PREEMINENCE - usri.in · Mr. Yogendra Tripathi Mr. Sudhir Kumar Mr. Akhil Raikwar Mr. Chandra Prakash Yadav The views expressed in the articles/research papers are the individual’s

i

Volume 6, No. 01 ISSN 2249-7927

Jan-June 2016

PREEMINENCE An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal

UNITED SOCIETY FOR REHABILITATION AND INCLUSION

ii

PREEMINENCE

Patron

Prof Yogesh Chandra Dubey

Vice-Chancellor

J R H University, Chitrakoot (UP)

Advisory Board

Prof. K.B. Pandeya

Dr. J.P. Singh

Prof. S.R. Mittal

Dr. Bharat Mishra

Editor

Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma

Assistant Editors

Dr. Akhil Agnihotri

Sh. Amit Agnihotri

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dwiwedi

Sh. Nihar Ranjan Mishra

Dr. Rajnish Kumar Singh

Sh. Atul Srivastava

Dr. Punam Pandey

Dr. Neeraj Kumar Shukla

Dr. Reetu Sharma

Sh. Chandra Shekhar Yadav

Legal Advisor

Smt. Subhas Rathi

Dr. Veena Singh

Technical Advisor

Sh. S.K. Agnihotri

Sh. Amar Singh

Dr. Arya Agnihotri

Mr. Yogendra Tripathi

Mr. Sudhir Kumar

Mr. Akhil Raikwar

Mr. Chandra Prakash Yadav

The views expressed in the articles/research papers are

the individual’s opinion of the concerned author only.

iii

Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Ranbir Singh

Ex. Vice Chancellor, National Law University,

Delhi

Prof. K.B. Pandeya

Ex. Vice Chancellor

M.G.C. Gramodaya, University, Chitrakoot

Dr. Yogesh Upadhyay

Professor, Dept. of Management

Jiwaji University, Gwalior

Prof. V.D. Mishra

Retd. Professor, University of Allahabad

Dr. J.P. Singh

Consultant, AMITY University, Noida Prof. S.R. Mittal

Adjunct Professor, NIEPVD, Dehradoon

Prof. T.B. Singh

Adjunct Professor,

Central University of South Bihar

Prof. B. Pandey

Ex. Vice Chancellor,

J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot, U.P.

Dr. S.B. Mishra

Ex. Head Deptt. of Mathematics, M.L.K. (P.G.)

College, Balrampur

Dr. Ranganath Mishra

Deptt. of Oncology

National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street

Goodman K721, Denver CO 80206

Dr. Dharmendra Kumar

Ex. Director, PDUIPH, New Delhi

Dr. J.P. Pandey

Deptt. of Physics, M.L.K. P.G. College

Balrampur, U.P.

Dr. Himanshu Pandey

Deptt. of Statistics,

D. D. U. University, Gorakhpur, U.P.

Prof. I.C. Shukla

Ex- Head, Deptt. of Chemistry,

University of Allahabad, Allahabad.

Prof. J. Prasad

Ex Head & Dean, S.H.I.A.T.S., Allahabad.

Prof. Kapil Deo Mishra

Vice Chancellor

Rani Durgawati Vishwavidyalay, Jabalpur, MP

Prof. S.P. Gupta

Ex. Director, School of Education,

U.P.R.T. Open University, Allahabad

Prof. Yogesh Chandra Dubey

Vice-Chancellor,

J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot, U.P.

Prof. K.K. Mishra

Deptt. of Pol. Science, BHU, Varanasi

Dr. S.N. Tripathi

Ex. Dean, Dr. R.M.L. Awadh University,

Faizabad

Dr. Bharat Mishra

Associate Professor


Prof. Arvind Joshi

Deptt. of Social Work,

BHU, Varanasi

Prof. Avanish C. Mishra

Head, Dept, of History,

Dr. Shanuntla Mishra National Rehabilitation

University, Lucknow

Prof. Kaushal Kishor

Dept. of Education

Central University of South Bihar, Gaya

Dr. Amit Tripathi

Vice President

Sunward Resources Ltd., Casa 101, Calle 6A,

No. 22-75, El Poblado, Medellin, Colambia

Dr. Prgya Mishra

Head, Deptt. of Sanskrit


Dr. M.P. Shah

Reetd. Scientist F, Wadia Instt. of Himalayan

Geology, Dehradun

Prof. S.S. Chaubey

Ex. Prof. & Head

Deptt. of Geography

Arrah University, Arrah, Bihar

Prof. J.P. Lal

Deptt. of Plant Breeding

B.H.U., Varanasi

Dr. K.N. Uttam

Deptt. of Physics,

University of Allahabad

Dr. D B Tyagi

Principal, Sri Megh Singh PG College, Abidgarh

Agra (UP)

