Pregnancy & Pregnancy & Early DevelopmentEarly Development

Chapter 18.3Chapter 18.3

ObjectivesObjectives• DescribeDescribe how a human life begins. how a human life begins.

• SummarizeSummarize how a baby develops during how a baby develops during the three trimesters of pregnancy.the three trimesters of pregnancy.

• IdentifyIdentify the things a couple can do to stay the things a couple can do to stay healthy before & during pregnancy.healthy before & during pregnancy.

• SummarizeSummarize four problems that can occur four problems that can occur during pregnancy.during pregnancy.

• DescribeDescribe the stages of childbirth. the stages of childbirth.

• ListList the changes that occur during early the changes that occur during early child development.child development.

Key VocabularyKey VocabularySexual IntercourseSexual Intercourse::

• The reproductive process The reproductive process in which the penis is in which the penis is inserted into the vagina inserted into the vagina & through which a new & through which a new human life may begin.human life may begin. PlacentaPlacenta::

• A blood vessel-rich A blood vessel-rich organ that forms in a organ that forms in a mother’s uterusmother’s uterus

• It provides nutrients & It provides nutrients & oxygen to & removes oxygen to & removes wastes from a wastes from a developing human.developing human.

Key VocabularyKey VocabularyFetus:Fetus:

• A developing human, A developing human, from the start of the ninth from the start of the ninth week of pregnancy until week of pregnancy until delivery.delivery.

EmbryoEmbryo::

• A developing human, A developing human, from fertilization through from fertilization through the first 8 weeks of the first 8 weeks of development.development.

Prenatal CarePrenatal Care::

• The healthcare provided for a The healthcare provided for a woman during her pregnancy.woman during her pregnancy.

How Life BeginsHow Life BeginsFertilizationFertilization• The sperm travels from the The sperm travels from the

vagina, through cervix, the vagina, through cervix, the uterus, & into the fallopian uterus, & into the fallopian tubes, where fertilization tubes, where fertilization normally happens. normally happens.

• It takes one sperm to fertilize It takes one sperm to fertilize an egg!an egg!

• Once a sperm infiltrates the Once a sperm infiltrates the egg, a chemical change egg, a chemical change prohibits other sperm from prohibits other sperm from entering the egg.entering the egg.

• Life starts when the egg Life starts when the egg & a sperm unites, it & a sperm unites, it becomes a one cell life becomes a one cell life called a called a zygote.zygote.

• All of the genetic All of the genetic information needed to information needed to produce a human is produce a human is found in the zygote.found in the zygote.

The Fertilized Egg The Fertilized Egg DividesDivides

• It takes 3 – 5 days for It takes 3 – 5 days for the zygote to travel the zygote to travel down the fallopian down the fallopian tube to the uterus.tube to the uterus.

• As the zygote moves As the zygote moves down the fallopian down the fallopian tube, it divides into tube, it divides into two cells, then four two cells, then four cells, until it cells, until it becomes a ball of becomes a ball of numerous cells.numerous cells.

The Embryo Implants In The Embryo Implants In The UterusThe Uterus

• After 3 - 5 days, After 3 - 5 days, the ball of the ball of hundreds of cells hundreds of cells attaches itself to attaches itself to the uterine wall. the uterine wall. This is called This is called implantation.implantation.

The Placenta Supports The Placenta Supports the Babythe Baby

• The baby’s growth The baby’s growth in the uterus is in the uterus is dependent on the dependent on the placenta.placenta.

• Drugs & alcohol, Drugs & alcohol, pass through the pass through the placenta & placenta & become very become very harmful to the harmful to the mother & the mother & the baby.baby.

Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion.

