 - - 53,695 47,925 412,747 2L,,1'"'2 830,834 2,146 25, CClO 1,302,236 114,550 1'3,059 1,429,2/ .. 5

1')77 <i53 9,592 2,153 8,754 271 107 - - 58,553 53,472 46(",222 25,711 951,080 3,233 27,376 1,482,465 125,012 13,794 1,6n,nl

1978 1,1)8 10,451 ;::>,5ClS 8,O89 351 113 - - 63,441, 59,0!lO 527,193 27,065 1,079,020 5,125 29,464 1,679,0{:'0 136,263 14,626 1,820 ,')51'

.~ 11179 1,158 10,979 2,931 9,160 353 112 - - 68,183 64,593 572,890 29,231 1,195,216 5,98') 32,923 1,846,7;::>0 146,99<) 15,597 2,CO(),315 '-<

" .... i ~~ Isbnd <i' ~ FENANG 86 482 15 231 7 8 - - 3,465 2,633 31,,014 670 65,411 148 1,029 103,146 5,055 311 lCS,5F • ... ,tl .COAST 779 7,441 2,115 6,004 335 84 - - 47,015 43,975 309,962 22,137 770,126 4,914 22,200 1,225,246 101,841 9,738 1,336,225 ~S.COAST 182 1,776 432 1,667 10 15 - - 1),779 9,079 80,295 3,S25 193,607 645 4,582 284,1)50 21,544 3,130 309,261, ~.COAST , III 1,280 369 1,256 1 5 - - 7,924 8,006 58,619 2,8,)11 166,072 282 5,112 253,3 78 18,558 2,418 274,35/, - I

36Q 13,0061 58,619 166,072 5, 112 1

: ;;;.HALilYSIA no 1,280 1,25h 1 5 - - 7,924 2,899 282 251,378 IS,S58 2,1,18 i 27/, , "15/, ("lst Lmat('),d)

-- -""'-"-----_. --- _. Note: T = Trailor P = Petrol D = Diesel

Sou~: Road Transport Department Peninsular Halaysilt

City

1

GEORGETOWN -and island

BUTTERWORTH

JURU RIVER BASIN

REMAINDER

ALOR STAR

TOTALS TO SUMMARY

Island of PENANG

Population

2

555000

555000

BODS in tons7year

3

(i) 4,73 (ii) 1698

6071

- 110 -

TABLE 16 (SHEET 1)

CALCULATION OF DOMESTIC LIQUID WASTE POLLUTING LOAD

P.MALAYSIA, W.COAST

BODS in Populationltons7year

4 5

210000 I (i) 2068 I

(il) 535

65000 1150 ~

148700 I (i) 1465 (ii) 379

106000 I (i) 1044 (li) 270

529700 6911

P.MALAYSIA, S.COAST

BOD5 in Population I tons/year

6 7

P.MALAYSIA, E.COAST EAST MALAYSIA

BOD5 in Population I tons7year BOD5 in POPulation~tons7year

8

Notes

9 10 11

~ I~ormation fr m Di~ision of En ironment ,

(ij direct to ewer or waJercourse

(i ) not conna ted to sewJr or waterc urse direc~.

I

- 111 -

TABLE 16 (SHEET 2)


Island of PENANG I P. MALAYSIA. IN. COAST P.MALAYSIA, S.COAST P • MALAYSIA , E.COAST EAST MALAYSIA

City . BOD5, in . BOD5, in BOD5 in BOD5 in BOD5, in Population I t 7 Populat1on Population Population Population Ions year II tons7year tons/year tons/year tons7year

1 2 I 3 I 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 , I

i I

TAl PING i 133000 (i) 1310 I i

(11) 339 i

16LOOO (i) 1615 ,

PORT KLANG I I ' I (ii ) 418 ,

1241 I I INotes (i) firect to watercourse

SEPD£AN 126000 (i) I (11) inot connected to (ii ) 321 i I t watercourse direct. ,

PORT DICKSON I 180000 (i) 1773 I I (ii) 459 I

i

(i) I

MALACCA 140000 1379 I (ii) 357 I

i , I

REMAINDER 5252000 (i) 51732

I (ii)13392 I

JOHORE EAHRU 21,0000 (i) 2364 I

(11) 612 \

FJ:MAI~DER 105240 (i) 1036 i I

(ii ) 268 I

TOTALS TO ! ,

SUMMARY 5995000 74336 345240 4280 I I - -----L. i

- 112 -

TABLE 16 (SHEET 3)


Island of PENANG ! P .MALAYSIA, W.COAST P .MALAYSIA, S.COAST 'P.MALAYSIA, E.COAST EAST MALAYSIA I

!

City : BOD in ! BOD5 in BOD5 in BOD5 in BOD5 in I Population t 1 Population Population Population Population ons year I tons7year tons/year tonslyear tons7year . I i

1 2 3 I 4 5 6 I 7 8 I 9 10 11 I

i i

I i I I KOTA BAHRU I 113000 I(i) 1113.1

I I i(U) 288.0 :

I I(i) 1241.1 TRENGGANU

1 126000 I(U) 321.1

KUANTAN 67000 lei) 660.0 I(ii) 170.8 I

i !

?.EMAINDER I

1397200 [(i) 13762.4 i \

i(U) 3561.2 I

! I

I(i) 512.2 I . KOTA KINABALU I 52000 I 1(' . \ 13" t; I . ~1) ~'.-"

;

TAWAU 30000 I(i) 295.5 1(") 76 c: I ~~ •• ..J ,

SANDAKAN 53000 lei) 5:;'2.0 I(ii) 135.1 I

REMAINDEF. 525000 (i) 5171.3 (ii)1338.1

TOTALS TO I SUMMARY 2315200 21117.7 660000

__ I 8183.2

-- -

- 113"-

TABLE 16 (SHEET 4)

CALCULATION OF OOMESTIC LIQUID WASTE POLLUTING LOAD

Island of PENANG 1 P.MALAYSIA, W.COAST P.MALAYSIA, S.COAST p.MALAYSIA, E.COAST EAST MALAYSIA !

City BODS in . BODS in BOD5 in BOD5 in BOD5 in Population t 7 ' Populatlon Population Population Population ons year 'I tons7year tons/year tons/year tons7year

i I

1 2 ! 3 ! 4 5 6 i 7 8 9 10 , 11 i

I

I

i I I

KUCHING I I I 7QOOO (il 778 ,

(ii) 201 ! I

I ! I

I 45000 ! (i) 443 MIRI I

I (U) 115

I I 8590C( (i) 8461 REMAINDER ,

(ii) nao

I C \ ,

I liQJ&~ 1) (Ureet to atercourse! I

ed to wate'course dire~t (ii not connec ,

I

I I

, 1

I

TOTALS TO I

SUMMARY i 983000 i 12180 I

Sheet No.

1

I Sheet No. 1

Sheet No. 2

Sheet No. 3

Sheet No. 4

---

TOTALS

- 114 -

TABLE 16 (SUMMARY SHEET)


Island of PENANG I p.MALAYSIA. W.COAST p.MALAYSIA. S.COAST p.MALAYSIA. E.COAST I

Population BOD5, in ! BOD5 in . I BOD5 in Population BOD5 in t 7 i Population Populahon t I ons year I tons7year ons year tons/year

I I

I I

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I

: I 555000

I 6071 529700 6911 1 - - - -

- - 5995000 74336 34521,0 4280 - -

- - - - - - 2315200 21117.7

- - - - - - - -

555000 6071 6524700 81247 345240 4280 2315200 21117.7

->- -- - --

-!

EAST MALAYSIA

Pl' I BOD5 in opu atlon tonslyear

10 i 11

! I I I

- -I

!

- -I I

660C{)Q I i

8183.2

983000 l21ES.O I

1

1643000 20371.2

I

- 115 -

TABLE 17 (SHEET 1)

CALCULATION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE POLLUTING LOAD

I I

Island of PENANG i P.MALAYSIA, W.COAST P.MALAYSIA, S.COAST P.MALAYSIA. E.COAST EAST MALAYSIA

Industrial r----------r----------,----------+---------~~--------+_----------~I---------+----------,------------1 Classification Annual ' BOD5. in Annual BOD5. in Annual BODS in Annual BOD5 in Annual BODS in

production tons7year production tons7year production tons//ear I production I tonslyear production tonslyear _ head - head - h"l'3.d - head - head I

i

1 2 I 3 4 5 6, 7 8 9 10 11 I ,

i I lllO Ferlis Jahore li ,Johore !

, 500 36000 36000 I PIG FAfl.!ING 60000 I Note !

I Kedah . Pahang ~ af this pb. pulation

,;>0000 2ooCO 15000 arel included in the disch~rr,e from the

Penang Trengganu Prai InduEt~ial Area. * 135000 1700 (See SheeF 8 ) I

Perak Kelantan 25000 5000

Selangor I 16700

N'3 ge ri Sembilan

100000

I Malacca

Totals to Summary

h\',rso

92000

Jahore 36000

I

Note: Production statistics for 1977 supplied by Pig and Poultry Section, Veterinary Department, I

\ -- - \ ; Mti8try of AriCUltUre. i I I ! :

./ 1704.[: Ix '.',CO,)CCi ')'?7)4 y,ccc 1022.4 6noo 1780.7

- 116 -

TABLE 17 (SHEET 2)


Island of PENANG I

p.MALAYSIA, W.COAST P.MALAYSIA, S.COAST p.MALAYSIA, E.COAST EAST MALAYSIA I Industrial . [ Annual I BOD5 in Classification Annual BOD5 1n I Annual BOD5 in Annual BOD5 in Annul BOD5 in

I production tons7year production tons7year production tons/year production tons7year production I tons7year

I I I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 . 11 I

3111 cattle ca.ttle cattle cattle cattle I ,

2380 28260 1494 7372 7111 I I

buffalo huffal0 buffalo buffalo blllffal0 I ,

1556 18479 977 4820 4650 ,

pigs pigs pigs pigs pigs ,

481.15 574823 30390 149940 144640 I I

I goat/sheep i goat/sheep goat/sheep goat/sheep goat/sheep 4030 47856 2530 12483 \ 12042 i

Totals 12841 tons 82.18 15?467 tons 975 8048 tons 51.5 39770 tons 254.5 39464 tons I 252.6 , ,

Note: stat . s tic s for 1 { 77 supplied by Kemente rian Pertani !Jll (Ministr of Agricul"t ure) ; - I -~1l3

and 31139 - - 14104 tons 176.3 5115 tons 63.9 - - - -

)1140 4('00 tons 31.60 40 970 tons 394.8 375 tons 3.0 2000 tons 15.80 1665 tons 13. 2

3115 refined 1,4126 0 tnns 576.2 f,13254 tons 7911 302857 tons 3907 78570 tons 1013 32310 tons 416.8 crude 683165 tons se~ Sheet P8800 tons see ShE'lSt 91COO tons see Sheet 163805 tons see Sheet

3 3 3 3

I - to I I 689.98 9457.1 4025.4 1?1I'l 'l a 01) c.

j"ummarv

Industrial Classification

1

3115

CRUDE PALH GIL

Island of PENANG

Annual production tons/year

2 I I

BOD5, in tons7year

3

- 117 -

TABLE 17 (SHEET 3)


p.MALAYSIA. W.COAST

Annual production

i tons/year --:

4

\

I Perl is

Kedah 120000

Penang 28480

Perak 222371

Se1angor 328948

Negri Sembilan

63116

BOD, in tons7year

5

P.MALAYSIA, S.COAST

Annual BOD5 in production tons/year tons/year

6 7

Johore 28200

P.MALAYSIA, E.COAST

Annul production tons/year

8

Johore

?ahang 19750

Trengganu 71250

Ke1antan

I

BOD5 in tons/year

9

EAST MALAYSIA

Annual I BOD5 in productio~ tons/year

tens/year I

10

Sahah llol2':>

-r : I

Sarawak i

44680 !

11

}.'lalacca I I

162'jC

12000 -l ~hore I

------l---"-+-----+--6S-3-16-5-+----+--S-S8-C0 91000 163805 "---

Totals to "

Note: ProdClctt ion statistp_cs sUPP1iei by Divisi1n of :::nvirofent, HiniFry of SCiente, TeChn010fY & Snvirohment. -- ~ffluent m3 yr. Effl'Aent m3 yr. ffluent m)! r ffluent m3(yr.

152484 3350 1605:'0 353 202667 445 357339 786

( "JJ5C 353 445 786

Industrial Classification

1

31163

31164

31216

31220

31330

31340

Vlll) 32112 )

3:::>130

32310

33111 13112 33113 13119 13200

34120 ) 34190 ) ~L?or ;

3511C Totals to Summary

Island of PENANG

Annual I production I

2

(;.5 x 106 litres

1'82/. tons

714 tons

I

BODS in tons7year

3

If,.25

282.4

71.4

970.05

- 118°-

TABLE 17 (SHEET 4)


p.MALAYSIA, W.COAST

Annual production

4

63282 tom

105184 tons

236685 tons

7142 tons

33.8 x 106 litres

56312 tons

2995 tons

1250 tons

6 x 106m2

1~4137 tons 234ql? tons

10000 tons

191871 tons

BODS in tons7year

5

69.6

115.7

61.4

84.5

5631.2

29".5

111.25

6750

8e

1)2':'3.15 I

P.MALAYSIA, S.COAST P.MALAYSIA, E.COAST

Annual production

6

10415 tons

6.9 x 106 litres

545 tons

226317 tons

7142 tons

370f tons

BODS in I Annul tons/year production

7 8

ll.5

17.25

54.5 ?2 tons

57.1

140.35

BODS in tons/year

9

'7.2

7.2

EAST MALAYSIA

Annual production

10

BODS in tonslyear

11

T! .5'7 ! :3726

I

11C.2:1061 litres I

I I

100000 tons 175890 tons

27.0

g753

- 119"-

TABLE 17 (SHEET 5)


-Island of PENANG I P.MALAYSIA, W.COAST p.MALAYSIA, S.COAST P • MALAYSIA • E.COAST EAST MALA YSIA

Industrial Classification Annual BOD5. in : Annual BOD5. in Annual BOD5 in Aon1l&l I BOD5. in Annual BOD5. in

production tons7year :production tons7year production tons/year production Itons7year production tons7year i I

1 2 : 3 ! 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ,

11 , I !

j

!

.

151::>0 - f,61054 tons - 571 tons - - ;'69'/4 tons:

"35130 ? ? ? I i

~ ? ,

1521C 204 tons 1091 tons I , - - - - -35220 - 121 tons - 4 tons - - -35210 )

14.3 tons negligible 2857 tons 17.1 i - ,

3523Q ) - I - I "352QO - 101,452 tons - 1142 tons -(paints) I

I I

15300 - 2617836 m3 392.6 - - - I 15400 878 tons I - - - - - I "3551C - 985 tons - 671752 tons - - 93 tons - I 35591 ) See sheE ts 6 and 7 "35592 )

TOTALS TO I SUMMARY 392.6 17.1 i

" __ ~ __ --lL __ _________ ~I- __ --

- 120 -

TABLE 17 (SHEET 6)


Island of PENANG I P.MALAYSIA, W.COAST P • MALA YSIA, S. COAST I p.MALAYSIA. E.COAST EAST MALAYSIA !r::;h:strial ! SOD5. in I Annual

Classification Annual BOD, in Annual BOD5 in Annu.l BOD, in Annual l BOD5 in production tons7year produ~tion tons7year production tons/year produetion tons/year production tons/year tons/day tons/day tons/day tons/day tons/day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

3550 1 !l.nd Perlis Johore 1550 ;> 30.0 27.0 RlJ13BER

Kedah PLAtJTATIONS 85.0 71.0 (latex

concentrate) Penang 5.76 11.5

Perak 35.60 I 122.0

Selangor 8.0 I 23.0

Negri Sem.,.. I

hilan 17.0 29.0

Ma1acca n.o 30.0

Johore

Total daily ptoduction 17,.j--= 30.0

Totals to ;Summary

Note: Prodllr lion statisqcs supplied I by Divisioh of Environjnent, J.linis~ry of SCienqe, Techno1o/fY & Envirorlment.

286.5 27.0

- 121 -

TABLE 17 (SHEET 7)


Island of PENANG P.MALAYSIA, W.COAST Industrial

Classification

1

35591 and 35592

RUBBER FLAN TATI ON

(not latex conC8ntr'lte)

Annual production tons/nay

2

Total daily p*oduction

BODS in I Annual tonslyear : production

tons/day

3 4

PerHs

Kedah 265.09

Penang 263.62

Perak

BODS in tonalyear

5

/"'57

717

104.30 I 221

Selangor 5f) .30

NeEri Sembilan

118.3

Malacca 166.0

Johore

131

183

282

287.71 555

1264.32

P.MALAYSIA, S.COAST

Annual production tonR/day

6

Johore 80.28

80.28

BOD5 in tons/year

7

822

P.MALAYSIA, E.COAST

Annual production tons/day

8

Johore ) Trengganu ) Kelantan )

I I I

65.9 I

65.9

BODS in tons7year

9

367

EAST MALAYSIA

Annual production tons/day

10

Sabah

I

) ! Sara',rak ) ~

30.42 ,

30.42

BODS in tons7year

11

65

"ate: Pr()dllC~tirlTI lltatisqcs supplied! hy Divisiop of Enviro~ent, 11inistr~' of Scienc\e, Technoloity 2< Envirorfnent.

T,,~als to 2546 822 367 {'5

- 122 -

TABLE 17 (SHEET 8)


I Island of PENANG I P.MALAYSIA, W.COAST p.MALAYSIA, S.COAST P.MALAYSIA, E.COAST EAST MALAYSIA Industrial r I Classi fication Annual I BOD5. in Annual BOD5. in Annual I BOD5 in Annual BOD5 in Annual BOD5 in

production tons7year ,production tons7year production tons/year production tons/year production tons/year I I I ,

I 4 6 i 8 ,

1 2 3 5 7 9 10 11 I ,

,

! !

.

3'i50g - i - - - -360 10 - I 795 tons - 80555 t6ns - - 0218 tons; -

: ~22142 tons: 36921 - I 1216773 tons - - - - -

36991 - - - - -37101 - I ~5J37 tons - - - - 395 tons , -371C2

i

323;:>0 - - - ,

I I

- -i

32439 - - - -I

-I ,

38449 - - - - -

Juru P..iver - - 650 3f - - - - -Basin

~ Informat on provided by Bahagiar: Alam Sekii ar (Divisior of Environ illent )

4101 - 1135 MWH 2.5 65 MWH negligible - - -TOTALS TO

SUMMARY 652.5 negligible J _ -_.-- .. _-- --'------

- U3 -



Island of PENANG I p.MALAYSIA, W.COAST P.MALAYSIA, S.COAST P. MALAYSIA, E. COAST I EAST MALAYSIA

Sheet No. Annual BOD5. in Annual BOD5. in Annual BOD5 in Annul BOD5 in Annual BOD5 in production tons7year iproduction tons7year production tons/year production tonslyear production tonslyear

,

,

1 2 :

3 I 4 5 6 7 8 I 9 10 I 11 I !

Sheet 1 1704. C 22:734.0 I 1022.4 I 1780.7 , - - - - - -,

I I

Sheet 2 i

I - ,

689.98 - 9457.1 - 40.25.4 - 1283.3 -\

682.6

Sheet 3 - - - 3350.0 - 353.0 - I 445.0 - 786.0

Sheet 4 - I 970.05 - 13203.15 - 11,0.35 - 1 7.2 - 8753.0

I I

192.6 I Sheet 5 - I - - - 17.1 - - - -Sheet 6 - - - 286.5 - ?ry.O - - - -Sheet 7 - - - 2546.0 - 822.0 - 367.0 - 6-5.0

Sheet 8 - - - 652.5 - negligible - - - -

I

I .

TOASL 3364.0.3 52621.85 640.7.25 3883.2 1 10.286.6 i

I

- 124 -

ATTACHMENT TO TABLE 17

nillUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATIONS

List of Divisions, Najar Groups and Groups

Revised 1'!alnyBia Industrial Classification

Division Major Group Group

11 111

1111 1112-111} 1119

112 1120 113 1130

12 121 1210 122 1220

13 130 1301 1302

21 210 2100 22 220 2200 23 2,30

2301 2.302

29 290 2901 2902 2903 2909

I I I I

Description

~!.~(:'.1tllr~ nnd ElIl1_ti~ A[jd ~uJ ture r>l'd Li veGtock Froc1uction

Acriculture, temporary crops Agricultur.', permanent cro:ps

Livestock Agricultural ServircG lI\!nt,in~, 'l'r~rrinL',nd G.:.'me rropa~ation

!orc,'~t ry ,:l7:d Lt')r~[;~_nl~

F()rr~: try wrr:ir.1;i

!lG;in~ (;(,~Il.."l nnd con::;tal fi"lJint; :;:i c;:'lin.r:; not cl;,t~'N~~':!r0 classified

Co:,] ~':i ni n;: Cruel" J ctrolCl1r.l rm<"l :;."~~lral Gas Production l:etnL~: e l~ini~G

Irr·n ():~t~ r.jnin,~

;;o:1-Fe:-rouG 0rf' mininrz Oth", :'l!1inS

.J:C:lC ,'" :-ryin,-, cIa] and sand pits Cf::":::ical and fC!:,ti liser mineral mining Sn.:.t min ins ~~ining and quarrying, n.c.c.

};"nuf;'lcturp. of Foo,l. J:\C'verD.Ges a.'1d Tobacco Food j':"nu fact.uri nc:

f,J:ll:r;hterinG. t'r(': ,·,rin" [:"n preservins ~:"n t

~:c,nll fncturC! (l f d.~.i ry pronucts Cnr.r.inr and prCG0rV~r; of fruits and

vCi~ct.nhlcs Cnnnwr;. prerervin" :,.nd processinG of

fi;;h. crust ace" ,'L'H: ,.imilnr foods Mn:lt~:i1cturi) of ·~~~r:0t,,'lblc and (L."1:ir:ial oi18

Grnin ",ill }lroduc~ .. ;c

t;·,n"facture of C.-l.,,'r/ productG SU-~,"lr factories (1!'"!(! rcfi~c::"icG

l~iJn\1f'lcture of COC'(l", , chocolate nnd ~ll~nr co::fcctioncry

~:TL'1ufar:turc of [0:-... ,1 ?Toc1uGts, n.e.c. t':nn"facture of :->rel,r;red =irnal feedG

Bcv,'r~re Induntri~G

fji ,,71 11i 11 I': , rerti.f;:inr: and blen.3.:ins Gpirits S:~r.~~ industriec ::<11+ :1.r.1I1'):-r; l!.."1d :,~'1.1t

!::0~ t dr~ ni.::; and carl.I~'nntcd wnter in,-:ustries TO;l'\r:r:r'! :>,~~·.lf:1.c~_urt"'r;

~-_-.L __ ...L.-___ . __ . _____ . __________ , ___ _

- 125 -


Rov-iced J".[.Iluyciu In~uGtriul CluGsificntion

Division ~:njor

Group Group

32 321

3211 3212

3213 3214 3215 3219

322 3220

323

3231 3232 3233

321l 3240

33

331

3311 3312

3319 332 3320

34

}41 3411 3412

3419

}42 3420 35

351 3511

3512 3513

352 3521

3')22 3523

.-

DCGcri ption

---

Textile I Wenrin~ ~£! r.~ufD.cturl: of l'E:X

.5 piru;ir.c , WC2. vi71

----_.

IJ'c1 .:md Leather InduGtries tiles

~lanuf~.cturc of .-.

5 a~~ finishing textiles ~c.:e-ui' textile !3oods

except v:c~,rlL[ ai--};:_re 1 r:ni t tine mills :<anufacture of (;

CordrlCC: , ru ,.~ ~ .. J':an uf <.t (; ture of t

HMuf<lctu:-:, of y.j ea Foot·"'·;3.r

MMUf.'!ctur= of I_{~ a le:>.ther 1

Lc: _ t !:l)!

except FOe " ,':\ : ::-T3JlIleri.:; s allU }.~l

l\:.r drc.::.sin:.; ~'1C

f.~~ufo.cturB 0::" r and leuther su foot~;cOlr .:L"1d ..

arp"tc ('.nd rues d t~.i~~ illdu3tries L:-:t.ilc:::., n.c.C. r l.ng ... ~':~:l'e 1, except

ti.C'Y' ~::, j rruducts of ,--",.:.,,'. tutes =d Fur,

,. ~.( "'~"';'inc h.~-:...!:...rel ;. OJ ":'._:'::' !~ i!1 i.sili~C

:":~-(:i!lG indust.ies ,·'j·.:ucts of leather t;;3titutc~, e>:cept C:lrj I:~_; 3pp3J 81

t'~;lJl u f. ACt \.~ rc-

or i·;O:.l:~~·d

0: ~(O

~t~Gt(·

t·,;:,:..·~,!", .. c:·:~~'" -':.. ~·iclcnnized ':- C~ rl""cic Footv!ear

~~anuf"ct":-.· (,f :,: (.. :.. :1

Fu:-r.iture ~~finu L.:: - Lt':'1~0 vf 1','(;

.s.;·:~t_ ~L!:':'~~~~ ~-:c, .. ':.:' .:. ~~.. ) J . : ~ ""'

}!<1.....,.Uf;~(;tL:-~' cf vi

Cl.na !.::: .. :.:.ll (,=--.:.:.: I·: :J.l~ u f 0. ~ ~ .. l...O!'e (;f' .'-

t::on:.: fae-tun' L' £' r c:r' cxc\,.'~~

::~(; "ood Froducts l including

c "r,d ·.·;cod [:trl Cork Products,

S' and ltL·.r ~·:GJc. n',ills ooden ;:lnC ceLL (;o:Jtuiners

"Nar...:

\..-',;.. (1 and cc!"l: procuctc, n.e.c. n~ !".l~e ar:n ~~i>:tures!