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Editorial

I, herewith, present another issue of Preeminence - An International Peer Reviewed

Research Journal with great pleasure. Editorial Team members have great sense of

gratitude toward the authors/contributors who provided the content of this issue of the

journal in the form of different research papers and articles. The Editorial Team

recognizes the efforts made by peer reviewers who commented on the suitability of

manuscripts for publication. Readers of this Journal and the academic community will

surely get benefitted with the content of the Journal.

We, the Editorial Team, welcome the opportunity to expand our reviewer community and

invite colleagues with an interest in reviewing to send their details to

[email protected] with the details including Name, Email Address,

Organization,Country, Subject specialization/areas of expertise and experience in the

area.

I hope that with the combined efforts, Preeminence will continue the journey for

achieving greater heights.

All the best,

Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma

Editor

mailto:[email protected]

v

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‘PREEMINENCE’ An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal

United Society for Rehabilitation and Inclusion

Sonalika House, Ranipur Bhatt,

Chitrakoot 210204 India

Phone: 9919061827, 9412409625, 9450167507

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Website: http://www.usri.in

vii

CONTENTS

Editorial / iv

Ykksd lkfgR; ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr /1

MkW-vkyksd dqekj flag

Reflectance properties of 1-D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic Crystal / 7 Dr. J. P. Pandey

Emerging Challenges Before Indian Agriculture /17 Dr.Bindrawan Lal

tkWu jkWYl ds U;k; fl)kUr dh lkFkZdrk yksd dY;kdkjh jkT; ds ifjis{; esa ,d

v/;;u/28

MkW- iadt frokjh REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS FIELD /33

Mr. Girish V Gupta and Mr. Mohit Gupta

Lekos'kh f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk /37 nqxsZ'k dqekj feJ /keZ] v/;kRe ,oa fodkl /41 MkW- vEcjh'k jk; Impact of Higher Education on Women Empowerment /45 Rupali Sharma i;kZoj.k eS=h /51 MkW- izKk feJk

f'k{kk dk futhdj.k& lek/kku ;k leL;k /56 MkW- jsuw xqIrk

egcqfy;k /62 MkW- jkts'k dqekj iky

BASEL- III : A Roadmap to the Future Indian Banking System /67 Dr. Mahendra Kumar Sultaniya Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl vkSj efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd tkx#drk /75 MkW- fiz;adk flag

Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa ßmnkjoknÞ dh Hkwfedk /78 izsepUnz lkgw

vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos ds thou esa HkfDr;ksx dh lk/kuk ,d foospu /84 lanhi Bkdjs

ledkyhu dyk xq: Hkos’k pUnz lkU;ky /90 MkW- mek'kadj izlkn

oS'ohdj.k ;qx esa v?;kid f'k{kk ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa xq.kkRed lq/kj /94 MkW- jhuk ik.Ms;

jkek;.k dk lekt n'kZu/100 MkW- izfeyk feJk

viii

Hkkjrh; yksdra= dk vk/kkj gS pquko lq/kkj /104 MkW- lqcks/k dqekj

Reading Technological Devices For Students With Visual Impairment In Inclusive Schools Of North-Eastzone Of Delhi /113

Mr. Brijesh Kumar Rai

Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things: A Study in Cultural Ethics/121 Dr. Siddhartha Sharma

oSfnd dky esa fyaxksikluk/125

M‚0 v”ksd dqekj

/kEkZ ,oa Ik;ZVu ¼Jh jkoriqjk ljdkj ds fo’ks”k lUnHkZ esa½/129

MkW0 gfjvkse ckny

Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr f'k{kk dh orZeku lUnHkZ esa mikns;rk/136

ftrsUnz ukFk feJ

Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 1

Ykksd lkfgR; ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr

MkW-vkyksd dqekj flag1]

Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; esa /keZ esa vkSj n”kZu esa cgqr leUo; gSA n”kZu ds

okLrfod Lo:Ik ds fo’k; esa pkgsa vkt Hkh /keZ dh HkkWfr fofHkUUk er gksa ftuesa

vkidh vkSj gekjh /kkj.kk,sa HkzkUr gks ldrh gSa fdUrq ijkuqHkwfr dks LokuqHkwfr esa

cny nsus ds fy, ,d Hkkafr dk Øfed Hkkxksa dks gh ysdj xzUFkksa dh jpuk

n”kZu”kkL= esa gqbZ gSA oSls n”kZu ds nks iz/kku Hksn gS& vkfLrd vkSj ukfLrdA

ukfLrd n”kZu dks ysdj ^Pkk:&Pkkdq* PkkokZd er ds iz.ksrk vkpk;Z o`gLifr us

tSu n”kZu esa izfl) dqUndqUnkpk;Z vkSj lkeUrHknz] fl)lsu] fnokdj vkSj

gfjHknz lwfj rFkk gsepUnkfn us okS)&n”kZu esa egkiku /keZ ds xzUFk tks laLd`r

esa fy[ks x;s gS&oSHkkf’kd] lkrkfU=d ;ksxkpkj vkSj ek/;fed& bu pkjksa fofHkUUk

erksa us tgkW Ik;kZIr :I esa yksd lkfgR; ds egRo esa ;ksx fn;k gSA ;gkW

vkfLFkd n”kZu ds vUrxZr U;k;&n”kZd] oS”ksf’kd&n”kZu] lka[;&n”kZu]

;ksx&n”kZu] ehekalk&n”kZu vkSj csnkUr&n”kZu dks Hkh ysdj vkt ,d vusd

iqLrdsa laLd`r esa yksd lkfgR; dk ifjo)Zu djus esa ;ksx nsxj mldh egRRkk

esa viwoZ ;ksxnku dj jgh gSA

bl yksd lkfgR; dh izkphurk] O;kidrk] ekSfydrk] ljlrk] mikns;rk

laLFkk esa o`f) gksuk] izHkkoksRiknudRkk] o Sfo/; fo’k; okyh iqLrdksa dk gksuk]

mlesa jpuk&lkS’Bo] lH;rk ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr dh /kkjk Hkh ftlesa

vfofPNUUk :i ls fujUrj izokfgr gksrh jgs] bl HkkWfr dh vksj Hkh vusd ckrksa

dk lekos”k gksuk vkfn ckrsa bl jktuhfr lkfgR; dh egRRkk esa pkj pkWn yxk

jgh gSA jktuhftd laLd`fr m)kjd gksrh gS rks nwljh jktuhfrd laLd`fr

fouk”kdkfj.kh fl) gksrh gS] tks oLrq dk dk;Z djrh gSA yksd lkfgR; rks ik=

1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] Mh0,u0¼ih0th0½ dkyst] Qrsgx< +


gSA ftlesa ;g j[kh tkdj xzg&xzg] xzke&xzke] uxj&uxj] ns”k&ns”k rFkk

jk’Vª& jk’Vª esa igWqpkbZ tkrh gSA bldks LFkkuksa ds O;fDr;ksa ds iz”kalk ds ik= gksa

,oa gekjk Hkh thou oSlk gksus esa fo”o dh n`f’V esa vuqdj.kh; cu tk,A geus

blh y{; dh iwfrZ ds fy, izFke jktuhfrd laLd`fr lEHkkyk gS] ftlesa lc

dqN izFke Hkkx esa gh j[ fn;k gSA mlh jktuhfrd laLd`fr ds ik= yksd

lkfgR; dks ;gkW fy;k x;k gSA ftudh ewy&eukso`fRRk rks jktuhfrd Hkk’kk ds

xzUFkksa esa Hkjh iwjh gSA ewy&LRkj dSlk gS bldk fu.kkZ;d rks gekjk yksd lkfgR;

gh gSA bl yksd lkfgR; dks gh ysdj bl ckr dh ;gkW iqf’V dh tk;sxh fdUrq

bl iqf’V ds iwoZ ;g Hkh rks izekf.kr djuk gksxk fd bl yksd lkfgR; dk bl

HkkWfr vR;kf/kd egRo dSls c


vuqHkwfRRk;ksa dk lkdkj :i gSA Hkkjrh; vkpk;ksZa }kjk lkfgR; ds ewy iz;kstu

prqoZxZ dh izkfIr] ;”k] vFkZ] O;ogkj] Kku] vkuUn vFkok jl rRo] mins”k]