Early Signs of PregnancyEarly Signs of Pregnancy1.1. A missed menstrual period; A missed menstrual period;

often feels like a period often feels like a period is about to startis about to start

2.2. Positive urine or blood test Positive urine or blood test for the HCG hormonefor the HCG hormone

3.3. Tenderness & enlargement Tenderness & enlargement of the breasts of the breasts

4.4. Darkening of the nipples.Darkening of the nipples.

5.5. Nausea & fatigue.Nausea & fatigue.

How A Baby DevelopsHow A Baby Develops

• Begins as one cellBegins as one cell

• Develops into a baby Develops into a baby made of trillions of made of trillions of cells over 38 - 40 cells over 38 - 40 weeks divided into weeks divided into three trimestersthree trimesters

First Trimester (1-3 First Trimester (1-3 months)months)

Size:Size: • Grows from the size Grows from the size

of a pea to about 1” of a pea to about 1” longlong

What’s Happening?:What’s Happening?:• Heart starts beatingHeart starts beating• Umbilical cord, arms, Umbilical cord, arms,

bones, muscles, bones, muscles, lungs, legs, eyes, lungs, legs, eyes, eyelids, nose, & brain eyelids, nose, & brain begins to developbegins to develop

Second Trimester (4-6 Second Trimester (4-6 months)months)Size:Size: 5 to 6 inches long5 to 6 inches long

Weight:Weight: about 5 about 5 ouncesounces

What’s Happening?:What’s Happening?:

• Can yawn & stretchCan yawn & stretch

• Grows hair, Grows hair, fingernails & toenailsfingernails & toenails

• Hears & recognizes Hears & recognizes voicesvoices

• Kicks & makes facial Kicks & makes facial expressions.expressions.

Third Trimester (7-9 Third Trimester (7-9 months)months)

Size:Size: about 20 inches about 20 inches

Weight:Weight: almost 5 almost 5 poundspounds

What’s Happening?:What’s Happening?:• A layer of fat forms A layer of fat forms

underneath skinunderneath skin• Can open eyesCan open eyes• Gains most of its Gains most of its

weightweight• Completes organ Completes organ

growth & growth & • Can grasp & suck Can grasp & suck

thumbthumb

Keeping Healthy Before Keeping Healthy Before & During Pregnancy& During Pregnancy

1.1. Avoid alcohol, drugs, & Avoid alcohol, drugs, & exposure to cigarette exposure to cigarette smokesmoke

2.2. Eat healthyEat healthy

3.3. Take prescribed Take prescribed prenatal vitaminsprenatal vitamins

4.4. Exercise regularly, if Exercise regularly, if approved by doctorapproved by doctor

5.5. Have regular check-ups Have regular check-ups by a doctorby a doctor

Prenatal Care During Prenatal Care During PregnancyPregnancy

Procedures:Procedures:

• Need regular doctor’s Need regular doctor’s examsexams

• Blood testsBlood tests

• Discussion of Discussion of childbirth optionschildbirth options

• Blood pressure, Blood pressure, weight, urine, & fetal weight, urine, & fetal heartbeat checksheartbeat checks

Prenatal CarePrenatal CareUltrasoundUltrasound::

• Uses sound waves to draw Uses sound waves to draw pictures of a baby on a pictures of a baby on a monitoring screenmonitoring screen

• Shows gender, number of Shows gender, number of babies & developmentbabies & development

Amniocentesis:Amniocentesis:

• Tests the amniotic fluid for Tests the amniotic fluid for genetic problems genetic problems

• Shows the gender of the Shows the gender of the fetusfetus

Problems During Problems During PregnancyPregnancyFetal Alcohol Syndrome Miscarriage

Ectopic (tubal) Pregnancy Toxemia

Gestational Diabetes Premature Birth

Rh Incompatibility

Stages Of Stages Of ChildbirthChildbirth

Contractions:Contractions:

• Tightening of the Tightening of the uterine muscles uterine muscles help push the help push the baby out of the baby out of the uterus & through uterus & through the vagina for the vagina for delivery of the delivery of the baby.baby.