, __ ~ ;·.:t ::.tl. Eri~l::;...!·i 1 v ----l-1anuL~C'tur[' 01" ! ~: ~ ::-

and l-ubli!~:lir:r;

Nt'u~u f.:lc~~'..lrC :> i' f,,: :.j~l1 u !'0.C -: U!·(: c i' -~.:~~i.~ :~,~ctur-v {;i c

:: :.~ ~ (:!"" Jr:a }- <_ ~ l: : ::u:u:-.:...~ t'J.!·· .. G: -

c.rtic':"-:.!0, r .• I...· •

".cd ~"\'c:::- Products, Printing

.. r',rc f:··:;er Products .~::.,'), ,;:-"'cr ~l.Y,d papcrboard :x:t·!ir:(·r~; and boxe[; of 1'':. co:.: d

1 ~ ~., ",,'~r 0.:,0. j.:uperboard c.

Pri:1 ~.:'r: .;~ ~:::u .. u ;~;..,c:,' Jr' '.'

Pc' "':",l'C, - i~""'::. 4

! .. :,2:. Shi ~~(\_d AlliPG Industries C~};; and of C:,('!·ical.

---.,-. ~obstic (;~- r-,h~IT\1

.. Co:..,l. R

l-':'():~·J,-:t:.i

~:. ~l L. ~l ,: 't,''': rL' cf ::'"d !';~;1U f~_c t U )<'{" uf iJ

cxcept fl~T~ i Ii t;:.:lUfu~ tUl'e of 1

Lo.nufacture of ::;

r::ater laIc'. and !;Ll:~.3

l'~flDufacture of Otl, 1 Lv'1u f':i ct u~~C! of })

lacquers

'-..st 1 1;3.: Ch"'-"'~~_cal::; ~)~ i. -;-i.:-!dn~; t :-i,-~l chcmicalv ::er:.; L' rtili zcrG (illd lJcnticides Jr;U;etic reo:in::, pl<1Gtic ::.n-::iCJ.Je fi br"c cy.cept

er Ci~.·!~ic='l I J ro1ucts .'.iiI. \...j, v~nisl:t.:8 and

t~~:ufucture of <i.r-'.lCS and C".edicincs r"nufuctul'e of 13

J.H:rfu;,)es t CO~!7".

r!'Jp..lrations

o~~ ~d cle~~inG preparutions, eti cc u.r.d otlter toilet

- 126 -


Revincd l1alaysin Industrial Claacification

Dcscription

Division ~!ajor Group

Group

3529 Manufacture of chcr.lical products, n.e.c.

353 3530 Petroleum Re fi nC'ri!'r. 354 3540 II[lIlufacture of I:i (iCC llllncous Products

of Petrolf':JlC and Coal 355 1·::J.T:uf",cture of ~ubber Procucts

3551 'lyre n..'1d tube indu3trieG 3559 ~:2.;1ufilCturC of rubber products, n.e.c.

356 3560 I·;an:.lfacturc of f'b.stic Products I n.e.c. 36 Manufacture of ;·Ion-I·~e tall ic ;:ineral Products,

Cj:ccpt troductG <'f i'ctroleum and Coal 361 3610 l!n.nufilcture of ;"'0 t tcr;z 2 China and

l.:--.rthenw:::.re 362 3620 K'mufactt:re of Glass and Glass Products 369 Ear;ufncture of lie l-!;ctnllic Mineral

Prod~ct~

3691 l:an:..f'ict'.Jre of ::tructu:-al clay producta 3692 l:al1ufactul'e of cC'r"ent, lime ond ~aster 3699 l':ar,ufacture of non-r.letnllic r..ineral

product [;, n.e.(". 37 Basic i':ctnl In duoS ~r:'.. C' s

371 3710 Iron ',l"1d .steel ib si c Industries 372 3720 l~on-.FerrOli.C. ;:(>L·.:. l\;--!.si C Ind:.lstries

38 ~'~;1Jn4f rl,(:tu!"p of F~.b:·icated ;':0tal Froducts, l:"chinc:-~' ;1:10 Lr..Ii ,·: .. ,~:::t

381 l·j~n\1racturc of Far'rlc .. tec. l~ctal Froducts, oxcept l';'lc hin er~' a..'1d Bouip:nent

3811 ~j=ufllcturp of cutlery, hand tools and r,eneral har<l.'.a!"'c

3812 ~:anufacture of furniture a.'1d fixtures }::-ir:;ari ly of !:letal

3813 l':anuf"ctt:re of structural metal products 3819 t-j,:muf~;:ture of fnbricatcd metod products

except r.:achincry and equipme:1t, n.e.c. 382 Hanu:acturc of r'~!lC r!incr:, exce':Jt Electrical

3821 I·b.nufacturc of enGines and turt-incs 3822 Hanufacture ':If n:-riculturnl r;}acilinery and

e qui prren t 3823 l'~anufacturp of ~C'tal and Ivood working

3824 m'lchinery

'·:n.nu f D. C t ure of sFc-cinl induGtrial machinery and cq:lir:~~n~ except r:etnl and wood worY-in!; r.nc:-.incry

3825 Ha'lufacture of office, co:nputio& and accountinG r:;achinery

3829 1-1achine'ry and c"uip:r,cnt except electrical, n~t.c .

383 ~:anufi:lcture of ~le c~ riCR: l!llchinerY:I Al'~aratus , ADEliancC's a.YJ.d .:.,,, 'Cn li (: S I

I 3831 Lar.ufa,,!,ure of ehctr:.c"l lnc.u::;trl.al

L ,

r.: chlncry a;-.d -'t?-:..ratuc 3832 ~rul~ facture 0: )- ':.:.: <... .. te levl [>lon and

L ___ C(,::::-:ur.:iC ltlur. ,-. :~u 1 ~_~( ;} t ane: arrnra.tus - ~- --- - . . - -

t-----.------ --~('\fised Ilulllyr;in

Induatrial Classification

39

41

42 50

61

Hajor Group

390

410

420 500

611

612

613

Group

3852

3853

3901

3902 3903 3909

4101 4102 4103 4200

5001

5002

6111 6112 6113 6114 6115

6116 6117

61 ':j 1..>119

6121-6122

6131 6132 6133 6134 6139

I

I I

- 127 -A1'TACHMEN'l' TO "ABLE 11

- -------_._-----..,

tlescription

Manufactur~ of electrical appliances and ho~sc"nres

}\anufacture of e lectncal apparatus a.'lu L:up~litO L', r,. e. c.

}ianuLctu:-e of 1r-:msrort L'Juiprnent ,shirbuillan..; cud !"<:}:i1rinr; ~:W1ufactul''' c!- rai '..ro"d equipment F2.nuf;.;ct.l:''' of cotc)!' ver.icles !'::::.nuf",ct"ri: of r.,C:'..:r-2j'cle;:; and bicycles ~'la.Iluf~~ct-. ... r·0 0: aircr~l,:t

~lanufact'~r': c·: trc..:.~; _"t equipment, n.e.c. MnnuL .. ct~I'e of lrolL .. :oiOll'.l ana Scientific and

:";eti,:urlr:-- ~r.G ';C·r:t"O.: lr!f7 Equipment n.e.c •• and of r!Joto"!'C1."':ie end Optical Goods j'!anllf'lctu!'e of }-l';,!"cssional and scientific

:..wJ r.1(;asurinc anti cor.trolling equirc:2nt, n.e. c'"

t'br.ufuc'..ure of photOGraphic ar.d optical 50c'o::;

}:am.:f::cture of w3tches and clocks Other j';~I!lt!fa~turi!lr: Industries

l<:m'Jfuctun; of je, .. ;·~llery and related ariic~l_'~:

J-:i.lr.t.:fce~.ur.: of cu,:ic:,l instruments i::lilLl f:.ct;;re c: !" ~rt 1n:; and athletic goods F3IJl.:f,·ct .... ~l;Jr. i:.r~, .. -:ries. n.e.c.

E1ectri~lty. G~r ~~ct ~tean

:::''It::·ct.!'i'': li __ .t ~!.~.~~ I~o·: .. er '32.S r:··:l'.....:,~'":~·...i.~"- ,I.;ld distribution ~~I..-'~:-! "":.'. :1(,': \';-J.tt~r supply

Water 'lcrl ~ :!! . ...; :....'.11111y

Construction Ge!ll'ral eC!l~:-.;:crs including civil

ensinccrl~Z contractors Speci!ll tr,de co;.tractors

Wholes,.le '!'rc:.j(

Food, l~~~i~!J. ; 7.(:, '.':~ob:~--:co

Eca: =d lc_,,:t.ry \ r"re::;;; and frozen) Fj ~"J (:': ;':;';, :!'v,:c':1, d.: ied or salted) Fruits 0:.:1. VLt:\ 1: bles C(.·:-.fc:ti0~~·~·ry \, ~·.~LI..·t~t etc.) BiC'c'~it". _",.. • h'(;,l(l and otlJer bakery

:TOcluC t. hlCt;, ot.: . ...:r (;tLcr fc '

l' u~", ~.~,

i... :. '..::. )

. ...... oJ, flG.lr . ~ (e_c. tin...'1cd foods, dairy

.. '. ,". ell, to:>., soft drinks,

IuL. 1cco, Cl~~~~, ('~.:~rettes, ~tQ. beer, ·,L:i!l':, s-;i.-;::,,+ . .3

liuu""',ol(: C,L:; (>,' d)'ll Goods Household L·Jrd·'~'L'. ~:i tchenware, chinailare,

[~USC.· ... ;\!'\;, o~~:':;,C:1ts, etc. ~ioto" eye' • '0:", .. V"lcicles. Fetrol, etc.

Foto!" <::1'-' ~L. =" 1.';'::'; thereof t:olor V' .. 'LlC:L~, r: tJ

Letor v.":ic> • u:·_,J P,rts :I~J :.ceL : ',"';lO I:", S for rr.otor vehicles

I ~ ______ ~ __ -J ______ ~ _____________ . _________________________ -J

- 128 -

TABLE 18 (SHEET 1)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM EXTERNAL CO~EUSTION SOURCES - MALAYSIA 1979

1

-I CONSUl1PTION PAF.TIClJLATES S02 NO HC CO 103 x PRCCESS COl-EUSTIBLE UNIT Units/year ~g.per tons/ kg.pflr'tons/ kg.per tons/ kg.per tons/ kg.rer tons/ ~nit prear unit year unit year ~it year unit yel1r

1 :> .3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.3 14 POWER PLANTS

r---1. Island of

PENANG - - - - - - - - - - - - -SUB TOTAL

< 2. W.COAST Fuel Oil (1,%) Ton 4228.0 4.74 ::>0040.7 19.9 S .3.36549.0 13.2 55809.6 0.='6 1099.3 0.1.2 1775.r, .... CIl

->-< SUB TOTAL 4228.0 ::>0040.7 3.36549.0 558()Q.6 1099 • .3 1775.8 ...:l

~ Fue 1 Oil (I,'f,S )

100.81 co: 3. S.COAST Ton 240.0 4.74 11.37.6 19.9 S 19104.0 13.2 3168.0 0.;:>6 62.4 0.42 < ...:l .,

SUB TOTAL 240.0 1137.6 19104.0 3168.0 62.4 100.8 CIl z .... z 4. E.COAST - - - - - - - - - - - - -r..l Ilo

SUB TOTAL - - - - -5. E.MAtAYSIA F. O.DISTILLATE (l%S) Ton 147.0 2.13 :n.3.1 20.1 S 2954.7 7.5 1102.5 0.41 60 • .3 0.59 86.7

SUB TOTAL 147.0 '1.3.1 2954·7 1102.5 60 • .3 86.7 [

- 129 -

TABLE 18 (SHEET 2)

CALCULATION OF EHISSIONS FROM EXTEhNAL CONBUSTION SOUf(CES - MALAYSIA 19'79

CDtISUMPTION PARTICULATES r S02 NO I HC I C~ PROC~S COMBUSTIBLE UNIT Uni~~year ! _ x ~ I

I kg.per tons/ kg~per tons/ kg:per tons! g.perl tons/ kg.per tons/ unit ~ear un~t year un~t year it year unit year

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

I INDUSTRIAL AND ' ". ' I

CCNl,!ERCIAL 'I

:'URNAC~ ,t

! LIsland of Fuel Oil ':'on 86.73 '2.8r, 248.9 19.98 6973.1 i 7.5 650.6 0.37 32.1 : 0.52 45.1 I PC.'UNG Diesel (F.C.Dist.) Ton 37.83 !,2.13 80.6 20.1S 760.4 ,7.5 283.7 O.L.l 1).5 I 0.59 22.3 ! Kerosene (0.2~~S) !~on 0.95 : 3.00 2.85 17.00 64.6 2.'3 2.2 0.41 OJ; 0.25 negl~6'

1 I LPG i J.on 1.SS i 0.38 O.TI 1.35S - 2.6, 4.9 0.65 1.< 0.35 negh:.

! \ SUBTOTAL : . ·127.39t ' 333.(6' 7798.~- t! 941.4'1-- -49.2 -l- I 67.4

I ' f I I r- i!' --'.- ;. .,."" I 1----1

II p. ',:.SOA~:T Fuel Oil , Ton 850.0 ' ?87 2439.5 19.98 ,67660.0 7.5 , 6375.0 : 0.37 114.5 0.52 i 442.0 I , Diesel (F.O.Dist.) Ton 371.0 ! 2.13 790.2 20.1S .7457.0 ".r" '278::>.)' 0.41 152.1 0.5'1! 218.<1 1< i Kerosene Ton 9.?? : 3.00 27.3 17.00: 31.5 12.3 1 21.3! 0.41 ".8 0.25; 2,< I

"'"'jre LPG Ton .18.'0 0.38: 7.C, 1.355; - . 2.6 1 47.~ .~~~~ 12.0 0,35! i).4--.J • I I ! I

. 1248.67 ' I' , i ;i SUB 'l'OTAL ' 13264. 5 ~ !7'514~~. _. 9226.~ 482.4 ---L 669.6 __ !

~ p. S.COAST Fuel Oil . Ton 41.36 I 2.87 I 124.1, 119.95 1,451.4 7.5 325.2 0.37 16.0 0.52 22.5 ' => I Diesel (r.O.Dist.) Ton 18.92 2.13 40.3 20.1S I 380.3 7.5 141.9 O.f.l 7.8 0.59 11.2 : ~ Kerosene Ton 0.47 3.00 1.4 117. OS I 1.6 2.1 1.1 O.L.l M:;lig 0.25 nef{lig I ~ I LPG Ton 0.94 0.38 negUg' 1.35S~ 2.6 2./, 0.65 neglig 0.35 neglig.

p.. I . . I I J ,,(',

I (' or SUB TO~AL 63.69 165.~_ 3833.3 " ~~I- ,,23.8 • 33.7 ,

~. S • ..,O ..... ,T Fuel 0~1 Ton 220.0 ::>.87 631.4 119.9S 117512.0 ,.5 1650.0 0.3, 81.4 0.)2 11/,.4 ' ! Diesel (F.O.Dist.) .'.',I;:()_:: .. ~ __ ~.10 I, ~·131 ?OL.'7. ;20.1S I 1931.~ ~.5 7:'0.P' : C.I,l 39.L. 0.~9. I 56.7 I . Kerosene i .on .• 40 ! .1. 00 7.? 17.OS, 8.< -.3 5.5 0.41, 1.0 0 •. 'i 0.6 , LPG ' Ton I .. n ,0.3Rc 1.:: 1.1551 ne-,lig. 2.(; 12./. 0.65' 3.1 0.15 1.7 r- -- ----- .---. I -+-·--=;......-·-~---'--"-.,..i-·~---"------'"---~--::;..;;"""-----'-~--'-'--

! SUB,TOT·~. Ton 323.27 ! . E45.1 1'1451.8 ::>388.7 1;"'4.9· 173.4 f i .___ _ _ _ • ____ •• ___ ______ _

.- -- - - - - - - -

- 130 -

TABLE 18 (SHEET 3)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FHOH EXT~RNAL CONBUSTION SOUI((;ES - MALAYSIA 1 CJ79

CONSUl1PTION PARTICULATES S02 NO HC l-~~ 103 x

PROCESS COMBUSTIBLE UNIT Units/year kg.per tons/ kg. per tons/ kg.per tons/ Ikg.per tons/ kg.per tons/

~it \year unit year unit year lIDit year unit year

I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ,

119. c)s 5. E,HAJ..AYSIA Fuel Oil Ton 211.60 /.87 607.3 16843.0 7.5 1587.0 0.37 78.3 0.52 110.0 Diesel (F.O.Dist.) II 90.80 /.13 193.1. I 1825.1 7.5 681.0 0.41 37.2 0.59 53.6 ,20.15 Kerosene II 2.31 3.00 h.9 '17.00 7.9 2.3 5.3 0.41 0.9 0.25 0.6

Lm -f' L,.58 0.38 1. 7 11.35S neglig 2.6 11.9 0.65 3.0 0.35 1.6

j

, 119.4 I SUB TOTAL 309.29 809.3 I 18676.0 2285.2 165.3 - "--- - T- --- ,

J. _____

~ALM OIL (crude)H I 1.Island of Fibre & Shell

, ~ NQk: Statistics provided by Division of - - - - Envirorunent.

PE~LNG --< SUB TOTAL - -

-~ .. - --r:Jl

:>0 :>. II .COAST Fibre &. Shell Ton 363 1.35 490.1 ~

-< :::I!!

SUB ·TOTAL 490.1 c:: ~ 13. S.COA3T Fibre & Shell II 120 1.35 16?0 r:Jl z

SUB TOTAL 162.0 ... z !

~. E.COA;jT Fibre & Shell " 231 1.35 311.9

SUB TOTAL 311.9 - ,

5. Z.HALAYSU Fibre !:: Shell " 137 1.35 185.0 ,

\ SUB TOTAL : 185.0 I -

- 131 -

TABLE 18 (SHEET 4)

CALCULATION OF EllISSIONS FROH EXTERNAL COt-IBUSTION SOURCES - MALAYSIA 1979

PJfu:ESS COMBUSTIBLE

1 2

I ~:;:_R i::;:Jl,TE Hood Burning

CONSUHPTION I PARTICULATES

UNITI 1()\ Units/year Ikg.per !tons/

/unit /year

3 4 5 6

SUB TOTAL

~. Is~..=:!"d of ~ 1,/UlilG ~.CCA::T I .

---4---'

--

S02

kg.perltons/ unit yoar

7 8

II: j ., ~ ~ i' .. cr."'T -1 -~~-- - ._-- L II ~ ~- ---- --~ IT' lO':'AL - -'--, ,. E.COA;:T __ . ________ .,.__ I __ -lL- i ~.-- ~

S U!3 'TrTAL

5. E.I·:ALAYSIA I

SUR TOTAL

* FETROLEll! HEFINEEIES

NO ~ HC CO

kg:perl :onal g.parl ton'/ikg,p,rltons/ un~t year it year un~t year

9 10 11 12 13 14

17739 i 1e/,8?1

t~~~~7;----17739

....I.

1122 ('6,4

1122 L (,6,4

I L 5/"7')

I 5/.73

926

9?6 - TI--+--

I

421 , '21,"-: I

I

4n ;'48f!

? ',i .COAST _l ___ J I I

250 11501 8/.62 ~---i---i---~--~~--~-~

1036

S::-< TOTAL 8M.,2 10~6 250 llSq

* Statistics provi,ded by, Division of Environment

- 132 -

TABLE 18 (SHEET 5)

CALCULATION OF ElllSSION5 FIi.ON EXTJ:;hNAL CONBU'::TION SUUllcES - MALAYSIA 1979

-.---CONSUHPTION PARTICULATES S02 NO HC CO PROCESS COMBUSTffiLE UNIT 103 x

I Units/year kg.per tons/ kg.per tons/ kg.per tons/ )<g.per tons/ tons/ kg.per

~nit lYear unit year unit year ~it year unit year

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

DOHESTIC I

11. Is1e.nd .of Kerosene Ton : 12.34 3.0 3:.0~ I 17.05 42.0 I ;->.3 I n.l. 0.4 5.0 0.25 . 3. ] Pr.NANG LPG II 6.98 O.L.? 2.93 0.07S neg1. I 1.8 12.6 0.]'1 1.2 0.44 ! 3.1 -- --

SUB TOTAL 19.32 3<).95 42.0 41.0 6.2 / ~ 0., -

<" -.1 COA'''!' .... ~. ,'. ..) ... Kerosene II 121.0 3.0 363.00 17.Cll 411.4 2.3 278.3 0.4 48.4 0.25 30.) 00 LPG II 68.4 0.42 28.73 0.02~ 1.4 1.8 123.1 0.1~ 11.6 0.41. 30.1 >-

~ -SUB TOTAL 189.4 391. 73 412.8 401,4 60.0 60.1.

ir' s. COAST

_. -~--

1. 5-1 Kerosene II 6.17 3.0 11".51 17.~ 21.0 ='.~ 14.2 0.4 ;->.5 0.25 LPG II 3.49 0.42 1.47 0.025 neg1. 1.8 6.3 0.17 0.6 0.44 1.5

--- I-- --~[ 9.66 r.l , SUB TOTAL 19.98 21.0 20.5 3.1 3.0 Il.,

I --- -. -----, 1-------- -- -.--t. E. COAST Kerosene 11 31.34 3.0 94.07 - 17.00 106.6 2.3 72.1 0.1. 12.5 0.25 7.9 LPG 17.73 0.42 7.45 0.02S neg1. 1.8 31.9 0.] 7 3.0 0.1.4 7.8

---t----~

I SUB TOrAL 49.07 i 101.47 106.6 101,.0 15.5 15.7

i I

5. E.!I.AUYSIA Kerosene II 30.10 3.0 c)0.3C 117.00 102.3 2.3 69.2 0.4 12.0 0.25 7.5 , LPG 17.04 I 0.42 ' 7.16 ; 0,025 negl 1.8 30.7 0.17 2.9 0.L.4 7 r: . ~

i \-- ---i

47.14 9'7.1,6 102.3 09.9 !lL,.9 15.0 SUB TOT;.L i

I --- I --- ._------- ---- ------

- 133 -

TABLE 19

CALCl'LATIO;; Of EHIS:';ICllC; FRC1 Hl'fZE1:AL COt,!flUSTICN :.iC'JP.C:::':; - iL<\LAY~IA 1')7')

J\RZA TYPE OF VEHICL=-l ~_~o~_~_~ . kg. per tons, : UNIT

PARTICULATES SO~ ~~ I HC

, unit V"'lT' i

1 2 J I 4 i 5 6 7 8 9 10 i 11 12 ~ I--t- 1 1 ---- , i

103 units Iyear

kg.re~ tonsl ki".P0rl tons/ I kg.perltonsl unit i ye'1.r unit year I unit year

r vg .perl tonsl : _mit year

Island ofl Hotor-eycl_ es PENAlIG Petrol -cllrs ,0;, trucb

Diesel -cars .or trucks

, 1(}- hl ton fuel ton fuel

5?.3.0 i 0.2 104.6 O.O:? 10.46 0.07 .31).61 10.0 5210.0 17.0, (-,pol.e i 53.4 '2.0 lOS.R 0.54 '28.84 10.30 550.0? 14.5 774.3 77.0 - 4111.21 '21.3 ! '2.4 51.1 19.05 161.88 11.00 '234.30 2.6 55.4 43.<; 0'26.6 i

~---+----------- -1- -+- . 1 TOTAL '2(,2.5 ?01.l8 8?0.93 6059.7 113929.4 J

~J. COAST Motor-~yclps 103 lan. 4949.0: 0.2 085.8 0.02 98.60 0.07 345.03 10.0 49'200.0 17.0 i8JT'3. C 1 < I Petrol etc. ton fuel 507.5 2.0 1015.0 0.54 274.0,) 10 • .30 ,)'227.30 14.5 ~ : Diesel etc. ton fuel 342.7 2.4 87'2.5 19.05 2604.52 11.00 3769.70 2.6

7358.8 77.0 ,39077.5 : 891. a 43.5 114')07.5 .

:>< ii,

~ I TOTAL 78'23.3 2977.17 Q34?03 57539.~ 111777~.d : _1 _I j S. COAST Hotor-cycles 10.3 km 1239.0 0." ')47.8 O.O? 24.80 0.07 II PIi.73 10.0 1'23<).0 17.0 2100.0 I ii5 Petrol etc. ton fuel 118.0 ?O '23{'.0 0.54 63.72 10.30 1::'15.40 14.5 1711.0 77.0 "086.0 I ~ DIesel etc. ton fuel 7:'.5 ?L. 17/,.0 10.01) 551.00 11.('() 797.5 2.t. 188.5 43.5 3153.2, ~ , ~ , p.. 'l'OTAL Ii 57.8 639.5'2 700 9.63 3138.5 3330? P .

I - -- - j t.. COAST Hator-cyc1es 103 km 101).3.0 0.'2 n?6 O.O:? 21.30 0.07 7/,.L,l 10.0 1c63.0 17.0 1807.0 i Petrol etc. ton fuel 105.0 2.0 ;'10.C 0.54 56.70 10.3C 11021.50 14.5 1522.5 77.0 ROR5.C

1 IDiese1 etc. ton fuel 6':'./, 2.1, 11".8 19.05 474.24 11.C:0 (,86.1.0 ;>.6 162.;> 4}.5 '2714.5 I I

TOTAL

:.... ~!ALAYSIA IHotor-cyc1es Petrol etc. Diesel etc.