First StageFirst Stage

Dilation:Dilation:

• The mother’s The mother’s cervix expands cervix expands

• The membrane The membrane surrounding the surrounding the baby rupturesbaby ruptures

Second StageSecond Stage

Expulsion:Expulsion:

• The baby’s head The baby’s head exits from the exits from the birth canal birth canal (vagina) (vagina)

• The shoulders The shoulders rotate or turnrotate or turn

• Stage ends when Stage ends when baby is deliveredbaby is delivered

Third StageThird Stage

Placental Stage:Placental Stage:

• The placenta & The placenta & umbilical cord are umbilical cord are expelled after the expelled after the baby is bornbaby is born

• Mucus is removed Mucus is removed from baby’s mouth from baby’s mouth so it can breathe so it can breathe

• The umbilical cord The umbilical cord is cut is cut

Types of ChildbirthTypes of ChildbirthNatural Childbirth:Natural Childbirth:

• Natural delivery Natural delivery through the vaginathrough the vagina

Cesarean Section:Cesarean Section:

• Baby & placenta are Baby & placenta are lifted out of mother’s lifted out of mother’s body through an body through an incision made in the incision made in the lower abdomen & the lower abdomen & the uterus.uterus.

2 Months2 Months

• Can raise head & Can raise head & has good neck has good neck controlcontrol

• Smiles at faces Smiles at faces they recognizethey recognize

• Spends several Spends several hours awake hours awake

• Mostly sleepsMostly sleeps

4 Months4 Months

• RollsRolls

• Makes Makes “cooing” “cooing” soundssounds

• SmilesSmiles

• Spends more Spends more time awaketime awake

Early Childhood Early Childhood DevelopmentDevelopment

6 Months6 Months• Can sit upCan sit up

9 Months9 Months• CrawlsCrawls

1 Year1 Year• WalksWalks• TalksTalks

Between 5 - 6 YearsBetween 5 - 6 Years

• Ready to begin Ready to begin schoolschool

• Toilet-trainedToilet-trained

• Has well-Has well-developed speechdeveloped speech

• Ready to be socialReady to be social

6 - 12 Years6 - 12 Years

• Intellectual & Intellectual & psychological psychological changeschanges

• Learn to read & Learn to read & do mathdo math

• Communicates Communicates sociallysocially

3D Animation of Vaginal 3D Animation of Vaginal BirthBirth

ReviewReview

Section 18.3Section 18.3

Key VocabularyKey VocabularySexual IntercourseSexual Intercourse::

• The reproductive process in The reproductive process in which the penis is inserted which the penis is inserted into the vagina & through into the vagina & through which a new human life may which a new human life may begin.begin.

Fetus:Fetus:

• A developing human, from the A developing human, from the start of the ninth week of start of the ninth week of pregnancy until delivery.pregnancy until delivery.

EmbryoEmbryo::

• A developing human, from A developing human, from fertilization through the first 8 fertilization through the first 8 weeks of development.weeks of development.

PlacentaPlacenta::

• A blood vessel-rich A blood vessel-rich organ that forms in a organ that forms in a mother’s uterusmother’s uterus

• It provides nutrients & It provides nutrients & oxygen to & removes oxygen to & removes wastes from a wastes from a developing human.developing human.

Prenatal CarePrenatal Care::

• The healthcare provided The healthcare provided for a woman during her for a woman during her pregnancy.pregnancy.

FertilizationFertilization

• The sperm travels from the vagina, The sperm travels from the vagina, through cervix, the uterus, & into the through cervix, the uterus, & into the fallopian tubes, where fertilization fallopian tubes, where fertilization normally happens. normally happens.

• It takes one sperm to fertilize an egg!It takes one sperm to fertilize an egg!

• Once a sperm infiltrates the egg, a Once a sperm infiltrates the egg, a chemical change prohibits other chemical change prohibits other sperm from entering the egg.sperm from entering the egg.

• The egg & a sperm unites, becomes a The egg & a sperm unites, becomes a one cell life called a one cell life called a zygote.zygote.

• The zygote contains all the information The zygote contains all the information needed to produce a human.needed to produce a human.

• It takes 3 – 5 days for the zygote to travel It takes 3 – 5 days for the zygote to travel down the fallopian tube to the uterus.down the fallopian tube to the uterus.

• The zygote divides until it becomes a ball The zygote divides until it becomes a ball of numerous cells.of numerous cells.