'"OTA.L

~ --------

572.4 552.24 1842.;1 :?647.7 ::'8870.5

'1 ' I 10 km 1063.0 10.2 21.3C 0.07 7/,.41 10.0 1063.0 17.0 18071.0 i

ton fuel 105.0 1'2.0 56.7 10.30 1081.50 14.5 1522.5 77.0 8CP5.C ton fuel 6'2.L '2. 11.00 6R6./ '2.6 16'2.2 1.3.5 ';''714.<;

'J7? .4 552.?4 1842.31 2647.7 2r~:r. r

----------------------- I

- 134 -

TABLE 20 (SHEET 1)

C:I1C'JLAT1Cll OF ..::;a';:';Il:'C .. ".i LDU:::TL:;:JJ., ;r:~OG:':~,:;:::::;

----------- - ._-- --------,----- --------- '- ---- ---, I

I "L ->TD 01i' P'fll.fAlJGl I P '.'ATAv"'IA iJ GOA"TiP ",'T :\.y' I~ - " COA"''!' P :''.T "'Yo'I" -, r:o' ':T '" "" """AyrIA r.·l)JTC'TltIAL u AJ.i J..:.. / • J,J.l'U..., ~'J - r _...; • J.U1.L .. • J .. ~ ............... • .. ~ ~_J .'1. - ....... J l1....... ......l....1 1. l'.uu... u ........... .1. _ ._. _ _ ___ ~_ ._

'f 1""1"I I ~~"~'"' .. "' - Annual Emission in Annunl . anission in Annual Annual .2;;)i.ssion in Annual i;,lission in ~~~otiOf tons/yenr PrO"", lion tons/year -l':rlu"':':n lTOrl~'.tio~ torro/~c,;r_. i'mduction l. '0n:lY"".'~_ I I

1 2 3 j----- I l- 4 t: 5 ~ 6 t 7 I:

25.0- 375 LO~SI?ar,t:e~n:~lig 12000 ton~ __ ~ ___ ~ ___ ~_1_0 ____________ __ 11

I '31140

I 13111)3 I )ll64

311~O

1 L.l;' C)

I ~!,;, 1C)

1'L.~CC)

1

: 351;>0

35?lC

35:-'30)

4000 tons Partic.0.20 ~S 0.0::>

49970 bans Part~e. ~S 2.5 i~:" neghg.

632~? tonGjPartic. 556.9

105g4 tons j Partie. 925.6

7142 tons I Partie. ::>~.6

Partie .123 0.0

10415 tonslpartie. 91.65

1

I Partie. 878.5

10000 tons ~02 2).0 CO 350.0171l2

1::;02 17.9 tons leo 250.0

661054 tons

l1:2S 72.0 1

Par-tic. 2983.7 , ITO 1326.0!

x I ,

1H2S 51.4 i -I

571 tons I Partie. 2.6 HO.. 1.1 ..

204 tons: Partie. 0.211091 tons I Partie. 1.1 ,IIG 40.81 HC 218.0

P:l:~tic.O~lO 11(;65 tons Pa.::tic. G.CS 1I2'"' ne r:1 J.s H~).:.> ne iSll;:;.

1,69::>/. tons hrt ie • n 1. 1 Ira (IJ • f'

35:-'39) -t I:

'Cl'.~ ;artie. 0.20: ?~rti~.5750.0 ----- partie.110~ Parti~~O.~O '-~---l-i -ra-r-t-i~-J.-2-11.1c;

11,.3 tons' Partie. ne glie ! 2~: 57 tons I Partie .128.6

H"S 0.02, :;0;:> 25.0 S02 17.9, 11:0. C")3.8 ~ 1:C...{ 1326.0 110; 1.1 i H2S E?~

, liC 1".1'; , HC /18.0 ! -

~H2~ 7! •• 5i 1112;; 51 .4:

- 135 -

TABLE 20 (SHEET 2)

CALCULATIOlT OF EHI3SIONS mO:l Il!DU~T:nAL PEOCr:S:":ES

I -r-- I ' I "DucTRIAL' ISLAND OF PEUANG ! P. NALAYSIA - H.COA.ST I P. MALAYSIA - S.CCAST P. HALAYSIA - E.CCA.ST! E.;'ST HALAYSIA.

., oJ.. I I _. I. -~+-. --------~~~~~FI-, Annual IEmission in! Annual ; Emission in ! Annual IEmission in Annual ' Emission in Annual Emission in ,,-.. i Production i tons/years: ,)roduction I tons/year yroduction tons/year I'roduc tion tons/yeG.r Production tons/year

i ' I , I 1 i 2 i :3 I 4 ; 5 I 6 '7 8 9 10 11

I ; I ,I

)f I i I 3 i ! 35300 I - - I ;>()178.36 m :.- ~artic. 211.? - I - - - - -

, ..,0;> 9162.3 I I ': NOx 858.6 I : He 775.5

i

36910 - - I 795 tons i Partie. 51. 7 9218 tons Partie. 599.2 . I

36921 ! - - I 1216773 i Partic.206851, 1??142 Partic.24140.0 I ' : tons tons

t

il 3rylCl ) i 3710?) I - I - 25 • .3.37 Partie. 760.1 .395 tons Partie. 11.9

tons

I

TOTAL partic.207662l ! Partic.?/,751.1 * SCJ:2 -

1 NOx - ' I ~ -, 1 _ ~__ _ __ ~~_~ ____ ._ __ _______ ___ _ __~ ______ .. _ _ _______ ~~ j

~ Note: Data for petroleun refinery emissions included in Table 10

- 136 -


CALCULATION OF EJ.lISSrotIs FIlOH I1IDU5'l'RIAL PLOCESSES (Tons P;2R YEAR)

ISLAND OF PENANG P., J.1ALAYSIA - VI.COAST P. HALAYSIA - S.COAST P. MALAYSIA EAST HALAY"JIA I I

- E.COAST '. 'IT:- I SH~T

.~ CJ)

•

I • • • () 0 () 0 .r-! oX CJ) 'n Cl1 .r-! N cr CJ) .r-! N oX CJ) .f,.) N .f,.)

... N .f,.)

~ .f,.) 0 0 N .f,.) 0 fi! ';J::N ~ ';J::

~ z ~ ~

tD Z ';J:: ::r: M CJ) ~~ -~

I & p., - , , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 I

neg. ,-

1

, Sheet 1

10

•20 0.02 5750 ::>5.0 1326.0 40.8 74.5 1102.45 17.9 1.1 218.0 51.4 0.10 211.18 93.8

I - - -I

I I ~heet ~ - - - :?0?66:? - - - - - - - - - - - - 24751.0 -

L I

i ,

I '!'OTALS O.O:? 213412 25.0 1'326.0 L,O.8 7ft • 5 1102.45 117.9 1.1 .218.0 51.4 0.10 24%2.2 10

•20 - neg. - 93.8 - -I I I I -

- 137 -

TABLE 21 (SHEET 1)

ENISSIONS OF Am POLLUTANTS FROH FUEL-BURNING SOURCES - HALAYSIA

(Tons per year)

SOURCE NOx

f-- -- --- ---I He CO! TOTAL AS % OF

I , Stationary All !

, Sources Sources -: ,

6 ! 7 8 I 9 10 - !

1 2 5

~ill8~n~ I i

lr~USTIY E~~---tFuel Oil 248."1 6')73.1 650.6 +- 12.1 45.1 --:;;4-9.8 b I ! Diesel 80.6 760.4 ::>23.7 15.5 n.3 1162.5 ') 08 5

Ii ; Kerosene 2.9 64.6 -_. ?2 : 0.4 __ - _ 70.1) ,. I 30

! LPG 0.7 4.9 : 1.2, - 6.8) J--~ ,r-D-OME-.-S-TI-C----+r -Ke-r-o-s-en-e-- 37.0 42.0 ---;-~! --;:-;T-U---i15:5· )- ·-~-5--! o.!------

I Z ' i LFG 2.9 12.6 I 1.2; 3.1 19.8) • I 0.5

: 'ITOTAL STA;~ONARY sbURCES 373.0 7840.;-~q82.4 I 55.4 73.6 9324.5 100.0 r;;;---o '

~ ITRANSPORT i Gasoline 106.8 28.8 550.0 u; I I Diesel 51.1 161.9 234.3 HI! Motor-cycles 104.6 10.5 36.6

I I -TOTAL FOR ISLAND IOF PENAN'G. L 635.5 8041.3 1803.3

i .-----~-------~-----~----~

774.3 4111.8 5571. 7 18.2 ) 55 •. ~ 926.6 142').3 4.7 ) 69.5

5230.0 8891.0 1427?7 46.6 )

,

3059B.:? I 6115.1 114003.0 100.0

!

~

1

rOiTER STATIONS

- 138 -

TABLE 21 (SHEET 2)

EMISSIONS OF Am POLLUTANTS mOl·! FUEL-BURNING SOUllCE.S - HALAYSIA

(Tons per year)

SOURCE PARTICULATES S02 NOx'~ CO TOTAL

I \ Stationary All

I AS % OF

--__ --fl ___ --ti__ Sources Sources

~ __ 5 __ -' 6 I 7 8 9 10 2 J I

I 4

Fuel Oil 20040.7 ; 336549.0 55809.6 1099.3 1775.8 :415274.4 62.3 47.4 , . Ii' 1-+

IINDUSTRY ETC. I Fuel Oil 2439.5 i 67660.0: 6375.0 I 314.5! 442•0 : 77231.0 ) I Die"l . 790.' i 7457.0. 2782.5 I 152.1' 21B.9. 1140e. 7 ) Kerosene : 27.8 ! 31.5 i 21.3 3.8 i 2.3' 86.7) I LPG : 7.0 i - . 47.8 17.0! 6.4 : 73.2)

I I --:. I I i I I , !, I: ,

10.2 13.3

DCllSSTIC Kerosene! 36).0 : 411.4 i 278.) I 48.4 )0.): 1131.4) 0.3 _ I E-< LPG! 28.7 I 1./~ : 121.1 11.6 I 30.1· 11)4.9) I ;~ ;: I i

• I I o . j I

20.8 15.8 ~F,UU~E:1 ldood Burning /1 16l?6.0 : - ! 17739.0 - 1104821.0 .138686.0 i~ ,I I I -. rAUl OIL Fibre & Shell, 4(')0.1 : - i - - - I 490.1 0.1 - :

; :. I r I

~ ::EFINERIES 1.41.0 : 8462.0 1 1036.0 250. 0 111501.0 I 21690.0 3.2 2.6 I re ! ! I ;:s TOTAL STATICNARY SUffiCES I 1,075/,.0 i 420572.3 \ 8/,212.6 1891.7 118827.8\666258.4 100.0 ! ~ -----, I I . I

I I I

~:'TRANsrCRT i:)1

~

Gasoline 1015.0 Diesel 822.5 Motor-cycles 985.g

~I I \1'OT"L ""(['.:lEST COA]T L.35'77.3

......

i 274.1 I 5227.3 7358.8 39077.5 52952.7 2604.5 ,3769.7 891.0 14907.5 22q95.2

98.6 ! 345.0 49290.0 83793.0 134512.4

423549.~ 93554.6 59431.5 1256605.8 1876718.7

6.0 ) 2.6 ) 24.0

15.4 )

100.0

SOURCE

- 139 -

TABLE 21 (SHEET 3)

D1ISSIONS OF Am POLLUTANTS FROM FUEL-BURNING SOURCFS - MALAYSIA

(Tons per year)

PARTICULATFS S02 NOx p-co TOTAL AS % OF

Stationary Sources All

~----------------~----------r-------------~------~--------I--------:------ Sourees 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

, , FO',IEE S TA IT JNS Fuel Oil 1137.6 19184.0 3168.0 ! 62.4 100.S 21572.8:

1 j ,

I --.t-----.-~.- +--, i"

,r:D:;'STRY t:TC. ,: Fuel Oil 124.4 3451.4 325.2 1 16.0 ::2.5 393°.5 I) ~ I uiesel 42.3 380.3 141.') 7.S 11.2 581.5) ~ I Kerosene 1.4 1.6 1.1 neglig. neglig. 4.1) g . LPG neglig. neglig. 2.4 ner;lig. neglig. 2.4)

.-.- -- ._----~ g DOMESTIC I' Kerosene 18.5 21.0 14.2 I

U) I LPG 1.5 neglig. 6.3 i 11 __ __

~ I I ~ RUBBER Wood Burning 1020.0 1122.0 I :s I ! ;i )?ALM OIL ~ci~re " Shell i 162.0 .

2.5 0.6

1.5 1.5

6634.0

57.7 q.q

8776.0

162.0

63.5

12.::>

0.2

23.7

0.4

30.6

5.9

0:1

11.4

0.2 • !

~ t' i I ~ ITOTAL STATIONAF.Y ~OURCES 2505.7 22958.3 4781.1 89.3 i6771.5 : .37105.9 100.0 48.2 z I I' . . I i 1 i : Po. ,TRANSPORT I Gasoline 236.0 6).7' 1215.4 1711.0 19086.0 12.312.1 16.0 ) I !' I Diesel 174.0 551.0 797.5 188.5 13153.8 4864.~ 6.3 ) 51.8 . i Motor-cycles 247.8 24.8 36.: 12)9.0 2106).0 22661..3 29.5 ) I . I 1----, ,

Jo':'AL FOR SOUTH CqAST 3163.5 , j

r

i I

J 23597.8 6880.7 )2::>7.8 40074.) 76q4J..l 100.0

-\40 . TABLE 21 '(SHEET .4)

D1ISSI0NS OF Am POLLUTANTS FROM FUEL-BURNING SOURCES - MALAYSIA

(Tons per year) .

I S02 I I I SOURCE PARTICULATES NOx HC CO TOTAL AS % OF

I I I , - I I

I I ! I Stationary I All

,

, ! ! Sources Sources I

I I 6 I I 1 2 3 4 i 5 7 8 9 10 , ,

! PO'.lER STATIONS i I , I

I Fuel Oil : - - : - - l - i - - - I ,

I i .

I INDUSTRY ETC. I Fuel Oil

,

I 631.4 17512.0 ! 1650.0 81.4 , 114.4 ,19989.2 )

~! Diesel ! 204.7 1931.6 720.8 39.4 ! 56.7· 2953.2 ) i 74.4 Kerosene 7.2 8.2 5.5 1.0 0.6 22.5 ) 35.1

~l ,

LPG ! 1.8 neglige • 12.4 3.1 ,

1.7 19.0 ) ; ,

(.) , I

E-<

I Kerosene ! i (J) , I ..c DOMESTIC 91..0 1066.0 72.1 12.5 7.9 293.1 )

ril LPG

i 7.5 nflglig. , 31.9

I 3.0 7.8 50.2 ) 1.2 0~5

I I , .,: - I I ... fIl

RUBBER I Woo<1 3urning I 842.0 ;

926.0 I I 5473.0 7241.0 2).4 >- - - I 11.1 :s I

: j PALM OIL I Fi\Jre & Shell I 311.9 - ; - - - 311.9 1.0 0.5 , I

I <

I ~ p

21:00.5 3418.7 56112.1 i 308eO.1 1'Il TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES ': 19558.4 , 140.4 100.0 47.2 :z; ... : I :z;

! I\iI

I GasoLine , I

Ilo TRANSPORT 210.0 i 56.7 , 1081.5 1522.5 8085.0 i 10955.7 - 16.7 )

149.8 ,

474.2 : 686.4 162.2 2714.5 I 4187.1 I Diesel I - 6.5 ) 52.8

Motor-cycles 212.6 ,

21.3 74.4 106~.0 12071.0 19142.3 29.6 )

I

I -I i , , ,

3453/.6 , 65465.2 !

TOTAL FOR EAST CdAST L 2672.9 I :'0110.6 5261.0 2888.1 - 100.0

I I

'----- - - ---- -- ---- - __ 1 -- -- ! - - - -_.- --~ - - -- - --- -- - -

- 141 -

TABLE 21 (SHEET 5)

EHISSIONS OF Am POLLUTANTS FROM FUEL-BURNING SOURCES - HALAYSIA

(Tons per year)

CO TOTAL AS % OF I SOUR;;;--" PARTICULATES 5°2 NOx ~ iStationary I

I Sources

1 1 2 3 :4 5 r 6 7 8 9

I I ' !PO':IEF STATIONS Diesel 313.1 295/ .. 7 1102.5 60.3 86.7 4517.3 i 14.9

All Sources

.LO

7.0 I I ,!

I I ~----~·---------------41------------~-----------

,INDUSTRY ETC. ! Fuel Oil 607.3 ; 16843.0 1587.0 78.3 110.0 19225.6 ) , I Diesel 193.4 1825.1 681.0 '37.2 53.6 2790.3) '"12 6 34 0

: Kerosene 6.9 '7.9 5.3 0.9 0.6 n.b) ,. • I LPG 1.7 neglige 11.9 3.0 1.6 18.2) I

I I I I <t: OMESTIC I' Kerosene 'l0.3 102.3 69.2 1 12.0 7.5 281 .• 3) 1 1 I 0 ~ LPG 7.2 neglig. 30.7 ,2.9 7.5 48.3) • __ ~ __ _

~ UBBER Wood Burning i 383.0 421.0 I 21.88.0 3292.0 10.8 I 5.0

E-< I "

UJ I i ..: PALM OIL Fibre & Shell I 185.0 i 185.0 0.6 0.3 r4 I !

TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES

I'J'TC'~'C "'''R'T' , .... '1..".,. u ••

, ~

1787.9 2.1733.0 3908.6 194.6 I 2755.5 130379.6 100.0 46.8 I

56.7 1081.5 1522.5 8085.0 i 10955.7 16.9 ) 474.2 686.4 162.2 2714.5! 4187.1 6.4 )53.2

I

G!l.soline Diesel Motor-cycles

;>10.0 149.8 212.6 21.3 '"14.4 1063.0 18071.0 119442.3 29.9 )

TOTAL FOR EAST MALAYSIA 2360.3, 22285.2 5750.9 2942.3 '31626.0 i 64964.7 100.~-l ~~------------------------~-----------~ ~------~:------~----------~---~

"

SOURCE

1 2 I

jmdER STATIONS Fuel Oil ,

Diesel : ,

IINDUSTRY ETC. Fuel Oil I Diesel I

Kerosene I LPG

DOMESTIC Kerosenp- I

LPG i

~ ,

H Y1 !'.U!3RER ~!ood Burning ; >-.

~ : PALM OIL Fibre & Shell I

I

REFINERIES I

TOTAL STATIONARY S OURCES

(RANSPORT Gasoline Diesel Motor-cycles

'ITOTAL FOR MAUYSI1 --- - ---_. - - ----

- 142 -


EMISSIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS FROM FUEL-BURNING SOURCES - MALAYSIA

(Tons per year)

I

(SUUMARY)

'-I ! I

I TOTAL I ,

AS % OF PARTICULATES i 502 NOx HC CO I I

, I

I I I IStationary I All I ,

I I I ! I I , I Sources ' Sources I I I I

! I 3 I 4 i 5 6 7 , 8 9 10 I - -

1 1161.7 I I ,

21178.3 ! 355653.0 ' 58977.6 I 1876.6 438847 •• ) 313.1 , 2954.7 , 1102.5 I 86.7 1.517. ~ ) 57.3 39.8

! 60.3 I I 4051.5 1112439.5 ; 10587.8 522.3 Z34.0 ' 1283.35., ) ,

1309.2 I 12354.4 4609.9 252.0 ! 362.7' 18888 •• ) 19.1 13.2

46.? 113.8 35.4 I 6.1 3.5 :?05. ) , ! , ,

11.2 - 79.1. 19.3 ,

9.7 119.1 ) , l I

:

I

, , ) 602.8 683.3 1.62.2 I 80.4 I 50.3 1879.(

j ; 0.3 0.2

1.7.8 1./. 204.6 19.3 i 50.0 323. ) I

i I I

18371.0 - , 20208.0 - \119416.0, 157995. 20.4 14.2 ,

1149.0 ,

1149. 0.1 0.1 - I - - -I I , I ,

441.0 8462.0 • 1036.0 250.0 11501.0 • 21690. 2.8 1.9 , : !

, 475='1.1 I 492662.0 ' 97303.4 2371.4 134090.5 i 773948. 100.0 f,Q.L

I ' , , --I I

1777.8 , 480.0 ' 9155.7 12889.1 68/45.3 i 92747. - 2.4 1347.2 I 1.265.8 : 6174.3 1459.3 24416.9 ,37663. - 1.< I 1763.1. 176.5 " 617.1 57885.0 149889.0 210331. - IS.'"'

-----5240'1.5 497581..4, 113250.5 71.60/,.8 376841.7 111460 0. - 1CC.C

--- -~-- --

FIGURf 1- A

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Sciiile' 50 m,les 10 11nct> (approxj

Reproduced by permission of

MalaYSian rndustr~l Development Authofity

T_

c:=::=~~~-..:-.::=

..... """ ~~

,I I ,.; .,)

; KELANT .

\ I

l -. r, I I)

lpoh}..... r

[~~~~!~~~~=r- --'; L-~~'::~1['::==~'-

Ampang/ Uiu Klang

~1Ull.:KDvFTl

""" ea.,. So","""

• • ;~~Sl~'

Tanpng KllOg FTZ

L

I 1 _ 48-~ u'sl'l'1IiI ·"fI,,«',·.·' ~~'.-,'~ C::'A.::= }-=.-~ ~_1

Page 143

+ SOUTH

CHINA SEA

---j 42 --~

-------- ----{-- ---~~-==-~] --~" I

p,",ir"",,,,'".,, ".,~ ...

..

TO"IIj<ang Pecah

)

FIGURE 1- B

EAST MALAYSIA (Sabah & Sarawak. I

Scale 500iNes to 1 inch (apprOX)

Reproduced by permisSion Of

MaIaysia'l Industrial DeIieIopment Authority

N

+ SOUTH

CHINA SEA

r::':::f:::: ...

o

SARAWAK

o

Page 144

SABAH

{ \ 0\ ~"'''''''-''''''''-'''------._ y.' o ,

o ,

I .i /., ..

( \ , /

j , ... J

I I

INDONESIA

__ ----) J i (~.... /-'-, .... ............ ...,

• ___ F..., Occupoed _" EsIo1e 1 _ 5 I E~i511Og tnOJslnal Estate _ A K ] Planned hjuslnal ESIaIe

Ptn:ipal Read ... .., •• _________ nten\alw::naI BoundarIeS -------__ State Boundan8S

- 145 -

ANNEX IV

COUNTRY REPORT ON PHILIPPINES


19 Kay - 3 June 1980

by


K. Nakamura PEPAS Environmental Systems Engineer

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

- 146 -

CON TEN T S

SUMMARY


CONTACTS MADE IN THE PHILIPPINES


FINDINGS

5.1 Water pollut ion 5.2 Air pollution

RECOMMENDATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE 1

TABLE 2

TABLE 3

TABLE 4

TABLE 5

TABLE SA

Water pollution - estimates extracted from the master plan for sewerage and sanitation for Metro Manila

Comparative summary of metallic mineral production - 1978

Comparative summary of non-metallic mineral production - 1978

Sectoral distribution of pollution contributed by industries in 1978

Excerpts from PEPAS Assignment report "Air Pollution Control (source emission inventory - stationary sources. phase II). Philippines. 1980" by Dr N. Y. Kirov

Summary of major and minor fuel-burning sources in Metro Manila

Page

148

148

148

149

151

151 157

158

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

TABLE 5B

TABLE 5C

TABLE 5D

TABLE 5E

TABLE 5F

TABLE 6

TABLE 7

TABLE 8

TABLE 9

FIGURE 1

- 147 -

Fuel consumption by stationary and mdbile sources in Metro Manila

Emission factors used in the preparation of the initial SEl

Emissions of air pollution from fuelburning sources in Metro Manila

Group classification of industrial air pollution sources

Air pollutants from major stationary sources in the Metro Manila area

NPCC statistics of industrial firms in Metro Manila (within the control of MWSS) as at February 1980

NPCC statistics on firms contributing to water pollution as at February 1980

NPCC statistics on the distribution of surveyed industries with pollution problems in 1978

Water pollution-estimation of industrial BOD load from Metro Manila

Map of Metro Manila

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

175

- 148 -

1. SUMMARY

1.1 It is estimated that from the Metro Manila area, the water pollution load amounts to 376 tons BODS per day (see page 156) aad that the total air pollution load from fuel burning sources is 1 226 tons per day (see Table sD).

1.2 It was not possible from the data available to make an assessment of either the water pollution or air pollution loads for the coastal regions of the country.


2.1 The purpose and terms of reference of this project are given 1n Section IV of the main text of this document.

3.

Organization

National Environmental Pro tec t ion Counc il (NEPC)

National Pollution Control Commission (NPCC)

CONTACTS MADE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Persons contac ted

Dr Ce1so R. Roque Executive Director

Ks Veronica R. Villavicenc io Assistant Executive Director

He Ella Deocadiz Assistant in charge Coastal Zone Programme

Engineer Bienvenido N. Garcia Deputy Commissioner for Standard Setting and Monitoring

Engineer Anto1iano C. Diaz Chief Engineer Water Pollution Control Division

Engineer Carlos Panaligan Water Pollution Control Division

Engineer Cabral Supervising Planning Officer

Metro Manila Sewerage Project, Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS)

Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)

DC CD Engineering Corporation

4.

- 149 -

Engineer Oscar Illustre Acting General Manager

Engineer Ricardo T. Quebral Assistant General Manager for Operations

Engineer Teofilo I. Asuncion Pro j ec t Manage r

Engineer Benedicto L. Adan Sanitary Engineer

Engineer L. Un Campo


4.1 Government Departments, Agencies, etc. concerned with the protection of the Philippine environment are listed below:

(a) Metropolitan Water & Sewerage System (MWSS) attached to the Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Connnunications

responsible for planning, construction, operations and maintenance of waterworks and wastewater systems in Metro Manila

(b) Metro Manila Connnission (MMC)

responsible for establishing, administering and coordinating integrated and unified local government serices or functions within Metro Manila;

responsible for administering refuse management and environmental sanitation services in Metro Manila.