• The zygote attaches itself to the uterine The zygote attaches itself to the uterine wall, wall, implantation implantation & becomes an& becomes an embryo.embryo.

How doesHow does a human life begin?a human life begin?

How does a baby develop How does a baby develop during the three trimesters of during the three trimesters of pregnancy?pregnancy?

11stst Trimester – 1-3 Months Trimester – 1-3 Months

Size:Size:

• Grows from the size of a pea to about Grows from the size of a pea to about 1”1”

What’s Happening?:What’s Happening?:

• Major organs & limbs begin to formMajor organs & limbs begin to form

• Embryo becomes a fetus after 8 Embryo becomes a fetus after 8 weeksweeks

22ndnd Trimester & 3rd Trimester & 3rd TrimesterTrimester Fetus Grows To: Fetus Grows To:Size:Size: 5 to 6 inches 5 to 6 inches

longlong

Weight: Weight: 1-2 pounds1-2 pounds

What’s Happening?:What’s Happening?:

• Can yawn & stretchCan yawn & stretch

• Hears & recognizes Hears & recognizes voicesvoices

• Kicks & makes facial Kicks & makes facial expressions.expressions.

Size:Size: about 20 inches about 20 inches

Weight:Weight: 5 - 7 pounds 5 - 7 pounds

What’s What’s Happening?:Happening?:

• Can open eyesCan open eyes

• Completes organ Completes organ growth growth

• Can grasp & suck Can grasp & suck thumb or toesthumb or toes

What can a couple do to stay What can a couple do to stay healthy before & during healthy before & during pregnancy?pregnancy?

1.1. Avoid alcohol, drugs, & exposure to Avoid alcohol, drugs, & exposure to cigarette smokecigarette smoke

2.2. Eat healthyEat healthy

3.3. Take prescribed prenatal vitaminsTake prescribed prenatal vitamins

4.4. Exercise regularly, if approved by Exercise regularly, if approved by doctordoctor

5.5. Have regular check-ups by a doctorHave regular check-ups by a doctor

Problems During Problems During PregnancyPregnancy

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Miscarriage

Ectopic (tubal) Pregnancy Toxemia

Gestational Diabetes Premature Birth

Rh Incompatibility

What are the stages of What are the stages of childbirth?childbirth?

Contractions:Contractions:

• Uterine muscles tighten to help push Uterine muscles tighten to help push the baby out.the baby out.

11stst Stage - Dilation: Stage - Dilation:

• The mother’s cervix expands The mother’s cervix expands

• The membrane surrounding the baby The membrane surrounding the baby rupturesruptures

22ndnd Stage - Expulsion: Stage - Expulsion:

• The baby’s head exits from the birth The baby’s head exits from the birth canal canal

• The shoulders rotate or turnThe shoulders rotate or turn

• Baby is deliveredBaby is delivered

33rdrd Stage - Placental Stage: Stage - Placental Stage:

• The placenta & umbilical cord are The placenta & umbilical cord are expelled expelled

• Mucus is removed from baby’s mouthMucus is removed from baby’s mouth

• The umbilical cord is cutThe umbilical cord is cut

What changes that occur What changes that occur during early child during early child development?development?2 Months2 Months

• Can raise head & Can raise head & has good neck has good neck controlcontrol

• Smiles at faces Smiles at faces they recognizethey recognize

• Spends several Spends several hours awakehours awake

4 Months4 Months

• RollsRolls

• Makes “cooing” Makes “cooing” soundssounds

• SmilesSmiles

• Spends more Spends more time awaketime awake

6 Months6 Months

• Can sit upCan sit up

9 Months9 Months

• CrawlsCrawls

5-6 Years5-6 Years

• Ready to begin Ready to begin schoolschool

• Toilet-trainedToilet-trained

• Has well-developed Has well-developed speechspeech

• Ready to be socialReady to be social

1 Year1 Year

• WalksWalks

• TalksTalks

6 – 12 Years6 – 12 Years

• Intellectual & Intellectual & psychological psychological changeschanges

• Learn to read & do Learn to read & do mathmath

• Communicates Communicates sociallysocially