(c) National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)

centra-I agency responsible for national development, planning, coordination and operation of progrannnes, projects and policies;

responsible for setting priorities in connexion with foreign and local financing for incorporation in the National Development Plan.

- 150 -

(d) National Environmental Protection Council (NEPC) attached to Ministry of Human Settlements (MRS)

central agency responsible for integrating Government programmes on environmental protection insofar as planning, management and implementation are cone erned.

(e) National Pollution Control Commission (NPCC) attached to MRS

primary agency responsible for matters related to pollution control of air, water and land resourc es; issues "standard" rules and regulat ions for sewage works and industrial waste disposal;

responsible for issuing consents for industrial discharges.

(f) National Housing Authority (NHA) attached to MRS

responsible for ensuring and maintaining adequate social service in the field of housing to improve standard of living of the people

(g) Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)

responsible for promoting and accelerating development and balanced growth of the lake region;

responsible for preserving the economic utility of lake waters especially for water supply

(territorial jurisdiction overlaps with that of MWSS)

(h) Ayala Corporation - a private "New Town" Development Corporation promoting the balanced growth of the suburb, Makati, of Manila

responsible for operating and mainta~n~ng sewage and treatment works for Makati

(any sewerage and treatment work proposals are subject to approval by MWSS)

(i) Bureau of Public Works, Flood Control and Drainage Division under Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Commul)ication

responsible for design and execution of drainage channels and flood control structures

(operates in Metro Manila under overall supervision of Metro Manila Flood Control Council)

- 151 -

(j) Philippines Coast Guard (PCG)

responsible for prevention and control of pollution of the seas within the country's territorial jurisdiction;

responsible for interacting with MWSS Ln connexion with outfall sites in Manila Bay

4.2 Field work on the assignment was carried out in Manila between 19 May and 3 June 1980.

4.3 The period of the assignment in Manila coincided with the publication of the 1979 Master Plan for Sewerage and Sanitation by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System. The majority of the data needed to assess the pollution load from Metro Manila passing into Manila Bay was therefore readily available.

4.4 Immediately prior to the assignment, Dr N. Y. Kirov, at that time PEPAS Air Quality Management Adviser, completed his field work and draft report on Air Pollution Control in Manila. That report assesses the extent of the air pollution problem in Manila.

4.5 It has not been necessary, therefore, in the case of Metro Manila to make use of the methodology for the rapid assessment of water and air pollution developed and refined during the preparatory studies for the Mediterranean Action Plan.

4.6 The commencement of the assignment in Philippines coincided with a meeting of ASEAN Experts on the Environment on 19 May in Manila. It was therefore possible to meet at a very early stage many of the nominated national counterpart officials.

5. FINDINGS

5.1 Water Pollution

(a) Metropolitan Manila (see Figure 1)

Metro Manila is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and in the flood plain north and south of the mouth of, and along the banks of the Pasig River and its tortuous tributaries. The source of the Pasig River may be said to be Laguna de Bay, a very large lake of which part is within 50 kilometres radius of the centre of Manila. The catchment area of the Pasig River including that of the lake is estimated at about 4 500 square kilometres. A feature of the catchment area is that during the months of April and May it is usual for flow in the Pasig River to reverse due to the relative levels of Manila Bay and the Lake. This leads to

- 152 -

saline and additional water-borne pollution in the Lake to add to its own sources of pollution (industry plus population of approximately 2 million). However, this reversal of flow in the Pasig River will be terminated on completion of a control structure across the river near the Lake.

The 1980 estimated population of Metro Manila is 6.18 million, whilst the estimated population for the year 2000 is 12 million. Reference has already been made to the 1979 Master Plan for Sewerage and Sanitation prepared for MWSS by Joint Consultants. The Plan provides for the collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater from approximately 51 700 hectares (517 Km2) plus a sanitation programme using low-cost appropriate technology for about 75% of the total population in the entire MWSS service area of about 141 000 hectares (1 410 Km2). The objectives include the provision of combined sewers; but with collection and treatment of dry weather flows only from the tributary catchment areas of San Juan, Marikina and Upper Laguna amounting in total to about 26 224 hectares (262 Km2). The remainder of the densely populated central areas of Metro Manila will be served by a new outfall sewer through which sewage will be pumped to a point in Manila Bay some 3 kilometres from the shore.

Manila Bay is semi-circular in plan with the SO-kilometre diameter on approximately l2l oE line of longitude and with the outlet to the open sea at the south-west corner. Metro Manila extends for about 30 kilometres along the eastern shore of the circumference. The outlet channel is about 20 kilometres wide with the island of Corregidor in the middle of the channel. The Bay receives discharges from other rivers apart from the Pasig River. The Pampanga River which enters the Bay in the north-west corner has a catchment area 17 times larger than the Master Plan study area, and a population of 2.5 million. The study area represents only 3% of the total catchment area drainage to the Bay.

The waters of Manila Bay provide recreation, fishing, navigation and a means of waste disposal. Major pollution sources in Metro Manila include not only the liquid wastes from domestic and industrial premises but also the solid and leaching liquid wastes from the city's refuse tip, all of which find their way into Manila Bay. Most of the liquid wastes reach the Bay by means of:

(i) the Pasig River and its tributaries;

(ii) the various canals which discharge direct into the Bay;

(iii)the existing outfall sewer which discharges into the mouth of the Pasig River. This sewer originally discharged farther out into the Bay until it was damaged.

All rivers, waterways and canals are grossly polluted, particularly during the dry months. During the wet season, the polluted waters are washed out into the Bay or into Lake Laguna along with the refuse dumped along the banks of waterways, etc.

- 153 -

In 1969, the Danish Isotope Centre, under contract to WHO, carried out current and diffusion studies in Manila Bay. The report produced, "Report on Radioisotope Tracer Investigation of the Marine Environment of Manila Bay", indicated that the most important current found from a wastewater assimilation standpoint was a tide-induced current which moves generally southward from the vicinity of the mouth of the Pasig River, particularly during the dry months. The foreshore of Metro Manila has therefore been subjected to the various pollutants entering the Bay as referred to above, and at present time the allowable pollutant concentrations for cultivation of shell-fish, bathing and fishing have been exceeded. The foreshore is grossly polluted. Despite these problems along the foreshore, it appears that there is still good mixing and dissemination of liquid wastes throughout the Bay, and the water quality of off-shore water appears satisfactory for existing uses. The 1969 investigation of the currents in the Bay indicated that in the wet season, with vast flows of surface water from the catchments to the north and north-east of the Bay, the current pattern was not clearly established, and that further investigation was necessary.

Over the last ten years, qualitative monitoring of the in-shore and off-shore waters of the Bay in the vicinity of Metro Manila has been very limited. It is reported that NEPC and NPCC have now developed a comprehensive monitoring programme covering all aspects of qualitative investigation from oceanographic to beach water quality, but there was no evidence that it has been started.

The Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) is responsible for promoting and accelerating development around the Lake whilst maintaining a balance growth within its designated area. In the course of this work LLDA is anxious to promote major water pollution control projects. It has been suggested that the Lake could become a water resou~e for Metro Manila. Whilst the area of LLDA is outside the terms of reference of this assignment, it has been necessary to use the good offices of that Authority to obtain details of industrial discharges which, through an overlap of territorial jurisdiction between MWSS and LLDA, will drain through the Metro Manila proposed sewerage system.

The policy for national control of industrial wastewater is within the responsibility of both NEPC and NPCC. The NPCC has the primary responsibility for issuing licences to industry to discharge wastes subject to specified restrictions. Recently, NPCC made the policy decision to prohibit the discharge of untreated industrial wastes to sewers and to require by 1982 the treatment of all industrial wastewater discharges within the Metro Manila Area. To this end, it has set up a combined MWSS/NPCC inter-agency body incorporating LLDA. The NPCC has identified all those industries within Metro Manila which are creating water pollution problems. By the date of the Master Plan, they had surveyed 1 317 industries from which they had identified 421 premises that must be subject to proper control. By 1980 this number had risen to 482 premises (see Table 6).

- 154 -

In contrast to the statistics on industrial wastewater control for Metro Manila, Table 7 sets out the 1980 situation throughout the Philippines. The distribution of industry, surveyed by NPCC, throughout the Regions of the country is given in Table 8.

A recent Presidential Memorandum forbids the location of new industries with gross polluting water discharges within 50 kilometres radius of Manila City Hall.

It is possible, therefore, that there could be a reduction in the number of premises in this zone if some existing industries decide to relocate to new industrial zones designated by MRS.

A NEDA report "Iuipact of Water Pollution on the National Economy, 1976/77" estimated that 418.22 tons BOD5 per day were discharged into the sea from Metro Manila in 1975, with the breakdown as follows:

From industrial sources

78.11 MT (18.6%)

From domestic sources

332.30 MT (79%)

From other sources

7.81 MT

More recent BOD loads from domestic and industrial sources are set out in Table I which has been compiled from data given in the 1979 Master Plan for Sewerage and Sanitation. From the table, it is seen that the daily BOD load from industrial premises is of the order of 30% of the total whilst the domestic load is 70% of the total.

(b) Coastal Zones other Than Metro Manila

A recent report on "Coastal Zone Management in the Philippines" for NEPC by the Centre for Development Studies Inc. provides a useful background to the pollution problems of the coastal zones of the country. In 1975 the National Census and Statistics Office estimated that the coastal population would be 19 million by 1980 and it is expected that this will rise to 24 million by the year 2000. At the present time, it is estimated that 55% of the total population of the country is resident in the coastal zone. The density of dwelling units per hectare within the coastal area varies from 20 for Metro Manila, 5 for Iloilo City, down to 2 for Cebu City. It was also estimated in the NEDA report that the 1975 daily BOD load in metric tons per day discharged into the sea from the following coastal cities was:

Iloilo

Cebu

From Industrial Sources

2.77 MT (10.8%)

1.72 MT 02.3%)

From Domestic Sources

22.42 MT (88.0%)

12.10 MT (86.5%)

From other Sources

0.28 MT (1.2%)

0.17 MT (1.2%)

- 155 -

The report estimated that in 1975, only 12% of the mining and mineral processing industry was situated in the coastal areas whereas by 1979 this figure had risen to 49%. It is reported that there are at present 40 mining companies operating within the coastal area producing metallic minerals and 133 producing nonmetallic minerals. The Bureau of Mines had been carrying out further exploration for heavy minerals and the likelihood is that further development in the mining and mineral processing industry will take place in the coastal area especially since the industry is one of the mainstays of the national economy. However, the report looks for "a balanced perspective between economic gain and ecologic integrity". The Government suspended beach mining operations for deposits of magnetite as from 1976 on environmental considerations. The report draws attention to the lack of adequate monitoring activities within the coastal areas to the fact that the bulk of available data is from the Manila Bay area, concluding" With this limited information, comparisons are almost impossible and national trends are difficult to ascertain". Information about metallic and non-metallic mineral production from coastal areas in 1978 is set out in Tables 2 and 3.

In the time available, the NPCC Planning and Statistics Office was not able to produce data on either the location of industrial premises in the coastal areas or detailed information on the production of polluting wastes. It was stated., however, that the main concentration of industrial premises in coastal areas (apart from mining) with polluting discharges were located in the Regions as follows:

Rest of Luzon

Mariveles, Bataan

Luc ena, Quezon

Visayas

Cebu and Mandaue City

North-west, north and east coasts of Negros

Mindanao

Cagayan de Oro

Davao

pulp and paper mills, textile mills and chemical production

sugar mills and vegetable oil

food processing, oil depot, textile mills, slaughterhouse and soft-drink factory

sugar mills and slaughterhouse

food processing and chemical production

sugar mill, and pulp and paper mills

- 156 -

The Government is determined to develop coastal areas for tourism but this may be difficult to achieve in view of the further development of mine workings that must be encouraged for economic gain. It is understood that there are already in existence a marine park, 65 marine reserves and 8 coastal parks and that a Coastal Zone Management Committee is to produce a Master Plan to ensure optimum utili~ation of the coastal area taking into consideration all ecological and environmental conditions.

(c) Comparison of Domestic and Industrial Pollution Loads

It is seen in paragraphs 5.1 (a) and 5.1 (b) above that the level of polution in Manila Bay is much higher than elsewhere in the country. While it is true that the level of pollution of coastal areas other than Manila Bay must have risen since 1975, it is still insignificant compared to that experienced at present in Manila Bay.

As mentioned in paragraph 5.1 (a), the 1979 daily BOD load from industrial premises is of the order of 30% of the total, the domestic load being 70%. This compares with the 1975 estimates given (also in same paragraph) of 18.6% and 79% of the total respectively. The data from which the 1975 assessment was made is given in Table 4.

The application of rapid assessment methodology described in Section V of the main text of this document was attempted based on the data provided by the NPCC for 101 industrial premises. The schedule of this assessment is attached as Table 9. Assuming that those 101 premises represent a typical cross section in Manila and that the assessment performed on them can be extrapolated to the 482 premises reported by NPCC as contributing to water pollution in February 1980 (see Table 6), it was possible to estimate the total industrial BOD load arising in Metro Manila. A comparison of the Master Plan prediction and the present assessment for both industrial and domestic BOD loads are as follows:

Master Plan Present Assessment Assessment

(see Table 1)

Industrial 125.5 MT/day 109.0 MT/day* BOD load (300 days/year) (300 days/year)

Domestic 304.0 MT/day 267.0 MT/day BOD load (365 days/year) (365 days/year)

429.5 MT/day 376.0 MT/day TOTALS (ie 148.6 x 103 (ie l30 x 103

tons/year) tons/year)

* 109.0 MT/day = Total industrial BOD from Table 9 x 482/100

- 157 -

In addition to the information provided by NPCC, a schedule supplied by LLDA of industrial premises within the MWSS service area gives details of 244 premises which cause water pollution problems. It has not been possible to assess the extent of the apparent overlap of the detailed information provided by the NPCC and LLDA.

The lack of data available to NPCC concerning sources of pollution in the coastal areas of the other regions of the country, and the time available in Manila for the assignment, precluded any assessment of the magnitude of the land-based sources of pollution in those regions.

5.2 Air Pollution - Metropolitan manila

Immediately prior to the commencement of this project, Dr N. Y. Kirov, then PEPAS Air Quality Management Adviser, completed his report entitled "Air Pollution Control (source emission inventory -stationary sources, phase II)". For that assignment, Dr Kirov worked closely with NPCC earlier in 1980 to obtain information concerning the consumption of fuels by various stationary and mobile sources in the city. With the approval of the Director, PEPAS and that of Dr Kirov, the following tables from his report are reproduced in this report:

Table SA

Table SB

Table SC

Table SD

Table SE

Table SF

Summary of major and minor fuel-burning sources in Metro Manila

Fuel consumption by stationary and mobile sources in Metro Manila

Emission factors used in the preparation of the initial source emission inventory

Emissions of air pollutants from fuel-burning sources in Metro Manila

Group classification of industrial air pollution sources

Air pollution from major stationary sources in the Metro Manila area.

Table SD clearly shows that the major source of air pollution in Metro Manila, apart from mobile sources, comes from the four power stations. A cursory check of the factors included in the working tables developed from the Mediterranean Seas Action Plan (referred to in Annex I of this document) against the data'recovered by Dr Kirov from base sources indicates that there is good agreement between the working tables and the data.

- 158 -

6. RECOMMENDATIONS

(a) The overlap of the MWSS and LLDA "catchment" areas will not cause any drainage difficulty. However, the fact that some LLDA industrial premises will drain to a sea outfall in Manila Bay whilst others in LLDA may drain to a sewerage scheme served by a sewage treatment works on Lake Laguna with very stringent effluent standards could lead to vastly different industrial effluent standards being applied to two neighbouring ind~strial premises (maybe of the same industrial classification) situated one on each side of the "catchment" boundary. The difference in capital cost of the two industrial treatment plants and their operating costs may be a cause of grave concern to the management of the two industries.

(b) It is understood that the applications of the Philippines Government to the World Bank and Asian Development Bank for loans to finance the Metro Manila Master Plan for Sewerage and Sanitation are receiving favourable consideration. The construction programme is to be phased with the initial phase including a proper sea outfall for the existing sewerage system. This must have a beneficial effect on the foreshore and harbour of Metro Manila. However, the immediate need is qualitative monitoring of the inshore and offshore water both within and outside the harbour. The Master Plan proposes a sophisticated system of monitoring; it is important that a traditional system of qualitative monitoring should be started as quickly as possible in order to assess the existing conditions and provide the background when the Master Plan proposals are implemented.

(c) Once monitoring is established again off Metro Manila, then the sampling programme should be expanded to cover the marine environment throughout the other regions of the country, particularly in the neighbourhood of the large coastal cities and towns, and coastal industrial development.

(d) The report of Dr N. Y. Kirov on "Air Pollution Control in Manila" clearly indicates the importance of control measures in Manila. At the same time it is necessary to monitor the situation in the other regions of the country.

(e) It was not possible during this short assignment to assess the efficiency of the NPCC administration. However, it is worthy of comment that the increase in studies and monitoring of both industrial premises anbd marine environment, now envisaged as the result of the Master Plan, will require a proportionate increase in ability to interpret and act upon the results of that work. This applies to both control of water and atmospheric pollution. It is assumed that the Government is considering the need for "regional ising" the work of NPCC.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The advice and assistance of Dr C. R. Roque, Executive Director, NEPC, AND his Assistant Director, Ms V. R. Villavicencio are gratefully acknowledged.

- 159 -

TABLE 1

WATER POLLUTION - ESTIMATES EXTRACTED FROM THE MASTER PLAN FOR SEWERAGE ANp SANITATION FOR METRO MANILA

Population Areas in Industry x 10 3 hectares

Catchment areas --in Metro Mani la No. of Flgw iD

103m /day (see Master Plan Fig 12.2) firms

1 2 3 4 5

San Juan 1483.1 9471.8 114 72.5

Marikilla 792.0 13290.2 103 69.7

Malabon 534.9 7330.9 62 50.7

Upper Laguna 215.0 3462.0 32 28.9

Paranaque 341.0 9504.5 46 11.7

South Manila 940.0 4847.8 33 11. 2

North Mani la 1728.6 3121. 8 25 10.7

Uuadalupe 141.0 680.0 6 2.1

Tatala 6175.6 51709.0 421 257.8

Master Plan from from frem from reference Table 12.1 Table 12.3 Table on Table 8.1

Page 8.8 - - -- - ----

The data in Table has, been extracted from the 1979 Master Plan for Sewerage and Sanitation and relates to tbe estimates tor the present year.

(a) industrial rates of flow (see column 5) have been based on a study carried out by NPCC and LLDA of 301 premises out of a total of 421 producing polluting effluents. 3

The average industrial rate of flow was 50 m3/hectare/day whilst

(b) the been (1)

(11)

high intensity areas gave rates of 70 m3/hectare/day medium intensity areas gave rates of 50 m /hectare/day low intensity areas gave rates of 30 m3/hectare/day

BOD loading for industrial premises (see column 6) has either based on information

provided by NPCC or LLDA from the study of industrial premises referred to above. It is reported that 104 firms possess facilities for pretreatment of their discharges whilst 19 firms are constructing facilltlesfor extracted from a Report "Impact of Water Pollution on the National Economy" by NEDA 1976/1977. The NPCC served as a cooperative agency (see Table 4).

!

--BOD load in

MT/day

6

25.7

36.5

24.4

15.8

4.6

9.9

3.1

5.5

125.5

from Table 8.1

I

(e)

(d)

I Domestic plus I Total infiltration

--Flow in BOD load in Flow in BOD load 1n 3 3

MT/day 1Q3m3;day 10 m /day MT/day

7 8 9 10

339_6 74.2 412.0 99.8

402.0 39.7 471.7 76.1

217.4 21. 7 268.2 46.2

96.5 10.8 125.4 26.2

212.1 17.1 223.9 21.6

222.8 47.0 354.1 56.9

219.9 86.4 230.6 89.5

26.9 7.1 293.8 12.5

1737.2 304.0 2379.7 429.2

from from

I Table 8.1 Table 12.1

- --

The rate of infiltration of groung water into the sewerage system has been based upon 37.5 m per hectare per day for existing sewers and 15 m

3 per hectare ppr day for new sewers.

On new sewers in Manila, this would amount to 250 l1tresl

head/day.

The average domestic flows were based u~on a rate of flow per head per unit area i.e. for the present year, it was estimated that high density areas (over 400 perso~8/hectare) would discharge 75 litres/head/day, medium density areas (200-400 persons/hectare) 125 litres per head per day and low density areas (below 200 persons/hectare) 175 litres per head per d~y. By 2000 it was estimated that these unit discharges would rise to 160, 200, and 240 litres per head per day.

- 160 -

TABLE 2

COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTION - 1978

NUMBER OF UNIT COASTAL PRODUCTION

,

NATIONAL PRODUCTION % PRODUCTION IN

FIRMS COASTAL AREA

1 2 3 4 5

METALLICS Precious Metals:

Gold 7 MT 2.97 18.24 16.31 Silver 5 MT 24.99 50.93 49.08

Base Metals: I Cobalt (metal) 1 10~DMT 1.19 1.19 100.00 I I Nickel (metal) 1 10 DMT 18.74 17.74 100.00 ; Chromite: , Metall urgical

,

concentrate 2 10~DMT 89.49 101. 89 87.85 Metallurgical Ore 20 103DMT 34.37 37.35 92.03 Refractory Ore 4 10 DMT 397.23 398.08 99.79

Copper Concentrate 4 103DMT 614.13 906.86 67.72 I Copper (direct

shipping ore) 1 10~DMT 1.29 1.29 100.00 Lead Concentrate 1 10 DMT 2.43 2.43 100.00 Nickel Concentrate 1 103DMT 9:20 9.20 100.00 Nickel (direct

10~DMT shipping ore) 1 458.87 458.87 100;.00 Zinc Concentrate 1 10 DMT 10.21 17.81 57.29 Manganese:

10~DMT a) Washed Ore - - -b) Unwashed Ore 10 DMT 1.38 3.91 35.29

~

NON-METALLIC l. Clays

Shale Clay White Clay Silicious Clay Bentonite Clay

2. Construction Materials Rock Aggregates Stones, Cobbles &

Boulders Unprocessed Marble Perlite

3. Lime Quicklime

4. Limestone for Agricultural use Cement manufacture Industrial Use

5. Fertilizer Materials Guano Rock Phosphate Pyrite Concentrate Pyrite Ore

6. Miscellaneous Andesite Barite

Dolomite Feldspar Salt Sandstone Silica Sand

h. Talc Coal

I "-_. ----

- 161 -

TABLE 3

COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF NON-METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTION - 1978

NUMBER OF FIRMS UNIT COASTAL PRODUCTION NATIONAL PRODUCTION

1 2 3 4

3 4 10JMT 223.00 501.29 3 10 l\IT nil 7.04 1 10\rr 1.47 501.29 1 103wr 0.89 I 1.57

2 103 m 3

2886.99 3956.96 3 3 3 103 m

3 15.60 73.09 3

lOlv.m 2.93 R.69

3 10 T 2.68 2.68

10a.r 21.57 25.74

10!: 2 7.15 25.00 7 10~ 2494.50 8353.89 8 10 791.61 852.18

10~ 7 0.23 0.82 3 103wr 0.78 0.98 3 10 3 DMT 93.07 110.78

10 3 DMT 9.83 9.83 3

1 103

MI' 8.46 8.46 1 103MT 5.55 5.55 2 103MT 7.60 7.50 8 10

3MT 9.59 18.07

1 103

MT 67.95 225.65 1 10

3MT 91.34 91.34

11 103

MT 182.12 416.87 1 10 MT 0.91 4.06

25 103MT 241.58 255.05

Source: Coastal Zone Management in the Philippines

% PRODUCTION IN COASTAL AREA

5

44.5

0.29 56.5

65.4

21.3 33.7

100

83.8

28.6 I 29.9 I 92.9 I

27.4 I 79.8 84.0

100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 ! 53.1 30.1

100.0 43.7 22.5 94.7

I

Industry

1

Dairy products Distilleries Edible oil processing Fish and sea foods processing Fruits and vegetable processing Iron and steel products Leather and Tanneries Liquors ~~eat and meat products MeJiclne and pharmaceuticals mning Organic and inorganic chemicals Other food products Paints and paints produ~ts --

.......... --..

Paper mills Petroleum and petroleum products Pulp and paper mills Pulo mills Rubber and tyres Soaps and detergents Soft drinks Sugar mills :::ugar .1.1115 ;;nd refinery Sugar refinery Textile mills

TOTALS

- 162 -

TABLE 4

SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTION CONTRIBUTED BY INDUSTRH1S IN 1975

Number of Establishrr.ents Average data from each estab l1shment National Surveyed in ~~ow Tn BOD BOD load

Total study m /day in mg/l kg/day 2 3 4 5 6

32 30 1 050 Boo 840 18 17 390 40 000 15 600 36 21 1 022 3000 5 066 30 26 260 1,285 334 21 16 260 570 148

163 146 135 150 20 16 15 42 1 500 62 45 27 398 915 364 22 20 260 1 285 334 66 62 Bo 250 20 25 18 - - -76 62 3 100 837 2 595

272 218 41 625 26 30 24 2 300 60 13 13 2 433 275 669

7 4 2 982 300 895 10 7 7 584 910 6 901 1 1 2 433 1 550 3 771 7 6 140 2Bo 39

25 25 946 720 681 45 34 870 430 374 34 30 79 000 60 4 740 4 3 73 140 60 43M 1 1 250 60 15

86 78 944 360 341

1 085 904 J I

--- - - -- - - ---

Total BOD

I load in Mr/day

7

26.9 I ,

280.8 I 110.5

9.9 I

I 3.2 I

3.3 I 0.96

I 16.2 7.3 i

1.3 ! - i

197.6 ,

8.2 ,

0.3 8.7 6.3

69.0 I

3.8 0.28

I

17.5 I

16.7 161.2 17.6 0.02

29.2

996.76

r...xtract from a report "Impact of Water Pollution on the National Economy" by NEDA 1976/1977 prepared with the assistance of NPrr.

- 163 -

TABLE 5

EXCERPTS FROM PEPAS ASSIGNMENT REPORT "AIR POLLUTION CONTROL (SOURCE EMISSION INVENTORY - STATIONARY SOURCES, PHASE II),

PHILIPPINES, 1980"

by Dr N. Y. Kirov

In these tables, data taken from the above-mentioned report are

referenced as follows

As labelled in this report As labelled in above-mentioned

Table 5A Table 2.1

Table 5B Table 2.2

Table SC Table 3.1

Table 5D Table 3.2

Table 5E Table 4.2

Table SF Table 4.3

report

DISTRICT

NORTH: --NOVALICHES

VALENZUELA '-'- , --

MALABON -~

NAVOTAS ------

CALOOCAN ':;ITY .---TOTAL SURVEYED ._- ~

CORRECTED ,. TQ.~AL

SOUTH: -_._-PASAY --~---

PARANAQUE -

LAS PINAS

MUNTINLUPA TOTAL SURVEYED

CORRECTED TOTAL CENTRAL: QUEZON €ITY

, I SAN JUAN I

MARIKINA

MANILA

MANDALUYONG

MAKATI

PASIG - _.-TOTAL SURVEYED

- 164 -

Table 5A

SUMMARY OF MAJOR AND MINOR FUEL-BURNING SOURCES IN METRO MANILA

Fuel usage in 1itres/day

MAJOR SOURCES -+'

MINOR SOURCES

• , No. Bunker I No. Diesel No. Bunker No.

Oil I Oil Oil (2). (4)

7 42000 1 -- 7 1550 I 6 (4) (19) i

7 26000 0 -- 35 14650 +--5 -(5) (9)

6 46500 0 -- 13 7250 I 9 , I

(0) I 0 -- I 0 -- 2 1

31066 (21 (1) (8) I

2 1 4000 17 7320 1 7 --13 145566

I 1 4000 40 30770 22

I I I 28 22 246350 , 2 8000 74 56925 (0) (2) I

5 -- I :) -- 2 2150 I 0 (5)

I (3)

: 16 30200 1 -- 9 1330 6 (4) I (6)

11 31500 I 1 -- 7 7700 4 (4) 1 (6)

4 83000 0 -- 6 5460 3 13 144700 0 -- 17 16640 10

36 400700 2 8000 24 23520 13 (20) (1) (31)

23 157700 1 8000 42 26850 16 (2) (3)

2 34000 : 0 -- 4 3380 5 (4)

I (1) (4)

8 32300 1 6500 6 4610 0 (4) I (14)

20500 ,

4 I 0 14 14250 4 (4) (15)

4 30000 0 16 12045 7 (1) (1)

1 6700 0 1 250 1 (6) (1) (6)

12 74300 1 6400 10 4900 2 41 355500 3 20900 74 66285 33

TOTAL

Diesel Oil No.

(4) (10) 2160 21

(4) (27) 310 47

(7) (21) 2970 I 28

1-0 )-(1)

1500 3 (6) (17)

1765 27 8705 76 -_.

11200 126 ,.

(2) -- 7

(3) ---,-(11 )

3325 32 (4) (14)

3760 23 (3) (13)

1050 13 8135 40

10570 75 (14) (66)

3730 82 (5) (10)

3950 11 (9)

-- IS (4) (22)

3350 :;·)-1 (7) 3360 27

(1) (3) I

200 3 ~

(2) (15) I 3000 25

17590 --- ----151_

CORRECTED TOTAL 54 468220 3 20900 93 83305 35 18650 185 --CORRECTED GRAND ----- TOTAL 1112 1115270 7 36900 i 191 163750 76 40420 386

~

f- A major source consumes 3000 or more 11 tres of fuel per day . • No. indicates the number of identified sources: the number of surveyed sources is

shown in brackets. • This means that the total fuel used by 2 surveyed sources is 42000 litres/day .

I , I

I I

1. Fuel oil consumed by thermo-electric stations, 1979

- 165 -

Table 58

FUEL CONSUMPTION BY STATIONARY AND MOBILE SOURCES IN METRO MANILA

Fuel used

barrels/yr. l1tres/day·

As " of total fuel used by: stationary all

Station Unit sources sources , ,

Gardner 1 8& 2 2,923,872 1,328,273 -- --Snyder 1 8& 2 3,211,989 1,459,160 -- --Rockwell 1 to 8 1,790,042 813,190 -- --Tegen 1 .. 2 1,947,920 884,912 -- --

_ .. _-POWER STATIONS TOTAL: i 9,873,823 4,485,535 76.8 51. 5

2. Fuel oil consumed by : As " of oil industry consumed by

stationary indo sources

(i) Bunker oil consumed by 112 major sources 82.3 1,115,270)

(i i) Bunker oil consumed )

21.9 by 191 minor sources 12.0

) 163,750)

(111) D1esel oil consumed by 7 major sources 2.7 36,900) ,

I ) 1.3 (1 v) Diesel oil consumed I )

by 76 minor sources l 3.0 40,420)

Stationary Sources Total: I 100.0 1,356,340 23.2 15.5 (386 sources)

,

3. Fuel consumed by I gasoline 1,586,784 motor vehicles of all diesel 1,287,773 -- 33.0 typesf(1978 data)

4. Grand Total -- 8,716,432 100.00 100.0

• Conversion based on 350 working days per year, 3.785 litres per U.S. gallon and 42 gallons per barrel, or 159 I1tres per barrel.

f: There were approximately half a mil110n registered moter vehicles in Metro M1ntla in 1979, comprising about 300,000 motor cars, 150 000 trucks and trai 1ers and 50 000 motor cycles.

.. -

--

,

I !

- 166 -

Table 5C

EMISSION FACTORS USED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE INITIAL SEI.

F ac t 0 rs are given -.e1=.;I::.l-,K;;.s<ilc..'_I_O_0_0_I_i_t_r_e_s __ _

___ "" " _________________ ~STAT IONARY PLANT _____ -+f_...:M::.:O:..:B:..:I:..:L=E,-=S:..:O:..:U:..;R-=C=E=S_

Typf' of Plant and Fuel

POLLUTANT

Particulates including lead and aerosols

Total sulphur oxides as S02(SOx)

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Hydrocarbons (HC's)

Oxides of nitrogen (NO) x

Aldehydes and organic acids

TOT A L

Fue l-oi I burning plant or indusdrial boiler

Ind'1. I Diesel- Petrol-

~~;:~ng " !~:~:~es diesel

___ ~fuel~_+-____ _

fueled vehicles

I

4.5 2.0 18.0 1.8

63.1 12.8 10.8 1.8

1.0 1.0 9.6 324. I

0.7 0.7 18.0 54.6

12.6 3.0 26.6 18.0

6.6 1.0

81. 9 19.5 89.6 401.3

• Adapted from the U.S. Environmental Protection Age¥~y Publication AP-42 "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors", 3 Edition, Parts A and B, and Supplements 1 to 8 (May 1978).

SOURCE I Particulates ,

i I Power stations(1979) 20.2 I

: Industries burning i

fuel oil 5.8 I

i

i Industries burning 1

diesel fuel 0.2 I

Stationary sources total 26.2

Motor vehicles diesel: 23.2 of all types (1978 )

gasoline: 2.9

I Grand total 52.3

Motor vehicle pollu-tants expressed as 49.9 % of total specific pollutant

- 167 -

Tab Ie 5D

EMISSIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS FROM FUEL-BURNING SOURCES IN METRO MANILA

(tons/day)

I I Aldehydes

SO CO He's NO x x 8< Acids Total

i I

283.0 4.5 3.1 I 56.5 367.3 I

--I i

i , ,

80.7 i 1.3 , 0.9 I 16.1 -- 104.8 I

I I I I

1.0

I 0.1 0.1 I 0.2 1.6 --

\

i :

364.7 5.9 4.1 72.8 -- 473.7

,

13.9 I 12.4 23.2 I 34.3 8.5 115.5 I

2.9 514.3 86.6 28.6 1.6 636.9

381.5 532.6 113.9 135.7 10.1 1226.1

4.4 98.9 96.4 46.4 100.0 61.4

i I

1

i

i

I

i ----- - - i.--. --- -

0-',

As 't of I Stationary All Sources Sources i

I

! 77.6 30.0 I

I I ,

I 22.1 8.5

1

I I I

I I

0.3 I 0.1

- . ----<

100.0 38.6 i

- 9.4 I

- 52.0

.. ,

- 100.0

- -

- 168 -

Table 5E

GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION SOURCES ~

Major air polluting stationary sources may be conveniently classified into the following groups:-

1. Thermo-electric power plants

2. Manufacture of metal products (fabricated machinery)

3. Foundries and smelting plants

and

4. Plants for glass, ceramics, aggregates and concrete products, including clayworks, cement and brick kilns

5. Textile and knitting mills

6. Processing industries for food, beverages and relatedproducts e.g. animal feed, rice mills, etc.

7. Paper and paper products, wood and timber (lumber) processing plants, including plants burning wood waste, bagasse or other agro-wastes.

8. Refineries and chemical works and related products, including the manufacture and processing of chemicals, plastics, rubber and leather products.

9. Quarries and mines

10. Waste disposal sites

11. Others (not included above)

1m Po (J<:! :3 .......... 0 .... .0 .... ..... co:! ... be V.E- 0 til c m<1> ,..... .....

... -04 a; r.l 0 (JtIl II) Z til ~ Q)

0. .... (J

::lC m ... cc .., ::l ........ 0 0 0 .... E- til

--

1 4

- -'-

2 19

._---r-----

:1 1

- -_.- -----.---

4 10 ,

i ------ - -----I

" 32

.--

6 19

I· - . ,

7 8

8 22

9 --

10 --

1 1 3

-

To- lIB tal

... ;;j --.., ::l .... , .... o ..... 0. oS (J

.., .... 0

" ..,

.1"'4 .~

~ a {}; ...

- 169 -

Table 5F

AlR POLLUTANTS FROII MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES IN THE METRO MANILA AREA

(Grouped according to the classification of Table 5E)

I ~ Air Pollutants Emit ted • kg/day 0 ()

..... >. Parti-<1> m ;> -0 cu1ates SO CO HC's NO .... "-

til X X ..... -0 Q) oS Q) ... ... a ... O::l ..... E-tIl ....

---.

4484435 20185 283035 4486 3140 56518

154280 684 9534 155 108 1905 _. ----_ .. __ ._-

3000 13 189 3 2 38

153900 650 8861 154 108 1777

314370 1415 19837 314 220 3961

165590 745 10449 166 116 2086

128130 577 8085 128 90 1614

201800 968 11929 202 141 2389

-

-- -- -- -- -- ---------

-- -- -- -- -- --

36400 164 2297 36 25 459

--_._-_. ---

5643005 25401 354216 5644 3950 70747

---_.---

-- 5.52 77.01 1. 23 0.86 15.38

Group pollu-tants as 'f, of to-

Total tal pol-lutants

367364 79.87

12386 2

-

245 0.05 I ,

11550 2.51

25747 5.60 I I !

13562 2.95 i I

10494 2.28 II II

15629 3.40

-- I --I I

-- --I , ,

2981 I 0.65 .

I I

459958 ' 100.00 I , , .,

100.00 --

- 170 -

TABLE 6

NPCC STATISTICS ON INDUSTRIAL FIRMS

IN METRO MANIIA (WITHIN THE CONTROL OF MWSS)

AS AT FEBRUARY 1980

TOTAL NUMEL"R OF FIRMS IN METRO MANILA •••..•...•...•........•...•...• 1800

TOTAL NUMBER OF FIRMS SURVEYED ••.•.•••.••.....••.•..•............••• 1196

TOTAL NUMBER OF FIPMS WITHOUT UPDATED INSPECTION •••.••..••.••••.•••• 604

A. Total Number of Firms rontributing ••..•••.•••.••.•..•.• 482 (40%) to water pollution

1. Firms with waste water treatment plants (WTP) •..•..••...•..••••.••• 263 (55%)

2. Firms with waste water treatment plants ~ under construction •.•.••••..••••..••...•• 43 ( 9%)

3. Firms without WTP ................. 176 (36%)

B. Total Number of Firms Contributing ••••.•...••.•..••••• 666 (56%) to air pollution

1. Firms with air pollution control equipment (APC) ••..•••••• 480 (72%)

2. Firms with air pollution control equipment (APC) under construction •..•.•.....••.•.•.•••

3. Firms without APC ••..•••••••.•.••

4. Firms with approval to instal Source Installation

53 ( 8%)

121 (18~)

• 12 ( 2%)

C. Total Number of Fir.ns Contributing to only .•.•.....•• 184 (15%) air pollution

- 171 -

TABLE 7

NPCC STATISTICS ON FIRMS

CONTRIBtJI'ING TO WATER POLLtJI'ION

AS AT FEBRUARY 1980

1. TOTAL NUMBER OF FIRMS SURVEYED ....................................... 3058

II. TOTAL NUMBER OF FIRMS rOm'RIBUTING TO

WATER POLLUTION •••••.••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 961

l.

2.

3.

Metro - Manil?

Rest of lllzon

Visayas

482

227

91

4 . Minda na 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 161

III. ~TA~US Ov rOMPLTANCE '"

A. Firms with Wastewater 'J'reatment Plants ........................... 491

Metro Manila •••••..•••••••.•••..•.••••• 263

Rest of Luzon ••..........•....•.•....•• 83 Visayas 43

Mindanao ••.••...•.••.••.•.••..•.••.•.•• 102

B. Firms with Wastewater Treatment Plants under construction

r~etro-r~anila •.••.•••.•.•••••••••••..••• 43

Rest of Luzon ••••••..•••••.•.••.....•.• 52

Visayas

Mindanao

14

11

120

C. Firms wi thout Wastewater Treatment Plants •••••...•..•...•••..••• 350

~1etro-Manila •.••..•••••.••••...•••.•.•• 176

Rest of J ll2'On •.•.•.•..••••.•..••.•.••.• 92

Visaya s •.••.•••..••••••••••...••......• 34

r·l1ndanao •••..•.............•.•....•...• 48

l. Food manufacturing

2. Sugar mills

3. Vegetable Oil Plants

4. Beverages

5. Distillery

6. Pulp and paper

7. Wood processing

8. Oil refineries

9. Oil depots and stations

10. Ceramics

11. Cement

12. Gravel and Sand

13. Metal processing

14. Mining

15. Slaughterhouse

16. Textile mills

17. Tannery and leather

18. Chemical and chemical based

19. Piggery and poultry farms

TOTAL

- 172 -

TABLE 8

NPCC STATISTICS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SURVEYED INDUSTRIES WITH POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN 1978

METRO MANILA REST OF LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO

65 45 11 17

7 30 2

3 4 8

11 13 4 8

11 8

13 7 2 4

3 6 1 7

4

4 7 7 17

28 5 2

4

2

6 11 2 1

19 4 4

1 2

77 56 2

3 23

51 27 5 4

41

265 294 78 72

TOTAL

138

39

15

36

19

26

17

4

35

35

4

2

20

27

3

135

26

87

41

709

NPCC

Catchment Area

1

Paranaque and Las Pinas

San Juan

Pasig River

- 173 -

TABLE 9 (SHEET 1)

WATER POLLUTION-~STIMATION OF INDUSTRIAL BOD LOAD FROM METRO MANILA (SOURCE: NPCC ANALYTICAL DATA)

BOD in mg/1 Discharge per day Type of in 103 gpd Industry

Effluent Influent

2 3 4 5

Agro Industry 6.5 4300 Food Manufacturing 152 4220 2170 Beverage Industry 48 400 Textile Industry 668.3 500 380 Paper Industry 48 190 Chemical Industry 26 140 Non-metallic Indust"y 5.5 54

Food Manufacturing 312 35000 250 Beverage Manufacturing 50 510 Textile Industry 798 1130 Paper Industry 200 240

Food Manufacturing 1704 16040 5400 Textile Industry 1518.5 200 516 Paper Industry 720 70 Chemical Industry 14 1040 Soap/detergent Industry 220 140 Non-metallic Industry 870 60

~------ -

! BOD load discharged in

kg/day

6

104.80 708.00

72.00 173.04

34.20 6.82 1.12

1470.83 95.62

462.35 180.00

10980.55 830.55

1404.00 27.30 57.75

195.75

-----

NPCC Catchment Area

1

Marikina River

Tullahan-Tinejeros River

i

- 174 -

TABLE 9 (SHEET 2)

WATER POLLUTION-ESTIMATION OF INDUSTRIAL BOD LOAD FROM METRO MANILA (SOURCE: NPCC ANALYTICAL DATA)

BOD in mg/l Type of Discharge per day Industry in 10 3 gpd

Influent Effluent

2 3 4 5

Food Manufacturing 230 260 Textile Industry 439 452 Paper Industry 160 Metal Industry 5 30 Non-metallic Industry 2.9 220

Agro Industry 40.9 700 Food Manufacturing 130.9 9280 716 Beverage Industry 170 490 Textile Industry 1448.7 620 23304 Leather Industry 31 2240 Paper Industry 1225 270 Soap Industry 10 44 Petrol & oil Industry 5.5

I 2500

Non-metallic Industry 52 950

I

-~

BOD load discharged in kg/day

6

I 224.25

125.64

0.56 4.12 1

53.69 471. 99 312.38

3979.53 67.50

686.25 1.65

51.56 I 59.38 i

I TOTAL: 22843.18 1

========= I

MANILA BAY

MJS

- 175 -

FH7URE 1

CAlOOCAN OTY '8

lAGUNA DE BAY

, :r. r lEGEN:> t::J s.ltellll St.., AlII !!,,;;<-l) t.tnI Sal .. Arll _ ... s" .. am c.IIInI c.lllctill Spt .. fRJ ......... ,f~ _ St,tlllfl Pili

_ "Illn l'1li

PLAN 0 ...

MBTIU) MANIJ..A

I

I

I

I

I

I

- 176 -

COUNTRY REPORT ON SINGAPORE

based on information provided by

the Environmental Engineering Division Ministry of Environment, Singapore

- 177 -

CON TEN T S

SUMMARY

DOMESTIC WASTES

INDUSTRIAL WASTES

FARM WASTE

RIVER DISCHARGE

TABLE 1

TABLE 2

TABLE 3

TABLE 4

TABLE 5

TABLE 6

Population statistics and projections

Statistics and projections of pollution loads and wastewater discharges

Discharges from major sewage treatment works

Tourist popUlation statistics and projections

Water quality of major rivers

Water quality standards for trade effluent discharge

Page

178

179

179

179

179

180

180

180

181

181

182

-

_.

- 178 -

SUMMARY

a) Habitations connected by sewer to the four sewage works give rise to the following BODS discharges:

Ulu Pandan - 14 x 186/1000 tons/day BODS = 2.6 tons/day

Kim Chuan - 20 x 210/1000 tons/day BODS = 4.2 tons/day

Bedok 14 x 20.S/1000 tons/day BODS = 0.3 tons/day

Woodlands 9 x 4.7/1000 tons/day BODS negligible

b) Twenty pevcent of the population of 2.4 million people is unsewered. Assuming that 50% of this population uses septic tanks with a discharge of 14 grams BODS/head/day, the total discharge amounts to:

2.4 x 106 x 0.2 x O.S x 14 x 10-6 = 3.36 tons/day

Therefore, total BODS load from water pollution (as derived from (a) and (b) is 10.46 tons/day or about 3 800 tons/year, based on 36S days/year.

The above crude estimates are based solely on the following information provided by the Singapore Government. It is not clear, without more detailed information, whether these figures correctly reflect the order of magnitude of pollution loads generated and discharged to the marine environment surrounding Singapore.

-179 -

OVERVIEW OF LAND-BASED POLLUTION SOURCES IN SINGAPORE

1. In Singapore, the main sources of water pollution comprise domestic, industrial and farm waste.

Domestic Wastes

2. At present, some 400 000 m3 of wastewater are discharged daily. Approximately 80% of these are in areas that are sewered. At present there are four major sewage treatment works. Three more sewage treatment works are under construction. The rema1n1ng 20% are served by either rural type septic tanks, waterseal latrines or nightsoil buckets.

3. The statistics on population (non-tourist and tourist), pollution load, sewage treatment are given in Tables I, 2, 3 and 4.

Industrial Wastes

4. Some 940 industries in Singapore discharge industrial wastewater (approximately 30 000 m3/day). 82% of these are located in sewered areas. The main types of industry are food, beverage, brewery, electroplating, textile printing, paper making, pharmaceutical, paint, leather tanning, motor engineering and electronics. The bulk of the wastewater (approximately 75%) is organic 1n nature.

5. The remaining 18% located in non-sewered areas have their own individual treatment plants to treat their waste to comply with the watercourse standards stipulated in the Trade Effluent Regulations, 1976. The standards are given in Table 6.

Farm Waste

6. There are some 800 000 pigs in Singapore. Cesspits are used to settle out the pig wastes.

7. There are some 15 million chickens and ducks on the island. Most of the dung is removed as solid waste and sold as fertilizer.

8. Pollution loads from agricultural/horticultural activities are relatively small, and come from the application of organic (sludge and animal manure) and chemical fertilizers as well as pesticides, as Singapore is basically non-agricultural.

River Discharge

9. The main rivers in Singapore are Singapore River, Ka11ang River, Se1etar River, Punggol River, Serangoon River and Jurong River.

10. The quality of the rivers is given in Table 5.

- 180 -

Table 1 Population Statistics and Projections

Year Population

1980 2.4 million 1990 2.7 million 2030 3.4 million

Table 2 Statistics and Projections of Pollution Loads and Wastewater Discharges

Parameter 1980 1990 2030

BOD (Kg/person/day) 0.055 0.07 0.1 SS (Kg/person/day) 0.063 0.075 0.105 Average flow (litres/person/day) 200 230 270

Table 3 Discharges From Major Sewage Treatment Works

Flow (m.l x 1000) Final Effluent Quality (mg/l) per day BOD Suspended Solids

Ulu Pandan STW 186 14 30 Kim CilUan STW 210 20 30 Bedok WTW 20.5 14 13 Woodlands STW 4.7 9 25

- 181 -

Table 4 Tourist Population Statistics and Projections

Year 1979 1980 1983 1985

No. of tourists per year 2.2M 2.4M 3.0M 3.5M

(The average length of stay is 3.7 days).

Table 5 Water quality of Major Rivers (1979)

River/Canal BOD TSS

Aledandra 8 84

Bukit Timah 14 147

Stamford 8 130

Whampoa 15 81

Pelton 20 109

Geylang 11 121

Kallang 14 109

Jurong 14 54

Serangoon 15 85

Punggo1 5 73

- 182 -

Table 6 : Water Quality Standards for Trade Effluent Discharge

The physical and chemical characteristics of the trade effluent to be discharged shall not exceed the following limits:- ~

Units in Milligrams per

Item of Analysis litre or otherwise stated Public Water Controlled Sewer Course Watercourse+

I. Temperature of discharge 450 C 450C 450C 2. Colour - 7 Lovibond 7 Lovibond

Units Units 3. pH value 6-9 6-9 6-9 4. 5-day Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD) at 200C 400 50 20 5. Chemical Oxygen De~nd 600 100 60 6. Total Suspended Solids 400 50 30 7. Total Dissolved Solids 3,000 2,000 1,000 8. Chloride (as Chloride ion) 1,000 600 400 9. Sulphate (as 504) 1,000 500 200

10. Sulphide (as Sulphur) 1 0.2 0.2 II. Cyanide (as CN) 2 0.1 0.1 12. Detergents (linear alkylate 30 15 5

sulphonate as methylene blue active substances

13. Grease and oil 60 10 5 14. Arsenic 5 1 0.05 15. Barium 10 5 5 16. Tin 10 10 5 17. Iron 50 20 1 18. Beryllium 5 0.5 0.5 19. Boron 5 5 0.5 20. Manganese 10 5 0.5 2I. Phenolic Compounds (as phenol) 0.5 0.2 Nil 22. Cadmium 1.0 0.1 0.01 23. Chromium 5.0 1 0.05 24. Copper 5 0.1 0.1 25. Lead 5 0.1 0.1 26. Mercury 0.5 0.05 0.001 27. Nickel 10 1 0.1 28. Selenium 10 0.5 0.01 29. Silver 5 0.1 0.1 30. Zinc 10 1 0.5 31- Metals in Total 10 1 0.5 32. Chlorine - 1 1 33. Phosphate (P04) - 5 2 34. calcium - 200 150 35. Magnesium - 200 150 36. Nitrate (N03) - - 20

Note: * The concentration of toxic metal shall not exceed the limits as shown, individually or in total.

+ 'Controlled Watercourse' means a water course from which water supplied by the Public Utilities Board under the Public Utilities Act is obtained but does not include a water course from which water is pumped into a main of the Public Utilities Board.

- 183 7"

ANNEX VI

COUNTRY REPORT ON THAILAND


24 September - 12 October 1980

by

E. A. Ore", PEPAS Consultant


1-

2.

3.

4.

5.

- 184 -

CON TEN T S

SUMMARY


CONTACTS MADE IN THAII.AND


FINDINGS

5.1 5.2

TABLE 1

i'ABLE 2

TABLE 3

TABLE 4

TABLE 5

TABLE 6

TABLE 7

TABLE 8

Water pollution Air pollution

Wastewater loadings on Chao Phya River between estuary and a point 85 kilometres upstream

BOD loads to Chao Phya River between estuary and a point 85 kilometres upstream (AIT Research Project)

Water quality data for water supply canal, Bangkok Treatment Works

Heavy metal concentrations 1n rivers and Upper Gulf of Thailand

Industrial and domestic wastewater load from coastal areas around Upper Gulf

Summary of emissions from Bangkok and coastal areas around Upper Gulf

Estimated fuel consumption in Thailand - 1979

Emissions of air pollutants from fuel burning sources

Page

186

186

186

188

193

193 197

199

200

201

202

202

203

205

206

TABLE 9

TABLE 10

TABLE 11

TABLE 12

TABLE 13

TABLE 14

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

- 185 -

Calculation of emissions from industrial processes

Thailand and Bangkok - oil consumption in 1979

Number of registered vehicles 1979

Calculation of liquid industrial waste polluting load - Thailand

Calculation of emissions from internal combustion sources - Thailand 1979

Calculation of emissions from external combustion sources - Thailand 1979

Sketch showing 6 major rivers discharging into Upper Gulf

Chao Phya River

Marine survey sampling stations

208

210

211

212

228

230

234

235

236

- 186 -

1. SUMMARY

1.1 It is estimated that from Bangkok Metropolitan Authority area, the water pollution load amounts to 83 x 103 tons per year (see Table 1) and that the air pollution total load from fuel burning sources and industrial processes is 340 x 103 tons per year (see Table 6).

1.2 It is estimated that for the 20 Km wide coastal stri~ around the Upper Gulf, the water pollution load amounts to 92.6 x 10 tons per year (see Table 5) and that the air pollution total load from fuel burning sources and industrial processes is 265 x 103 tons per year (see Table 6) •

1.3 The Ministry of Industry and Ministry of Public Health produced much useful data based on extensive monitoring of industrial wastes and river water quality but there was unfortunately nothing similar in the air pollution field.

1.4 Water pollution from industrial development has been considerably reduced under the Factory Act 1969 (with recent revisions) and cooperation between the Ministry of Industry and the industrialists.

1.5 The majority of the pollution of rivers now arises from the domestic sources. The solution of this problem is a direct responsibility of Central and Provincial Governments

1.6 While this assessment is preliminary in nature and may not represent the actual situation correctly, it seems to give a good first order approximation of the magnitude of pollution load discharged into the coastal environment.


2.1 The purpose and terms of reference of this project are given in Section IV of the main text of this document.

Organization

National Environment Board (NEB)

3. CONTACTS MADE IN THAILAND

Persons contacted

Mr Kasem Sanidvonge Na Ayudthaya Secretary General

Dr Pakit Kiravanich Deputy Secretary General

Mr Athorn Supapodok Director, Environmental Policy & Planning

Division

Ministry of Industry (MOl)

Ministry of Interior

Ministry of Public Health (Department of Health, Environmental

Health Division

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA)

- 187 -

Mr Pornchai Taranatham Environmental Policy & Planning Division

Mr Pichak Tonhermhong Environmental Standards Division

Mr Evans USAID Consultant

Mrs Monthip Tabucanon Environmental Quality Standard Division

Mr Visith Noiphan Deputy Director General, Department of Industrial Works

Mr Boonyong Lohwongwatana Industrial Environmental Division Department of Industrial Works

Mr Pravit Sriprachan Air Pollution Control Sub-Division Industrial Environmental Division Department of Industrial Works

Mr Nit Hin Chee Ranan Director General, Department of Town &

Country Planning

Mr Chalerm Keokungwal Deputy Director, Department of Town &

Country Planning

Mr Praphorn Charuchandr Director, Environmental Health Division

Ms Nitaya Mahabhol Chief, Environmental Engineering Section & Air Pollution Control Unit

Environmental Health Division

Ms Nantana Santatiwut Chief Environmental Science Section

Ms Theechat Boonyakarnkul Environmental Science Section

Mr Anuchit Sodsathit Deputy Director, Bureau of Drainage and

Sewerage

WHO Bangkok

Chulalongkorn University

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Electricity Generting Authority of Thailand Divison

4.

- 188 -

Dr Ing. Ksemsan Suwarnarat Sanitary Engineer of Department of Health Ministry of Public Health (on secondment)

Dr Saridiwongsa Wongsathuaythong Deputy Governor

Ms Arporn Chanchareonsook Director,Policy and Planning Division Bureau of Policy and Planning

Dr M. Sathianathan Programme Coordinator

Ms Merissa Khomin Administrator Officer

Dr Twesukdi Piyakarnchana Department of Marine Science

Dr R. Lesaca Deputy Director, Regional Office for Asia &

the pacific

Mr Udorn Khunvichai Assistant Chief, Power Plant Engineering


4.1 Ministries, departments and institutions concerned with the control of Thailand's environment are as follows:

Office of the Prime Minister

(a) Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB)

(b) Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)

Ministry of Science, Technology & Energy

(a) Office of the National Environment Board (NEB)

(b) National Energy Administration (NEA)

- 189 -

(c) Department of Science Service

(d) Office of Atomic Energy for Peace

(e) Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research

Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

(a) Department of Agriculture

(b) Royal Irrigation Department

(c) Department of Fisheries

(d) Royal Forest Department

(e) Department of Land Development

(f) The Forest Industry Organization

Ministry of Public Heal th

(a) Department of Health

(b) Department of Medical Sciences

(c) Department of Medical Services

(d) Office of Food and Drug Administration

(e) Office of Under-Secretary of State

(f) Department of Communicable Diseases Control

Ministry of Communications

(a) Office of the Under-Secretary of State

(b) Department of Land Transport

(c) Harbour Department

(d) Meteorological Department

Ministry of Interior

(a) Bangkok Metropolitan Administration

(b) Department of Local Administration

- 190 -

tc) Department of Lands

(d) Department of Public Works

(e) Department of Labour

(f) Policy and Planning Office

tg) Department of Town and Country Planning

(h) Office of Accelerated Rural Development

Institutes of Environmental Research

(a) Institute of Environmental Research Chulalongkorn University

(b) Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies Mahidol University

(c) Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)

(d) Environmental Science Programme Kasetsart University

(e) Institute of Population Studies Chulalongkorn University

(f) Institute for Population and Social Research Mahidol University

(g) Faculty of Engineering Chiangmai University

(h) Department of Sanitary Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University

Of those listed above, the Office of the National Environment Board (NEB) in the Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy, the Industrial Environment Division of the Department of Industrial Works (DIW) in the Ministry of Industry, and the Department of Health (DOH) in the Ministry of Public Health were of particular significance to the present assignment. A brief description of each of these agencies is presented below:

(a) the National Environment Board (NEB) was created to permit coordinated and effective governmental action for the control of the environment. NEB endeavours to ensure national environmental quality by the proper integration of research, monitoring, standard setting,

- 191 -

education and pollution abatement activities. Under NEB, various standing committees can be assigned technical tasks in specific environmental issues such as land, water, air, human settlements, etc. NEB consists of the Secretary's office, Environmental Policy & Planning Division, Information & Environmental Quality Promotion Division, Environmental Quality Standard Division, and Environmental Impact Evaluation Division;

(b) the Industrial Environment Division (lED) of the Industrial Works Department in rhe Ministry of Industry is responsible for the control of pollution from industries, including waste discharges into receiving water bodies and into the atmosphere, solid wastes and for other environmental problems (odour, noise). lED is composed of three sub-divisions, one handling water pollution control, one handling air pollution control and a technical sub-division. The technical sub-division contains three sections, one providing basic research in support of all lED operations, a laboratory section carrying out analyses of waste constituents and a river projects section which is involved in pollution monitoring activities on the major river systems in the greater Metropolitan Bangkok area;

(c) the Department of Health (DOH) in the Ministry of Public Health consists of ten divisions and the Office of the Secretary to the Department. The responsibilities covered by the ten divisions range from rural water supply and sanitation to general public health service provisions. Some of the major tasks c~rried out by the Environmental Health Division, a primary agency responsible for providing information for the present assessment, include engineering services (surveying, designing, supervision and manpower training) for hospital wastes disposal, monitoring of water quality along the major rivers reaching the Gulf of Thailand, strengthening of programmes in air pollution control and solid waste management with regard to promotion of public health. The laboratory attached to the Division is capable of carrying out routine monitoring analyses as well as some of the advanced analyses.

4.2 The kingdom of Thailand is situated between 970 East and 1060 East, and 50 North and 200 North. It has a coastline of 2 600 kilometres of which 710 kilometres is to the Indian Ocean (Andaman Sea) and the remainder to the Gulf of Thailand. It has an area of about 514 000 square kilometres and a population of 45 million of which 6.2 million live in the capital Bangkok and its suburbs. It is estimated that 85% of the national population is engaged in agriculture.

4.3 The Gulf of Thailand is approximately semi-circular with a diameter of 350 kilometres on the 100 N parallel. On the north of the semi-circle is the Upper Gulf, rectangular in plan, 116 kilometres from west to east shoreline and about 125 kilometres from the 100 N parallel to the northern shore. Along the northern shore of the Upper Gulf are the estuaries of four of the major rivers of the kingdom i.e. (from west to east) Maeklong, Thacheen, Chao Phya and Bang Pakong. Of these, the largest is the Chao Phya with a discharge varying between 8 000 x 106 to 34 000 x 106 m3 per year. The three others have flows of 9 000 x 106 to 16 000 x 106 m3 per year, 1 500 x 106 m3 per year and 3 000 x 106 m3 per year respectively (see Figure 1).

- 192 -

4.4 Bangkok is inland from the Upper Gulf with its centre about 45 kilometres from the sea (see Figure 2). Bangkok Municipal Authority is astride the Chao Phya River with the southern boundary about 20 kilometres from the Upper Gulf and the northern boundary about 57 kilometres from the Upper Gulf. The western and eastern boundaries of the Authority are approximately 15 kilometres to the west and 45 kilometres to the east of the r1ver.

4.5 The terms of reference for this assignment in Thailand include assessment of the water and air pollution for the Municipality of Bangkok, and in doing so to update the "Rapid assessment of water and air pollution sources in Bangkok, Thailand" carried out earlier by Martin and Economopoulos. In the light of availability of data on water pollution sources both on the four major rivers and on the Petchburi and Pranburi Rivers which discharge into the Upper Gulf from its western coast (see Figure 1), it was decided to widen the terms of reference to include not only the Municipality of Bangkok but also the coastal area around the Upper Gulf i.e. a coastline of about 350 kilometres. This coastal strip therefore includes the 20 kilometres of the Chao Phya River downstream of the Municipality of Bangkok to which particular reference was made in the report by Martin and Economopoulos. In the light of the Chao Phya River being the source of the water supply for Bangkok, the present assignment includes an assessment of the water quality of the Chao Phya at the intake (approximately 90 kilometres from the Upper Gulf) at Samlae water gate at point A (see Figure 2).

4.6 The outstanding features of the assignment in Thailand have been the amount of data concerning sources of water pollution and secondly the strength of the middle management in the various industries and agencies involved in the environmental field. However, it must be stated that because of the large number of Ministries and agencies concerned with the environment, it has been a time-consuming exercise to seek out that data.

4.7 On the other hand, there has been a marked lack of information on the air pollution side. This may have been due to a failure to contact the particular Ministry or agency but it is known that monitoring activities are very limited.

4.8 The international industrial classification code 1S not used 1n Thailand and this had led to some difficulty.

4.9 At the present time, Thailand has no oil resources. With the availability of imported oil becoming more and more doubtful, lignite deposits in the country have been opened up to alleviate the fuel crisis of the country. Lignite is mainly used for thermal power stations producing electrical energy in the vicinity of the two deposits, one in the north and one in the south of the country. However, 40,000 tons were used in 1979 at the North Bangkok thermal power plant. The potential of the lignite mines is now being developed.

- 193 -

4.10 The discovery of natural gas in the Gulf of Thailand will lead to extensive industrial development (with the emphasis on heavy industries) along the eastern coast of the Upper Gulf since it is inland behind this coastline that the delivery pipeline from the Gulf will be laid. In addition, provision is being made to convert South Bangkok thermal plant from oil to a choice of oil or natural gas. The new thermal plant at the mouth of the Bang Pakong River will use natural gas for fuel for both stream generation and gas turbines.

4.11 There will be further extensive development of the tin mining industry along the Indian Ocean coastline of the country.

4.12 The field work for the assignment was carried out in Thailand from 24 September 1980 to 12 October 1980.

5. FINDINGS

5.1 Water Pollution

Over recent years, pos1t1ve action has been taken by the Ministry of Industry, Department of Industrial Works (DIW) to reduce the organic loading on the rivers of Thailand by means of enforcement of pollution control under the Factory Act 1969 and recent revisions of that Act. Under the legislation, new factories are unable to obtain an operating licence unless an adequate wastewater treatment plant is installed whilst existing factories have their operating licences reviewed after 3 years. This action has led to a considerable improvement in river water quality. In addition, the DIW now monitors the quality of wastes discharged to the rivers. It is therefore possible, in both the cases of Bangkok and the coastal areas around the Upper Gulf, to assess the polluting load from industrial wastes discharged to rivers from actual analyses carried out by Dm.

Unfortunately, no similar action has been taken by either Central or Local Government to reduce or monitor the polluting load discharged by the population in the form of sewage or solid waste. The Dm estimates that the domestic BOD load to rivers is increasing faster than the reduction of industrial load due to wastewater treatment.

The majority of industrial premises in Thailand are within the agroindustrial sector, for example, sugar mills, tapioca starch plants, canning, distilleries, etc. Because of the need for water, and an outlet for waste disposal, industrial premises have developed in the river valleys. The small scale registered premises are mainly in printing, textile, dyeing, polishing and wood finishing, window frames and doors, rubber and plastic products, small iron foundries and metal finishing etc. The Dm reported that electro-plating and hardening of metals is entirely carried out by small scale premises and that the total wastewater discharge in Thailand could amount to as much as 500 m3/day plus 12 tons of heavy metals.

- 194 -

(a) Bangkok

Some years ago, the Thai Government accepted in principle a consultant's report for sewering the major part of the City and introducing sewage treatment. This report is now being up-dated but no information is available about the BODS load from the drainage area yet.

In a paper by the Deputy Director-General, DIW of MOl to the Regional Conference on Environmental Administration in Thailand (February 1980), it was reported that DIW studies, as well as those of other investigators, have established that the total industrial BODS load to the Chao Phya River now makes up a little less than 2S% of the total BODS load discharged to that river, the remaining 75% coming from domestic liquid and solid waste sources.

A report entitled "Wastewater from Industry" by Boonyong Lohwongwatana of DIW (June 1980) includes schedules of industrial premises in the lower reaches of the six major rivers entering the Upper Gulf. The schedule for the Chao Phya River includes 60 industrial premises discharging organic wastes to the river systems or canals (klongs) between the estuary and a point upstream of the water intake for the Bangkok water supply (see Figure 2). These premises are included in Table 12 which gives an assessment of the liquid industrial BODS load to the Chao Phya and other rivers. It will be seen from Figure 2 that 22 of these premises are upstream of Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (BMA) , 23 are within BMA and 15 are within the coastal area around the Upper Gulf: and their respective load discharges are as shown in Table 1. According to the table, the organic waste load discharged from industries located within the boundaries of BMA is estimated to be 20 209 Kg BODS per day.

Although more extensive monitoring of industries may find these figures not representing the actual situation correctly, they do give a good first order approximation of the magnitude of wastes discharged into watercourses.

It has been estimated that the population within the area of BMA at December 1979 (Ministry of Interior Department of Local Administration) was 6.2 million. On the assumption that 50% of the population discharges wastes direct to rivers or klongs (at 54 gms BODS per head per day) and the remainder only gives rise to 14 gms BODS per head per day, the domestic load to Chao Phya River amounts to 210 800 Kg BODS per day. This gives a total of about 231 009 Kg BODS per day for population wastes and industrial wastes within the Bangkok Metropolis.

Since 1977, the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, has been working on a research project, sponsored by National Environment Board (NEB), "Mathematical Optimisation Model for Regional Water Quality Management - a Case Study of Chao Phya River". Phase I of the research report (August 1978) included the collection of "data on quality and quantity of wastewater loadings from klongs, direct discharges from industrial premises, domestic wastewater and wastewater from municipal drains". The data (collected in May-June 1978) for the report is presented in Table 2.

The research project has now been completed. It is understood from NEB that to-date they have not obtained good comparisons between predicted and actual dissolved oxygen levels in the river. A view has been

- 195 -

expressed that the loading for the klongs may be too low. However, there is reasonable comparison between the direct assessment of AIT (i.e. 275 000 Kg BODS per day from Table 2) and that assessed in this report (i.e. an industrial load of 86 491 Kg BODS per day plus the load from the population of 210 800 Kgs per day i.e. a total of about 297 291 Kg BODS per day as indicated in Table 1. (Note - the domestic BODS loads for the areas upstream and downstream of BMA are unknown.)

It is estimated by H. F. Ludwig and C. Tongkasaine in a paper entitled "Environmental Management for the Inner Gulf of Thailand" that 50% of the discharged BODS load is consumed in the rivers prior to reaching the gulf.

Table 12 shows that the industries presently BODS load to the Chao Phya River are as follows:

(i) Upstream of BMA

(i i) Within BMA

- 1- Whisky distilleries

- 2. paper and pulp

- 1. Breweries

- 2. Frozen food manufacture

(iii) Downstream of BMA - 1. Paper and pulp

Water Supply

contributing the highest

36 030 Kg BODs/day

22 055 Kg BODs/day

9 827 Kg BODs/day

S 724 Kg BODs/day

5 773 Kg BODs/day

The water supply for BMA is taken from the Chao Phya River at Samlae water gate by pumps and discharged into a surface canal for conveyance over 34 Km to the treatment plant at Samsan at point B (see Figure 2).

The quality of water at the intake, at five intermediate sampling points and at the intake from the canal into the treatment plant is monitored regularly by the Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Public Health. A summary of this work covering results during a month's intensive sampling in October/November 1978 (11 occasions), and also from January 1979 to July 1980 (7 occasions) is given in Table 3.

The impression is that while there has been an improvement since October/November 1978 in the physico-chemical quality parameters of the water at the intake, the bacteriological quality parameters at the intake over the same period have deteriorated.

Considerable research work has been carried out on the level of heavy metal concentrations in the Chao Phya, Thacheen, Maeklong and Bang Pakong Rivers, the Upper Gulf and along the coastal lines of the country. AIT's Research Report No. 105 published in 1979 entitled "Heavy Metals, DDT and PCBs in the Upper Gulf" produced the data which is set out in Table 4. The Report states that of 22 industrial premises selected for survey along the Chao Phya River and the estuary, effluents from 14 were found to contain at least one heavy metal concentration higher than the standard of 1 000 ug/l set by MOl. A klong survey (in 11 klongs) produced concen-

- 196 -

trations in water of 7.8 to 8.9 ug/l for cadmium. 10.7 to 17.6 ug/l for copper. 33.3 to 39.9 ug/l for chromium and 37.2 to 42.3 ug/l for lead in a klong where many industries are situated. This is a serious situation. The summary of that report includes a comment worthy of consideration i.e. that "river mouth areas" have a higher hardness content than those upstream and that this condition could be beneficial to aquatic organisms and fish since hardness has been reported to yield protection against heavy metal toxicity.

In addition to the AIT Report. there is continuing investigation on the Upper Gulf. the Gulf and the Andaman Sea by the National Research Council supported by 14 Government Departments and agencies. The work is being carried out by the Department of Marine Science, Chulalongkorn University. It has been in progress since 1973. The sampling stations are shown in Figure 3. The research programme was launched in 1973 following severe pollution of the Maeklong River and shell fisheries at the mouth of that river. In the first 5-year programme from 1973, the Department monitored the Upper Gulf 3 times each year. but this has been reduced to twice a year in the present 5-year programme.

The Department reports that the concentration of mercury in the Upper Gulf both in water and sediments decreased dramatically from 1974 to 1976, I.e. 0.6583 to 0.0102 ug/l and 3.8667 to 0.04 ug/g. following installation of a treatment plant at a soda ash factory in the estuary of the Chao Phya, and the enforcement by MOl of their regulations for. industry under the Factory Act. Since 1973, the concentration of lead in the Upper Gulf has increased significantly - this increase is believed to be principally due to fuel used by transport.

(b) Coastal Area

This area covers a strip 20 Km wide around the Upper Gulf from the Pranburi River around to the southern tip of the Eastern coast. In the vicinity of Bangkok the strip extends to the southern boundary of the Metropolitan Authority. Within the strip are situated the estuaries of the Pranburi, Petchburi, Maeklong, Thacheen, Chao Phya and Bang Pakong Rivers. It is along these valleys that the industry of the area appear to be situated. At the estuary of the Chao Phya is situated the largest of Thailand's thermal power stations with an output of 7 248 x 106 KWH. during 1979. A further generating station of similar capacity is now under construction at the mouth of the Bang Pakong River. In its initial stages (1981 onwards) it will utilize natural gas to fuel gas turbine prime movers. It has already been mentioned that the Thai Government is planning extensive heavy industrial development along the East Coast of the Upper Gulf to coincide with the availability of natural gas. Each of the six rivers has been subjected to varying amounts of pollution over the recent years and this had serious effects on shell fisheries around the estuaries. However, as the result of the work of the MOl, with the support of the Factory Act, the rivers are now greatly improved. The Chao Phya and Thacheen Rivers still have a serious dissolved oxygen situation. On both rivers, the dissolved oxygen reaches 0.5 mg/l or less at critical points. In the Chao Phya River. this is probably due to the domestic load from Bangkok but in the case of the Thacheen River. it is certainly due to a heavy industrial BOD load despite some mediocre effluent treatment

- 197 -

plants. The BODS loads discharged from industries located along six major rivers and within the 20-kilometre coastal strip have been extracted from a report by Boonyong Lohwongwatana of DIW, dated June 1980, entitled "Wastewater from Industry" and are set out in Table 5.

The estimate of total BODS loading for the coastal area 15 also given in Table 5. The population estimate for the area has been obtained from the Ministry of Interior and amounts to 1.79 million. In the absence of any detailed knowledge of the area, apart from the fact that there are no sewers, it has been assumed that 50% of the popUlation contribute 25 gros BOD5/head/day and the remainder S gms BODs/head/day. These have taken into account the preference of Thai people to live actually on or adjacent to watercourses.

The AIT Research Report No. 105 indicates that heavy metal concentrations are higher in the estuaries than upstream. The Thacheen River concentrations are comparable to those of the Chao Phya River (see Table 4). The Maeklong River has a higher level of mercury in the sediment, phytoplankton and fish than that found in the Chao Phya River and this may originate from a soda ash plant situated in that catchment area.

In an undated paper "Marine Pollution" by Dr Twesukdi Piyakarnchana, Director of the Institute of Environmental Research, Chulalongkorn University and Chairman of the NSC marine investigations in the Upper Gulf, it is estimated that 6 000 tons of suspended solids .and 13 000 tons of BODS load were deposited annually into the Upper Gulf from the East Coast through dumping of solid municipal waste.

An inspection of Table 5 and Table 12 shows that in the coastal area around the Upper Gulf, the tapioca starch industry along the East Coast contributes the highest BODS loading i.e. 214 716 Kg per day, followed by the paper and pulp industry with 8 648 Kg per day. This situation will change when treatment plants for the tapioca starch industry in the area become compulsory.

5.2 Air Pollution

The monitoring of water pollution from industrial premises into the rivers and Upper Gulf by MOl enabled a reasonably accurate assessment to be made of total industrial liquid BODS load. Unfortunately, there was no similar information on air pollution loads for the same premises. In some cases, data was available on daily production figures from premises.

Using the methodology developed during the course of the work on the Mediterranean Seas Action Plan, it was possible to assess emissions from the industrial processes where water pollution discharges also occured. However, in other cases, where water pollution was not involved i.e. some chemical processes, metal industries, cement, etc. an assessment of production figures was made from MOl Annual Statistics 1979 and in one case from the "Rapid Assessment of Water and Air Pollution Sources in Bangkok, Thailand" by Martin and Economopoulos. As the Annual Statistics are prepared on a national basis, the proportion of the national production originating from Bangkok and the Coastal area has been assessed from information obtained from MOl. Confidentiality was maintained by MOl on this aspect.

- 198 -

Emissions from internal and external fuel-burning sources from Bangkok and the coastal area around the Upper Gulf are set out in Tables 13 and 14, and have been prepared from the oil and lignite consumption data for 1979 set out in Table 10. The estimated emissions to the atmosphere have been made using factors included in the "Mediterranean Seas Action Plan" methodology.

Oil and lignite consumption data has been obtained from the National Energy Authority, Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy, and from the Annual Report of the Electricity Authority of Thailand. Whilst there is some information about industrial oil and lignite consumption within BMA, it has been necessary to make assessments of domestic consumption in BMA based on proportions of the national fuel consumption provided by NEA. These percentages are shown at the foot of Table 10. For estimations of fuel consumed in the coastal area, it has been assumed that it is in proportion to the Bangkok/coastal area population ratio.

Information on the number of registered vehicles in Bangkok (see Table 11) was obtained from Ministry of Communication, Department of Land Transportation. it has been assumed that the coastal area data on registered vehicles is in proportion to Bangkok/coastal area population ratio. There was no data available on the amount of sugar cane "residual" fibre used as a fuel.

Table 6 sets out a summary of the emissions from all .fuel burning and industrial process sources both in Bangkok and the coastal areas around the Upper Gulf.

Table 7 has been produced from the information on Thailand's oil consumption given in Table 10.

A summary of emissions from fuel burning sources alone is set out in Table 8. This indicates that in Bangkok emissions from stationary sources represented 43.2% and transport 56.8% whilst in the coastal area the figures are 79.8% and 20.2% respectively. The latter set of figures is dominated by the South Bangkok thermal power station at the mouth of the Chao Phya River. The coastal area of 20 Km depth includes 52 industrial premises whereas (apart from the Chao Phya) there are 60 industrial premises in the river valleys upstream of the 20 Km coastal strip.

Industries of varying classifications produce emissions in the course of the production process - for instance cement manufacture, fish processing etc. and these emissions have been estimated in Table 9. In many cases, because the particular process does not give rise to a water polluting load, no data on the annual production was available. In such cases, estimates of production have been made from the HOI Annual Statistics 1979.

- 199 -

TABLE 1

WASTEWATER LOADINGS ON CHAO PHYA RIVER BETWEEN ESTUARY AND A POINT 85 KILOMETRES UPSTREAM

r-. __ ........ -.-.---•..••. _ ... ,..--_.--. __ .- .. - .. -.-•.. ----.--------,---------r

Industrial Industrial Domestic BOD5 Total BOD5 wastewater BOD load load in kgs/ load in

volume in in ~gs/day day kgs/day m3/day Location

(see Table (see Table 12) 12)

1 2 3 4 5

Upstream of 51,873 58,780 unknown 58,780

BMA

Area of BMA 23,350 20,209 210,800 231,009 including or 3 * abattoir and 83 x 10 power station tons/year

Downstream of 34,102 7,502 unknown 7,502

BMA (within coastal area I around Upper Gulf) J Total 109,325 86,491 210,800 297,291

•

* Based on 365 days/year for domestic load and 300 days/year

for indus tri al load

Source

1

Klongs

Industry

Sewers

Pumping stations

Si-Phya

Rama

Domestic -along banks of river within 150 metres

(Total 603,812 population)

t I

Totals

- 200 -

TABLE 2

BOD LOADS TO CHAO PHYA RIVER BETWEEN ESTUARY AND A POINT 85 KILOMETRES UPSTREAM

(AIT RESEARCH PROJECT)

BOD5

load Distance from Remarks in estuary

kgs/day

2 3 4

160,655 6.2 - 8.13 kms )

) quantity and quality

88,141 0 - 75.3 kms ) assessed - in the case of ) klongs at both high and

766 42.1 - 53.6 kms ) low tides

4,110 46.2 kms )

) quantity and quality

5,850 30.5 kms ) assessed

15,511 From aerial photographs. 6.6 persons per house. 45 gms BOD per head per day have been assumed by AIT

275,033 kgs/day

I I

i I I : I

, I

- 201 -

~ WATER QUALITY DATA FOR WATER SUPPLY CANAL, BANGKOK TREATMENT WORKS

Distance Conductance I Coliform Bact~ria Dissolved Suspended DissolvE'd I Total

Nitrates Location from pH

in Oxygen in Solids jn Solids in Chlorides

Nitrogen BODS in

Date , of sample Treatment Micromhos

mg/l mg/l mg/l in mg/l

in mg/l in mgjl mgjl MPN/lOOml

F aeea 1 Works in Km em MPN/lOOm

-~

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ,. RUNGSIT 5.7 - 7.1 260 - 400 0.1 - 2.8 4 - 13.0 135 - 21.5 13 - 2.5 2.1 - 4.5 80 - 1300 20 - 230 -BRIDGE - 23 (7 (4 (6 (2 (2 (2 - (2 (7 (7 Range samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) Samples) samples

25 Oct 1978 RUNGS IT BRIDGE - 23 6.3 300 1.0 - - - - - - 630 120

to Average

29 Nov 1978 TREATMENT 151 - 189 14 - 17 1.0 - 1.6 130 - 3500 20 -2400

WORKS 5.7 - 7.4 290 - 420 0.7-4.6 7 - 11

I - -

(2 (11 (11 samples) BANGKOK -

0 (10 (6 (11 (2 (2 (2 (11

Range samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples:

TREATMENT

WORKS 0 6.8 330 2.6 - - - - - - 1510 335 BANGKOK -Average

INTAKE fro 6.7 - 7.2 200 - 270 1.1 - 4.8 10 - 84 98 - 175 6 - 15 1.0 - 4.9 CHAO PHYA 0.25 - 0.62 0.20 - 0.60

20 - 540C 34 (6 (6 (5 (6 (6 (6 (6

2800 - 9200 (6 RIVER - (5 samples) (6 samples) (6 samples)

Range samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples)

19 July 1979 INTAKE fro

to CHAO PHYA 34 7.0 230 3.5 56 135 11 0.51 0.36 2.8 5700 1550

RIVER -

25 July 1980 Average

(7 samples) TREATMENT

7.2 - 8.3 200 - 290 40 - 95 108 - 202 10 - 15 WORKS

0.6 - 7.1 0.45 - 1.62 0.25 - 0.45 <1 - 4.0 490 _ 9200 (20 - 3500

BANGKOK -0 (7 (7 (6 (7 (7 (7 (6 samples) (7 samples)

(7 (7 samples) {7 I

Range samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samples) samp es)

'I TREATMENT I i

WORKS , 0 7.7 250 5.1 63 152 13 0.84 0.35 1.8 2950 900 BANGKOK - ,

I Average :1

--- I , I I I

Source - Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Public Health

- 202 -

TABLE 4

HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN RIVERS AND u'pER GULF OF THAILAND

Chao Phya Thacheen Maeklong Bang PakODg Upper Gulf

Cd 12.6 - 37.5 ug/l 0.9 - 58.2 ug/1 1.26 - 70,9 ug/l 47.6 - 89.3 ug/l

Cu 16.8 - 68.7 " 1.4 - 66.5 " 4.3 - 68.4 " 37.8 - 70.0 " Cr 1.2 - 134.9 " ND - 146.6 " 112 - 365.4 "

WATER Pb 95.1 - 242.6 " 0.7 - 324.3 " 6.5 - 443.2 " 334 - 560 " Total Hg 0.94 - 8.20 " 0.12 - 6.4 " 0.55 - 12.96 " 1.54 - 12 " Free Hg ND - 0.44 " ND - 0.21 " ND - 0.28 " 0.08 - 0.22 .. Cd 0.50 - 5.47 ug/g 0.50 - 1. 00 ug/g ND - 1. 50 ug/g 0.28 - 5.60 ug/ff 0.93 - 5.7 ug/g

I Cu 3.34 - 37.5 " 2.63 - 12.08 " Cr ND - 47.5 " 6.57 - 19.7 "

I SEDIMENTS Pb 50.0 - 195.0 " 18.2 - 225.0 " 11.93 - 150 ug/g 15.92 - 131.98 " 14.03 - 84.51 " Zn 20.08 - 107.5 " 15.98 - 37.81 " Total Hg 0.079 - 1.86 " 0.221 ug/g mean 0.049 - 0.268 "

Free Hg ND - 0.058 " 0.014 - 0.042 "

PHYTOPLANKTON Pb 227.23 ug/g

mean Zn 166.24 Similar to

137.62 ug/g

concentration Total Kg Chao Phya comparable or

Lowest of all Metals > 0.5 ug/g D.421 " several times higher than

Pb 293.99 ug/g concentration ZOOPLANKTON

Similar to in sediments mean Zn 204.28

Chao Phya 107.03 ug/g

concentration Total Hg <: 0.5 ug/g 0.34 "

Cd 6.12 ug/g 6.64 ug/g

Pb 63.79 " 34.67 ug/g 59.76 .. Zn 326.18 " FISH

highest Total Hg 0.287 " concentration Cr 15.51 " 13,82 " 0.65 "

Cu 153.37 "

Free Hg 0.078 " - - - - - - _. -- ----- -

Source - AIT Research Report No. 105

- 203 -

TABLE 5

INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC WASTEWATER LOAD FROM COASTAL AREAS AROUND UPPER GULF

Location BOD load in Kg/day Industry Domestic

1 2 3

Pranburi River nil )

) Petchburi River nil )

) Maeklong River 7 ) 1. 79 million

) population at Thacheen River 6,981 ) an average of

) 15 gm per head Chao Phya lower 7,502 ) per day =

reaches ) 2',850 Kg BODS ) per day

Bang Pakong River 230 )

)

East Coast ** 215,386 )

i.e.

*

**

230,106 26,850 a total of 256,956 Kg BOD5 /day or 92.600 tons/year*

Based on 365 days/year fo·r domestic load and 300 days/year for industrial load

Tbe industrial BODS load from the East Coast has been extracted from the report "The Industrial Pollution Control Programme of the Ministry of Industry for the Upper Gulf" by Boonyong (June 1979). It originates from 9 sugar mills, one distillery, one alcohol plant and two oil refineries which operate within MOl standards together with 31 large scale (30 to 120 tons per day) tapioca starch mills with adequate treatment plants, and 88 small scale tapioca starch mills without adequate treatment plants

1

BANGKOK

COASTAL AREAS Around UPPER GULF

L- -

- 204 -

TABLE 6

SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM BANGKOK AND COASTAL AREAS AROUND UPPER GULF IN TONS/yEAR

SOURCE PARTICULATES S02 NOx HC CO

2 3 4 5 6 7

Fuel Burning 12100 120780 31920 26380 113240 (see Tables 13 and 14)

Industrial Processes 30000 270 4 3 5400 (see Table 9)

TOTALS 42100 121050 31924 26383 118640

Fuel Burning 10725 166080 31420 8105 34070 (See Tables 13 and 14)

Industrial Processes 14535 20 2 2 -(see Table 9)

TOTALS 25260 166100 31422 8107 34070

-- - - - ----- - - L- -- - -

TOTALS

8

304420

35677

340097

250400

14559

264959 I

20n -

TABLE 7

ESTIMATED ~UEL CONSUMPTION IN THAILAkD - 1979

Consumption As % of As % of

Source in 103 tons Stationary All Sources

per year Sources

1 2 3 4

Thermal fuel oil 2495 33.9 ) 21.4 )

Power diesel oil 147.4 2.0 ) 51.4 1.3 ) 32.4

Stations lignite 1140 15.5 ) 9.7 )

fuel oil 1374 18.6 ) 11. 7 )

diesel oil 358 4.9 ) 3.1 )

Industry kerosene 10.7 0.1 ) 24.3 - ) 15.2

LPG 21.7 0.3 ) 0.2 )

gasoline 27.2 0.4 ) 0.2 )

kerosene 241.1 3.3 ) 2.1 ) Domestic 5.4 3.5

LPG 158.2 2.1 ) 1.4 )

fuel oil 62.5 0.9 ) 0.5 )

diesel oil 1211.7 16.4 ) 10.3 ) Others 18.9 11.8

kerosene 20.0 0.3 ) 0.2 )

gasoline 98.9 1.3 ) 0.8 )

TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 7366.4 100.0

diesel 2033.4 - 17.4 )

Transport gasoline 1615.9 - 13.8 ) 37.1

jet fuel 695.5 - 5.9 )

TOTALS 11711. 2 100.0

- 206 -

TABLE 8 (SHEET 1)

EMISSIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS FROM FUEL BURNING SOURCES IN TONS/YEAR

i

As % of !

Source Particulates S02 NOx HC CO Total Stationary Sources All Sources

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

fuel oil 1616.3 23767.7 4501.2 88.7 143.2 30117.1 22.9 ) 9.9 ) Power

gas oil 0.2 2.9 2.4 0.3 1.9 7.7 - ) 26.9 - ) 11.6 Stations

lignite 3080.0 1860.0 280.0 20.0 20.0 5260.0 4.0 ) 1. 7 )

fuel oil 3225.3 78272.7 8428.5 415.8 584.4 90926.7 69.1 ) 29.9 )

Industry diesel oil 265.0 2500.4 933.0 51.0 73.4 3822.8 2.9 ) 1. 3 )

:.: 0 kerosene 15.0 17.0 11.5 2.0 1.3 46.8 ) ) 72.1 - ) 31.2 ~ etc. 0.1 :z;

LPG 3.9 2.8 26.9 6.7 3.6 43.9 ) ) - ) < III

gasoline - - - - - - - ) - )

kerosene 345.0 391.0 264.5 46.0 28.8 1075.3 0.8 ) 0.4 ) Domestic 1.0 0.4

LPG 31. 7 * 135.9 12.8 33.2 213.6 0.2 ) - )

TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 8582.4 106814.5 14583.9 643.3 889.8 131513.9 100.0

motor cycles 245.6 24.6 85.9 '.2278.0 20872.6 33506.7 - 11.0 )

diesel 1697.3 13436.8 7779.2 1838.7 30763.2 55515.2 - 18.2 ) Transport 56.8

gasoline 1499.0 404.7 7719.9 10867.8 57711.5 78202.9 - 25.7 )

aircraft 75.0 100.0 1750.0 750.0 3000.0 5675.0 1.9 )

take-offs -. -

TOTALS 12099.3 120780.6 31918.9 26377.8 113237.1 304413.7 100.0

10- =========================== ============== ===========, =========, ========= ========== ==========~=============== ,==============, * negligible

~ ...:l ::> t.:1

P:

re § ~

8 P: < < fjj < ...:l < Eo< rIl < 0 tJ

Source

1 2

Power fuel oil

Stations gas oil

fuel oil

Industry diesel oil

etc. kerosene

LPG

gasoline

kerosene Domestic

LPG

TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES

motor cycles

diesel Transport

gasoline

aircraft take-offs

TOTAL

- 207 -

TABLE 8 (SHEET 2)

EMISSIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS FROM FUEL-BURNING SOURCES IN TONS/yEAR

As % of

Particulates S02 NOx HC CO Total Stationary Sources

All Sources

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

8803.1 129446.8 24515.0 482.9 780.0 164027.8 81.9 ) 65.5 ) 81.1 65.6

2.9 48.2 39.8 4.8 312.0 407.7 0.2 ) 0.1 )

709.5 17217.5 1854.0 91.5 128.5 20001. 0 10.0 ) 8.0 )

58.4 15090.2 205.5 11.2 16.2 15381.5 7.7 ) 6.1 )

3.3 3.7 2.5 0.4 2.8 12.7 - ) 17.7 - ) 14.1

0.9 0.6 6.0 1.5 0.8 9.8 - ) - )

- - - - - - - ) - )

103.5 117.3 79.4 13.8 8.6 322.6 0.2 ) - ) 0.2 0.1

9.5 * 40.8 3.9 10.0 64.2 - ) - )

9691.1 161924.3 26743.0 610.0 1258.9 200227.3 100.0

73.7 7.4 25.8 3684.0 6262.8 10053.7 - 4.0 )

508.8 4028.0 2333.8 551.6 9222.0 16644.2 - 6.6 ) 20.2

450.0 121.5 2316.0 3260.3 17325.0 23472.8 - 9.6 )

- - - - - - - - )

10723.6 166081.2 31418.6 8105.9 34068.7 250398.0 100.0

================== ==============-==========~=========,========-=========,==========~~=============,~==============

* negligible

I

,

J

!

I

I

I

- 208 -

TABLE 9 (SHEET 1)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

BANGKOK COASTAL AREA around UPPER GULF INDUSTRIAL

REMARKS CLASSIFICATION Annual Annual Production

Emission in tons/year Production Emission in tons/year

1 2 3 4 5 6

3114 5000 tons ) Estimated Production )

4000 tons ) Particulates 0.5 " " ,

) ,

1000 tons ) " .. 3118 2500 tons ) .. ..

) Particulates 100.0 2500 tons ) .. "

3121 2500 tons Particulates 10.0 .. .. 3133 34500 M3 Particulates 138.0

3211 2000 tons Particulates 28.0 1575 tons Particulates 22.0 .. .. 3411 2000 tons 4000 tons ) No emissions

) from bagasse or 5650 tons ) waste paper

TOTALS Particulates 166.0 Particulates 132.5 ~ ---- -- -- - -- -- ----

! INDUSTRIAL

CLASSIFICATION Annual Production

I 2

3511 20000 tons

12000 tons

I 54400 tons

I 3530 11800 M3 I

I , I

I I 3692 850000 tons

i 3710 600000 tons I

I I I

TOTALS

TOTALS (Sheets 1 &; 2)

I I

- 209 -

TABLE 9 (SHEET 2)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROf.1 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES

BANGKOK COASTAL AREA around UPPER GULF

Emission in tons/year Annual

Emission in tons/year Production

3 4 5

)

) i ) S02 240 I )

I

) 10000 tons I (

) Particulates ~.5 7500 M3 ) Particulates 0.6 I

) S02 29.0 I ) 802 IS.4 I

) NOx 4.0 1 ) NOx 2.5 ) HC 3.5 ) HC 2.2

Particulates 28900 420000 tons Particulates 14400

) Particulates ISO ) CO 5400

! I

Particulates 29089.5 I Particulates 14400.6 I

S02 269 802 lS.4 NOx 4 NOx 2.5 HC 3.5 HC 2.2 CO 5400

Particulates 29255.5 Particulates 14533.1 S02 269 S02 18.4 NOx 4 NOx 2.5 HC 3.5 HC 2.2 CO 5400 CO -

REMARKS

I

6 ! ) I ) I )Estimated production

I )

) I

I )

I ) Coastal production ) estimated )

Estimated production

) Production from MartinI ) and Economopoulos ) Rapid Assessment I

, I I ! I

I

I

6================================b=========================c========================================~=========================

I

I

-.210 -.. :)

TABLE 10

THAILAND AND BANGKOK - OIL CONSUMPTION(l) IN 1979 IN KILOLITRES x 103

FUEL OIL S.G. 0.99 Sulphur

3.5%

DIESEL S.G. 0.85 Sulphur

1%

KEROSENE S.G. 0.80 Sulphur

0.2%

L. P. G. S.G. 0.55 Sulphur

0.2%

GASOLINE S.G. 0.75 Sulphur

0.2%

JET FUEL S.G. 0.80 Sulphur

0.2%

TOTAL

1 2 3 4 7 -r---- --

I i 8 9 5 6

I ! * '. I Power Stations 2521.0 173.4 2694.4 i

!2 :s ... ~

m :

I , I • I Industry 1388.3 420.9 13.4 39.4 36.2 1898.2

I Domestic 301.4 287.6 589.0

I Transport - land 2392.2 2154.5 4546.7 I

! - air 869.4 869.4

I Others 63.1 1424.5 24.7 131. 8 1644.1

TOTALS

Power (3 Stations )

Industry

Domestic

Transport - land

- air

Others

TOTALS

BANGKOK (2) % THAILAND

3972.4

2220.5 (actual)

1135.1

51.5

3407.1

85.8%

4411.0

130** (actual)

146.4

832.0

495.4

1603.8

36.4%

339.5

6.3

143.8

11.8

161.9

47,7%

327.0

18.8

137.2

156.0

47.7% (estimated)

2322.5

16.8

999.3

61.1

1077.2

46.4 %

869.4

669.4

669.4

77.0% (estimated) 1

12241.8

2350.5* (actual)

1323.4

281.0

1831. 3

669.4

619.4

7075.0

57.8%

Remarks: Sources: (1) National Energy Authority, Ministry of Science, Technology & Energy "Oil & Thailand 1978 - 1979"

Notes:

(2) National Environment Board (3) Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand - Annual Report 1979

* In addition 1.14 x 106 tons of lignite of which 0.04 x 106 tons was used in Bangkok

** used for gas turbines

::0: 0 i ~ z < III

i i ;

\ ; I . . fz.< i . 00 ....

z ~ I

0 " .

.... " 1:1:

I r.l r.l 1:1: p..

.... § < Eo< '0 00 s:: C3

:l 0

t.l J.j as

- 211 -

TABLE 11

NUMBER OF REGISTERED VEHICLES 1979

Diesel Petrol

I Buses I Mini-buses Lorries Mini-buses Taxis I Cars

1 2 3 4 5 6

78'/6 16894 23173 50679 13768 382594

Buses + Mini-buses + Lorries

= 47943 vehicles

Buses + Mini-buses + Lorries .

= 14383 vehicles

Mini-buses + Taxis + Cars

= 447041 vehicles

Mini-buses + Taxis + Cars

= 134112 vehicles

Assumed that vehicle number in coastal strip are in proportion to population:

Coastal strip/Bangkok = 1,79/6.20

= 0.30

Source - Ministry of Communication, Department of Land Transportation

I Tuk-tuk Taxis Motorcycles !

@ 20000 kms/year @ 8000 kms/year I !

7 8 i I

6886 136266 I

! Tuk-tuk Taxis + Motorcycles i

= 1 227 848 x 103 kms I Tuk-tuk Taxis + Motorcycles

= 368 355 x 103 kms

r-! RIVER INDUSTRIAL I CATCHUENT , CLASSIFICATION I I . • I 1 2

-~

I ~CHAO PHYA 3111

I Within B.M.A. !------- -- -- -- -

- -i I

I Coastal area

-I

- ----- ~--

, i

TotalS ,

I '---I,

--- -

--_ .. -----"

_ .. -

---.

-- ---

- 212 -

TABLE 12

CALCULA!ION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE POLLUTING ~~ - THAILAND CHAO PHYA

SHEET 1 ._- ------ - -_._-

1 PRODUCTION CAPA- I REF. NO. I

IN I WAS!E VOLUME BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY RIVER CATCH- I

PRODUCT BILITY TONS/DAY UNLESS OTHERWISE M PER DAY I

MENT (see map ~NFLUENT FOR EFFLUENT TO SPECIFIED TREATMENT RIVER

I I I 1 , on page 235')

I 3 4 5 6 7 8 I

I I

I ,

I I

-- -- • I

- 52 cattle 18.2 ) I ! --.- --- - ~ ---) I ~-

72 buffalos )

Il I I

25.2 ) 218.4 1160 : 1400 ------- - -

I 2500 pigs )

! I

175.0 ) i --.----i

- 16 cattle 5.6 ) ) I --~

) )

i 22 buffalos 7.7 ) 65.8 ) 350 421 - -

750 pigs ) )

52.5 ) i ) -- I

i 1510 1821

I

I I - ~ -

NOTE: Statistics for B.M.A. brovided by B.M.~. Statistics for coastal area calculated bn ratio coastal area population/Bangkok population

:

---+ ---------- --- ~.--------_.-

I I --~---- -------- ---------- ---+-- - . --- "-

•••• _ --9-- ___ ._

, -----,

I

, "----_.- ----- - ~ .- -

RIVER INDUSTRIAL CATCHMENT CLASSIFICATION

1 2

CHAO PHYA 3112 (wi thin B. M A)

coastal

coastal I ---------3113

upstream B.M.A.

coastal

coastal

i Coastal ---

coastal :

coastal I I

3115 upstream B.M.A.

coastal

I I

I ,

I I ,

TOTALS ,

- 213 -

TABLE 12

CALCULATION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE POLLUTING LOAD - THAILAND CHAO PHYA SHEET 2

REF. NO. IN PRODUCTION CAPA-! RIVER CATCH- BILITY TONS/DAY WAS~E VOLUME BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY

MENT (see map PRODUCT UNLESS OTHERWISEI M PER DAY on page 235) SPECIFIED INFLUENT FOR EFFLUENT TO

! ---..t TREATMENT RIVER

3 4 5 6 7 8

21 : ice cream - 300 1100 14 - - ---- -.- -~---

54 sweetened milk 12000 boxes 1200 720 107 ~---------

56 .. .. - 600 245 15

4 chinese noodle - 40 180 41

45 bean noodle - 180 206 2

50 seasoning 40 1000 I 2333 400 inown .. r I

51 " 8 900 I 14110 80

I 58 canned food - - 172 39

: 59 ! sauces 7 120 270 3

17 I vegetable oil - 15 400 0

53 . margarine 300 kg. - - -,

I

4355 701 ,

I

i

J

I

:

RIVER CATCHMENT

1

CHAO PHYA

-I.

TOTALS

- 214 -

TABLE 12

CALCULATION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE POLLUTING LOAD - THAILAND CHAO PHYA

SHEET 3 -

I REF. NO. IN I

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION CAPA-I WAS~E VOLUME BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY I RIVER CATCH-CLASSIFICATION MENT (see map PRODUCT BILITY TONS/DAY, M PER DAY

I on page 235) UNLESS OTHERWISE! INFLUENT FOR EFFLUENT TO

I SPECIFIED TREATMENT RIVER "--"-, ---+

I I

7 8 2 3 4 5 6 :

3131 1 tNhisky 1000 30000 30000 I uostream H.M.A. ! t'H a+;" "rv - ---~-.-- ----- - , - , -~ .. ---.

I iupstream B.M.A. I

3 " 50000 11 tres 150 2000 30 ,,- --.~--

'~ upstream B.M.A. 22 .. 8000 1itres 2000 6000 fiOOO

Dumped into

1

within B.M.A. i 28 .. 217500 litres 1000 30000 open sea

I 3133 I 26 brewery 60000 bottles 480 ; 432 17 within B.M.A. i

I 27 .. 400000 bottles 3000 10500 9810 , I

i 3134 I ; soft drinks

i upstream B.M.A. I

23 276000 bottles 1000 595 8 ! within B.M.A. 24

I .. 18 I - 60 750

.. 25 , .. 6

11 I ! 1.5 x 10 bottles 1200 1563

! i .. 34 .. 3000 1995 40 I - , ! ,

.. 35 .. 120 1500 765 50 I .. i 36 .. - 40 120 3 i , I

14430 45987

Note: According to the rather than into performing well.

Ministry of Health, industry No. 28 discharges its wastewater into the Gulf of Thailand the open sea and the wastewater treatment system at industry No. 26 has not been Thus, the actual BOD load discharged may be substantially greater than that indicated. -'tt~

RIVER INDUSTRIAL CATCHMENT CLASSIFICATION

1 2

CHAO PHYA 3211 upstream B.M.A. i

I

I .. ,

L--------~-- ---+-

" 1-

" I " i

"

within B.M.A. I - .. i

"

I I

coastal

I 3231

I upstream B.M.A.

I within B.M.A. ,

TOTALS - -

- 215 -TABLE 12

CALCULATION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE POLLUTING LOAD - THAILAND CHAO PHYA SHEET 4

--

REF. NO. IN PRODUCTION CAPA-RIVER CATCH- BILITY TONS/DAY WAS~E VOLUME BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY

MENT (see map PRODUCT UNLESS OTHERWISE M PER DAY

on page 235) ,SPECIFIED INFLUENT FOR EFFLUENT TO

--- .!- TREATMENT RIVER

3 4 5 6 7 8

5 textile 700 180 71 -- - -, - -- - '-- - -----

6 " - 2000 240 24 - -

I 13 " - 2400 768 48 J textile

--j 16 - 50 360 37 sDinnin~

18 weaving 17500 yards 7000 225 78

19 textile

2000 yards 1500 177 I

53 I

dyeing

1 40 textile 600 I 200 97 - ,

48 textile

24 985 80 I soinn1n~

---I

I ,

49 " - - 450 135 I

, I

I I

52 1 textile 7000 yards - 172 160 I

I : 1

7 ! tannery 100 kgs 10 322 311 ---

I 39 " - I 250 6500 825 ,

I I 14510 1919

---- -- - ---- - --- --- - --- -

I RIVER CATCHMENT

I 1

CHAO PHYA

1- - -

:

I

I

~ I I

1

I I

! !

TOTALS

- 216 -

TABLE 12

CALCULATION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE POLLUTING LOAD - THAILAND CHAO PHYA I>Hl>ET 5

INDUSTRIAL REF. NO. IN PRODUCTION CAPA-WAS~E VOLUME BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY

I CLASSIFICATION RIVER CATCH- PRODUCT BILITY TONS/DAY M PER DAY I MENT (see map UNLESS OTHERWISE INFLUENT FOR EFFLUENT TO

on page 235) SPECIFIED TREATMENT RIVER

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3311 I I I ,

coastal 44 ; plywood - 1300 5350 456 ~ ---- 0- I

3411 I ,

I upstream B. M. A. : 2 i pulp 40 16344 21819 19800

T------~Tp~aper

----- -- -----1 "

, 40 8544 1196 1196 I ___ ~~ J

3411 I 8 i paper 20 1500 207 45

upstream B.M.A. i I -----~

" I 9 I " 20 600 I

300 223

" 10 " 20 1000 I 300 30 I

I ; I

24 I " 11 " 8 1000 300 I , -------, "

I 12 " 30 2000 895 610 , I

i

" I 15 -

" 20 2000 225 101 i ,

" I 20 " 20 1000 105 26 ,

within B.M.A. 42 " 80 6000 1800 227

coastal 46 ,

" 15 1000 350 5 'I

I

" 47 ,

" 120 20000 1 8000 5500 , ---_.---- -- ~

, i " 55 " 10 I 1000 318 22 --

" 57 " ! - 1500 195 195

--

" 60 " 10 2400 317 51

67188 28511 -----

r RIVER , CATCHMENT

i

1

, CHAO PHYA l-I , --------- ---

---

I

i I I--I 1---[ I I I

-

-

TOTALS

- 217 -

TABLE 12

CALCULATION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE POLLUTING LOAD - THAILAND

I

CHAO PHYA SHEET 6

INDUSTRIAL ! REF. NO. IN I IPRODUCTION CAP~_I BILITY TONS/DAY I WAS~E VOLUME BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY

CLASSIFICATION : RIVER CATCH- I PRODUCT I MENT (see map !

I,UNLESS OTHERWISE I M PER DAY [

INFLUENT FOR [

i on page 235) 'SPECIFIED i i EFFLUENT TO TREATMENT I RIVER

i 2 3 4 5

I

! 6 I 7 8 ,

I 3523 I 14 upstream B.M.A. , soap 2 20 986 I 24

i I -------~- -- - -- -r----------- : -----

coastal 53 : " 2 7 [ 114 2 - --.-~ -- ---- - -,---------- ----- - ---r - - .---- --- .-- - -1-------- 4-

I

L--I

i 3530 '-------- I --- - ---- --- - --

within B.M.A. 43 oil refinery 65000 barrels 500 1140 ,

850 ----_. ------,

" 29 i cold storage I

- 600 900 i

900 ---L .. _--- -

I I food- freez ing " 30 400 [ - 600 600 i - ---,--

: " 31 " I - 700 I

1050 1050 ---_._- ---_ .. -

" , 32 " i

- 300 900 900 ---.-

i " 33 " I - 500 750 750

I [

[ -T I

I I I I " 38 " - I 100 600 600 :

" _ 1 37 __ " ___ J 600 924 924

I i I

.. i " 600 900 900 41 -, -----_.

I I [ ,

I --i 4327 7500

---."-

------- ~---.. --- --- - -

~

I 1 I

I

I I

_J

I I

I ,

, [ I

- 218 -

TABLE 12


UPSTREAM BMA

SHEET 1 -

SHEET 2 55

SHEET 3 4150

SHEET 4 13660

SHEET 5 33988

SHEET 6 20

POWER PLANTS -

TOTALS 51873

NOTE: SHEET 1

SHEET 2:-6

WASTEWATER VOLUME M3

/DAY BOD5

LOAD IN KGS/DAY

WITHIN BMA COASTAL AREA UPSTREAM BMA WITHIN BMA

1160 350 - 1400

300 4000 41 14

10280 - 36038 9949

850 - 622 1137

6000 27200 22055 227

4300 7 24 7474

460 2545 - 8

23350 34102 58780 20209

prepared from statistics of Bangkok Metropolitan Authority and Ministry of Interior

prepared from Ministry of Industry, Industrial Works Division

CHAO PHYA SUMMARY SHEET

COASTAL AREA

421

646

-

160

6229

2

44

7502

technical paper "Wastewater from Industry" by Boonyong Lohwongwatana 1980

r RIVER CATCHMENT

I

I

- -

1

fHACHEEN

i ,

1-I i

I

, , , , I-I ,

I-i

I i

i I I

j , , , , , i

,

I , 1 ! , 1 , . -

TOTALS

- 219 -

TABLE 12

CALCULATION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE POLLUTING LOAD - THAILAND THACHEEN SHEET 1

------

I I PRODUCTION CAPA- BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY INDUSTRIAL REF. NO. IN

BILITY TONS/DAY WAS~E VOLUME CLASSIFICATION RIVER CATCH- PRODUCT M PER DAY !

.-

MENT (see map ,UNLESS OTHERWISE INFLUENT FOR EFFLUENT TO , I _ . __ o_n page 223) .SPECIFIED TREATMENT RIVER -_. ---- - ---t

2 3 I 4 5 6 7 8 i i .-

I --- ---,

10 Boiled rice ,

3113 300 216 46 t

I ------- r-

I 250 212 212 I 11 "

, - - - . --- -- _._- ---- - -----,-------. --- - _ .

~- ------- .-j

I I 12 I " 100 144 144 --- - -- -- - ._j

i I

13 " 200 247 30 -------

I I 17 I " 200 , 256 256 , I --

21 Bean noodle 50 120 407 72 "-_. - -,

Chinese small 200 796 7 24 4 nnnrl1e -

27 " 10 800 3724 723 : --- --

34 Food canning 20000 cans 100 I 173 27 I

I 35 " 70000 cans 150 i 848 77 -~.- - - - ---

I 37 Bean noodle 12 200 ! 432 50

, I I

- -

3114 38 Ground fish - 40 I 103 103 ---

39 " !

10 40 112 112

2700 1859

r RIVER INDUSTRIAL I I

CATCHMENT CLASSIFICATION I ,

i -

1 2 I

I THACHEEN 3115 1--

I 1-- -------.--~ , ,

3118 , :- -.. ,

,

i ;

I 1-i

3131 -.

I· 1 , I

I , , I

I i I I

I ,

- .

, --.

TOTALS

- 220 -

TABLE 12


- - -

REF. NO. IN PRODUCTION CAPA-WAS!E VOLUME BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY

RIVER CATCH- BILITY TONS/DAY PRODUCT M PER DAY

MENT (see map UNLESS OTHERWISE INF~UENT FOR EFFLUENT TO

on page 223) ) SPECIFIED , TREATMENT RIVER

3 i 4 5 6 7 8

15 vegetable oil 35 30 153 8

- .- . -, !

----l--------~ -----

9 "sugar refinery 14000 canes -I iwastewater - 3000 6000 a -.--------

i 0 'cooling water - 280000 16800

whisky 14 distillery - -

\ wastewater - 120 3600 n

cooling water - 2500 0 n

wh1sk-Y--- . .. "-

18 distillery 60000 bottles 100 3600 943

20 brandy 40 120 120 --- .

, -I I 285790 1071 , ,

,

r -r

RIVER INDUSTRIAL I

I CATCHMENT CLASSIFICATION

I

1

~ THACH:EN .

2

3211

r-~- --- -+--- - --, --, I I

-- - -~ i

I

I I !

i--- , I

I I I I I

I I 3411 I I

!

:1. : I I

I I ;

•

k;~

- 221 -

TABLE 12


I REF. NO. IN

I PRODUCTION CAPA-

WAS~E VOLUME BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY , BILITY TONS/DAY RIVER CATCH-

MCNT (see map I PRODUCT UNLESS OTHERWISE

M PER DAY INFLUENT FOR EFFLUENT TO

on page 223) SPECIFIED TREATMENT RIVER

3 i 4 5 6 7 8 I

16 textile 40000 yards 4450 I

734 98 , . -- -

I ,

23 , textile dyeing 10000 metres 1200 352 46 ..... -.-'-~---- ----- ~---t--- ---- -

25 I II 3 800 177 85 --J 26 . textile 2500 yards 100 248 248

I - -

28 i II 2 200 1

128 42 I

29 I II 500 kgs 600 i 600 167 I

30 II - 500 121 57 --

31 fibre 12 800 250 120

i , 19 40 6000 1284 342 I paper , I I

! I

22 paper & fibre 20 1000 3601 206 !

i I paper 40 8000 2576 632

, 33 II i i 120 10000 3270 1630

.-+--- - ---- --------- -

1

, _1 40 II 6 I 200 126 65

i I

33850 3738 -

- 222 -TABLE 12


r RIVER [INDUSTRIAL REF. NO. IN THACHE.N I CATCHMENT CLASSIFICATION ,RIVER CATCIl- PROOUCTION CAPA-I SHEET 4 . I MENT (see map PRODUCT BILITY TONS/DAY ! WAS~E VOLUME

on page 223) UNLESS OTHERWISE M PER DAY ,SPECIFIED

BOD LOAD I~ KGS PER DAY

INFLUENT FOR EFFLUENT TO TREATMENT RIVER

2 ! I 4 5 6 1 3 7 8

THACH~n"

IC01d Storage ""'" .. , 32 (OOd freezing ~__ _ ___ l~.o

._+-~ __ 36 __ + " [-100 JU~

507 9

304

-- -

I TOTALS I

I

SUMMARY THACHEEN RI~R CATCHMENT - C~ASTAL AREAS URFER GULF

SHEET 1 i I

SHEET 2 I

i SHEET 3

SHEI

260

2700

285790

33850

1 I !

I

3l a

------~

1859

1071

3738

313 -.--+-I ------i-----

I

TOTALS COASTAL AREAS UPPER GULF 322600 __ __ _ _ ._ _ 6981

, I

i I i

i I

I ]

I

Utong

- 223 -

THACHEEN RIVER «tustrial Premises Discharging Efflllmfs To River Shown

Source: MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY

,..-- ...... ",./ ................

----,., ............

/_~~~~ , "><- ----... Patumtanl

RIVER CATCHMENT

1

Maeklong

i ,

i -----,

I I

TOTALS

;.~

- 224 -

TABLE 12

, .

CALCULATION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE POLLUTING LOAD - THAILAND MAEKLONG

INDUSTRIAL I REF. NO. IN PRODUCTION CAPA-WAS!E VOLUME BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY

I BILITY TONS/DAY CLASSIFICATION RIVER CATCH- PRODUCT M PER DAY I MENT (see map , UNLESS OTHER~VISE INFLUENT FOR EFFLUENT TO I

on page 225) I SPECIFIED TREATMENT RIVER

2 , 3 4 5 6 7 8 I

I 27 Ground fish - - - -3114 I

_._------ ~~ ~,- ,~~~~-~ ~ -~- -~,~-, ~

28 +" - - - -- ~~--- ~- ----- ----

29 " - - - -"--- I

0'

; -

3131 i

26 tNhisky-bottle I

~h"n .:t..... - 100 7 7

I - 80 1600 0

:

I ,

I '

! ! I

!

I

,

,

I 7 COASTAL AREA UPPER GULF I 180 ,

I

~ I I I

,

- 225 -

.------------------------

MAEKLONG RIVER Industrial Premises Discharging Effluent To River Shown

Source MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY

.~--------------

NakornPatomO

>-------~

-~------------

RIVER INDUSTRIAL I CATCHMENT CLASSIFICATION r

j

t

1 2 r BANG PAKONG 3113

I

,

-- I , ,

!

3114 , I I

-

:

I ,

I ,

I

I i

! , -

I , I

: TOTALS

-

•

- 226 -

TABLE 12

•

CALCULATION OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE POLLUTING LOAD - THAILAND BANG PAKONG

--

I IPRODUCTION CAPA-) WAS~E VOLUME REF. NO. IN BOD LOAD IN KGS PER DAY

RIVER CATCH- PRODUCT BILITY TONS/DAY I M PER DAY MENT (see map IUNLERS OTHERWISE INFLUENT FOR EFFLUENT TO

.SPECIFIED ' TREATMENT RIVER on ~age 227l

3 ! 4 5 6 7 8

1 'Boiled rice 9600 kgs 60 I 81 0

-- -- -_ .. _- - ~--

3 ,small bean 720 kgs 20 66 66 ; noodles ----I ----

I 4 I 800 kgs 10 33 33

I ,

I I I : I I

2 fish canning - 30 i 131 131 j

I : I t

,

: I i I ! I I

I I I i ! i

! I --

i I t

! I 230 COASTAL AREA I UPPER GULF 120 - - --- ~--

, --'

\

.. _-_ .. _-----......

, , , '.:1 '< " l I

'= I -:;.. '

. I :

~ ,~'Bang Pa oog

(

nburi. k <,0 ms

- 227 -

\. 1

BANGPAKONG RIVER Industrial Premises Discharging Effluent To RivPr Shown

Source: MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY

AREA

~ z < I%l

fJl < r.. ~ § <-ot:l ~ § < 01:1: Eo< '" ~ fJl til Il<

Ci ~ u

TYPE OF VEHICLE

Motorcycles and Tuk-tuk Taxis

Petrol - Cars &: Trucks

Diesel - Buses &: Trucks

Sub-total

Motorcycles and Tuk-tuk Taxis

Petrol - Cars &: Trucks

Diesel - Buses & Trucks

Sub-total

•

- 228 -

TABLE l3 (SHEET 1)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES - THAILAND 1979

UNIT

1

i 103 kms

I ton fuel

ton fuel

i

103 kms

ton fuel I

ton fuel I -"-I , I -, I

10 3

units/ year

2

1227.8

749.0

707.2

368.4

225.0

212.0

PARTICULATES

kg per I tons/ uni t year

3 4

0.2 245.6

2.0 I 1499.0

2.4 1697.3

3441.9

0.2 73.7

2.0 450.0

2.4 508.8

1032.5

4474.4

S02 NOx HC

kg per tons/ uni t year

kg per tons/ uni t year

kg perl tons/ unit year

5 6 7 8 9 10

0.02 24.6 0.07 85.9 10.0 12278.0

0.54 404.7 10.30 7719.9 14.5 10867.8

19.0 13436.8 11.0 7779.2 2.6 1838.7

13866.1 15585.0 24984.5

0.02 7.4 0.07 25.8 10.0 3684.0

0.54 121.5 10.30 2316.0 14.5 3260.3

19.0 4028.0 11.00 2333.8 2.6 551.6

4156.9 4675.6 7495.9

18023.0 20260.6 32480.4

'.

CO

kg per tons/ unit year

11 12

17.0

77.0

43.5

17.0

77.0

43.5

20872.6

57711. 5

30763.2

109347.3

6262.8

17325

9222

32809.8

142157.1

l I

- 229 -

TABLE 13 (SHEET 2)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES - THAILAND 1979

103 PARTICULATES S02 NOx HC CO

AREA TYPE OF

UNIT unitsl VEHICLE kg per tonsl kg per tonsl kg per tonsl kg per tonsl kg per tonsl year

unit year unit year unit year uniy year unit year .

land -aircraft take-off 50 say 1.5 75.0 say 2.0 100.0 say 35 1750 say 15 750 say 60 3000

cycles

BANGKOK

Note: exact figures were not obtained - an AIT Thesis Research EV136 on Aircraft and Aircraft Noise at Bangkok Airport quoted .1974: 21000 cycles; 1977: 47054 cycles; therefore assumed 50000 cycles for 1979

COASTAL aircraft nil - -- - - - - - - -STRIP

--

~ z < ..'l P.

AREA

~ 6 z < IX)

'. ,"

- 230 -

TABLE 14 (SHEET 1)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM EXTERNAL COAffiUSTION SOURCES - THAILAND 1979

COUSUMPTION PARTICULATES S02 NO HC x CO

COMBUSTIBLE I UNIT 3 kg per tons/ kg per tons/ kg per tons/ kg per tons/ : kg per tons/ 10 per year uni t year uni t year year year uni t year I unit year

1

Fuel Oil

Diesel Oil

Lignite

2

tons

tons

tons

3

341.0

0.144

40

4

4.74

1.2

3.5 x A (A = 22%)

5

1616.3

0.2

3080.0

6

69.7

20.1

15 x 5 (S=3.1%)

7 8

23767.71 13.2

2.9 16.6

1860.0 7.0

9

4501.2

2.4

280.0

10

0.26

2.0

0.5

11 12 13 -,----,

I 88.7 0.42 I 143.2 I

0.3 I 13.0 I

20.0 I 0.5

1.9

20.0

It: ~ I I r"I Sub-total 4696.5 25630.6 4783.6 109.0 I I 165.1 ~ I o p. r.. I ' ~ o;j Fuel Oil ton. 1857.2 4.74 88<13.1 69.7 129446.8 13.2 24515.0 0.26 482.9

1

0.42 , 780.0 I ~ ~ § ~ Diesel Oil tons 2.4 1.2 2.9 20.1 48.2 16.6 39.8 2.0 4.8 13.0 I 312.0 OOr"lolt: i <1t:~r"I I 0< alP. u g; Sub-total 8806.0 24554.8 ! 1092.0 129495.0 ~---~--------------t---------t------4------~------~~~~-----+~~~L ' 487.7 ----------I~----~--~

TOTALS 13502.5 155125.6 29338.4 596.7' 1257.1

I I

,

I 1

- 231 -

TABLE 14 (SHEET 2)

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FRml EXTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES - THAILAND 1979

I ! ' , ! I , : CONSUMPTION· PARTICULATES S02 NO HC

I AREA i, COMBUSTIBLE

x I

UNIT 1103 . i kg per tons! ' kg per: tons! I. kg per tons! kg per 1 tons! , , per year unit unit unit uni t year ! , year , I year

j year

L -- 'I -- , '---'- ~_,,_,l - -

2 I 3 4 i I I \ 1 5 6 8 9 10

, 11 I 7

i I \ i

I !

~I Fuel Oil tons 1123.8 2.87 3225.3 I 19.9S 78272.7 1 7.5 8428.5 i 0.37 !415.8

~I , I 1

I I i

tons I I

~j : Diesel 124.4 I 2.13 265.0 '20.1S 2500.4 I 7.5

I 933.0 0.41 51.0 , I i :.: I r.., i I I i 0 , Kerosene tons 5.0 3.0 15.0 I 17S 17.0 , 2.3 I 11.5 0.4 2.0 ..::I, t§ :

< , , , I , I ! .... :z: , i u < , \ , ,

L. P. G. i tons. 10.34 0.38 3.9 1.35S 2.6 26.9 : 0.65 6.7 0= al I 2.8 ; !

~ 1 i

, I

0 u I Sub-total

Q' ,

'7

~ rJ)

.... 0= E-<

r.. ..::I

Diesel

,rJ)'C:::i ~ , c t:I ,Kerosene

/..::1 ~ <00= E-< '"' r<I L. P. G. C/l0l1l.

I~ g; u , I Sub-total !

I i I TOTALS

!

I , I

I ,

tons I I 247.2 I 2.87

tons 27.4 2.13

! tons i 1.1 3.0 I ,

tons i I 2.3 I 0.38

I

, , I 3509.2 I 80792.9 , 9399.91 I 475.5

, ! , I ! ,

17217.5! 709 . 5 I 19. 9S 7.5 1854.0 I 0.37 ! 91.5 I

58.4 . 20.1S 15090.2 7.5 205.5: 0.41 11.2

3.3 ! 17S 3.7 2.3 ,

2.51 0.4 ,

0.4 i

, I I I : ,

I 0.9 1.35S 0.6 ; 2.6 ,

6.0 0.65 1.5 ! i , ,

32312.0 \ I 2068.0 I I 772.1 104.6 I i

11467.91 ! 4281. 3 I 580.1 113104.9 I

! I , I ! -

1

CO

kg per tons! ! unit

I

_ye~~ J -I

12 I 13 1

,

\ 0.52 ! 584.4

I 0.59 ! 73.4

I

i 0.25 I 1.3

I 1 0.35 i 3.6

I I 662.7 !

, , 0.52 . 128.5 :

0.59 Hi.2

0.25 2.8 I I

I I 0.35 0.8 I

I I

148.3

811.0 I 1

•

- 232 -

TABLE 14 (SHEET 3)

..

CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM EXTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES - THAILAND 1979

r CONSUMPTION I PARTICULATES S02

to) ... Eo< 00

~

I IIllt

AREA

::.::

~ Z

~

~ Ii<! Tot 1I::"tl >4 <I'l:::'

=0 >4 0 ~",:i C/l0l~

8 !3

COMBUSTIBLE

1

Kerosene

L. P. G.

Sub-total

Kerosene

L. P. G.

Sub-total

TOTALS

UNIT

2

tons

tons

tons

tons

103 per year

3

115.0

75.5

34.5

22.65.

kg per unit

4

3

0.42

3

0.42

tons/ year

5

345.0

31. 7

376.7

103.5

9.5

113.0

489.7

kg per unit

6

17S

0.02S

17S

0.02S

* negligible

tons/ year

7

391.0

*

391.0

117.3

*

117.3

50S.3

NOX

kg per unit

S

2.3

1.S

tons/ year

9

264.5

I 135.9 ~

HC

kg per unit

10

tons/ year

11

0.4 I 46.0

0.17 I 12. S

kg per unit

12

0.25

0.411

CO

tons/ year

13

2S.S

33.2

i ~.4 I I 58.8 I 62.n

2.3 I 79.4 0.4 13.S 0.25 8.6

1.S 40.S 0.17 I 3.9 0.44 10.0

120.2 17.7 lS.6

520.6 76.5 SO.6

- 233 -


CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS FROM EXTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES THAILAND 1979

--I

PARTICULATES S02 NOx HC CO

SHEET tons/year tons/year tons/year tons/year tons/year

:.: 0 :.: Cl :z; ..: II:l

Il. .... f« It: ...:l Eo< "0::> rJl !:ICl ...:l ::l

fS o It: ,.. ""

rJl "'Il.

~ Il. ::>

tJ

NOTE:

1 4696.5 25630.6 4783.6 109.0

2 3509.2 80793 9400 475.5

3 376.7 391 400 58.8

"roTALS 8582.4 106814.6 14583.6 643.3

1 8806.0 129495.0 24554.8 487.7

2 772.1 32312.0 2068.0 104.6

3 113.0 117.3 120.2 17.7

"roTALS 9691.1 161924.3 26743.0 610.0

Fuel consumption of Coastal Strip around Upper Gulf for

1. Industrial and commercial premises

- in proportion to population ratio: Coastal Strip/Bangkok

1. 79/6. 2

= 30% x 15000 premises

= 4500 premises

165.1

662.7

62.0

889.8

1092.0

148.3

18.6

1258.9

- in proportion to population ratio: Coastal Strip/National population - Bangkok x 50000 premises

= 1.79/41.8 x 50000

= 2140 premises

Assumed average number = 3320 premises for Coastal Strip

i.e. 3320/15000 x Bangkok fuel = 0.22

2. Domestic use

assumed to be in proportion to population ratio with Bangkok

i.e. 1.79/6.2 = 30% of Bangkok domestic fuel

~,------------------

--

--

--

. I

- 234 -

--------------+----------~--~---_4--------4_~~--------~----------

-------t---------=:::~~___t_J--_+_\_-------L-.----- ---

o 12N

UPPER GULF

GULF OF T AIL AND

FIGURE 1 Sketch Showing 6 Major RiverS Discharging Into Upper Gulf

" ~' ( , \ \ \

-1

\ I I ,

L ________________________________ .

• ,1

\

\

"", ..

I

r··....... .J I .......... /

- 235 -

o ®

FIGURE 2

CHAO PHYA RIVER a) Industrial Premises Discharging

Effluert To The River Shown b) Bouldary Bangkok Metropolitan

Authority Shown _ •• _ .• _ .• -

Source MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY

18·· .... ··...... . ........ " -",,---... _ . ..-- ... -.. -.... .. - .. -.. - ........ ~ ~ Ir--J~-_ WATER SUPPLY CANAL I ® intake from Chao Ph)tI River , @ water treatment PIIW1t for Bangkok (

l Lad i ~--:'\~c-~_-._-vKrabang 1

~-. I '-, : ..... J

( ,

, I'

j

,,~------------------------------------------------

l l

•

• •

ANDAMAN SEA •

•

•

• •

. ~

- 236 -

UPPER GULF

GULF OF THAILAND

•

• •

•

FIGURE 3

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THAILAND

MARINE POLLUTION RESEARCH IN THAI WATERS

1973 - 80 Marine surlleY sanpilng stations shown by black dots

\ KAMPUCHEA

•

•

MALAYSIA

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