f”kosrj{k; rFkk dykoSpj.; ,oa nq[kh vkSj Jfer o “kksd larIr dks “kkfUr

iznku djuk vkfn crk, x;s gSaSA buesa izR;sd iz;kstu lekt&lkis{k gSA

,d vaxzsth fo}ku us Bhd gh dgk gS fd& Literature is the brain of humanity, vFkkZr~ ^^lkfgR; ekuo lekt dk dkekZfLr’d gS** vrhr ds jhfrfjokt

jgu&lgu] lH;rk&lLd`r vkfn dk Kku gesa lkfgR; }kjk gh izkIr gksrk gSA

Hkkjr ds xkSjo”kkyh vrhr dk mn~?kkVu gekjs izkphu lkfgR; us gh fd;k]

vU;Fkk gekjs fons”kh “kkld rks ge Hkkjrh;ksa dks cuekuq’k gh rku cSBs FksA

lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls gh ge vius iwoZtksa ,oa vaxzstksa ds vkn”kksZa ds vuqlj.k dh

izsj.k izkIr djrs gSA

LoxZ vkSj i`Foh ;fn nks gS rks mUgsa feykdj ,ddjus dk dk;Z lkfgR;

gh djrk gSA ckcw xqykc jk; us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd] fo”okfe= dh HkkWfr

lkfgR;dkj vius ;teku dks lansg igqWpkus dk nkok ugha djrk]oju~ vius

;ksxcy ls bl i`Foh ij gh LoxZ dh izfr’Bk dj nsrk gSA ^fdlh Js’B oLrq dks

LoxZ dh gSA* dgdj izfr’Bk nsuk bl yksd dk vieku gSA lkfgR; bloh yksd

dh] fdUrq vlk/kkj.k oLrq gS vkSj mlds ewy rUrq thou ls gh jl xzg.k djrs

gSA

lkfgR; ds vUrxZr lekt dh fofHkUUk fLFkfr;ksa&ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj mlds

vkpkj&fopkjksa ,oa O;ogkjksa dk fp=.k jgrk gSA lkFk gh lkfgR; lekt laLdkj

dh izsj.kk iznku djrk gSA ge pkgsa rks dg ldrs gS fd lkfgR; jpuk dk y{;

lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks vkn”kZoknh iz.kkyh }kjk izLrqr djuk gSA

lkfgR;dkj lekt ds ØksM esa gh iyrk gS vkSj vius fodkl jl dks ogha ls

xzg.k djrk gSA lekt dh ifjfLFkfr;ka lkfgR;dkj dks izHkkfor djrh gS vkSj

og lekt ls gh lkfgR; ltZuk dh izsj.kk xzg.k djrk gSA lkfgR;dkj pkgdj

Hkh lekt ds izHkko ls ugha cp ldrk gSA lekt dk izHkko lkfgR;dkj vkSj

mlds lkfgR; ij vfuok;Z :i ls iM+rk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa MkW0 lEiw.kZuUn dk

dFku egRoiw.kZ gS& ^^ys[kd ds Åij ifjfLFkfr;kW fujUrj viuk izHkko Mkyrh

gSA ys[kd muls cpus dk iz;Ru djs rks Hkh ugh ldrk gS vkSj u og ;g gh

dg ldrk gS fd eSa viuh ?kM+h ds vuqlkj brus cts ls ysdj brus cts rd

viuh pkjksa vksj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkko xzg.k d:Wxkk vkSj blds okn ys[kd

pkgs ;k u pkgs ifjfLFkfr;kW ml ij izHkko Mkysaxh ghA thou esa tks fØ;k,a gks

jgh lkfgR;dkj ij mudh izfrfØ;k gksuk LokHkkfod vkSj vfuok;Z gSA


Hkkjr ,d fo”kky nsk gSA ;gkW dh Hkw&vkd`fr] tyok;q] ouLifr vkfn esa rks

fofHkUUkrk gS gh] lkFk gh ;gka ds yksxksa ds jgu&lgu][kku&iku] os”kHkw’kk]

jhfr&fjokt] /keZ] Hkk’kk vkfn esa Hkh fofHkUUkrk gSA fdarq bu lHkh fHkUUkrkvksa ds

gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dh laLd`fr esa ,d ekSfyd ,drk fo|eku gSA

leLr fofHkUUkrkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr esa ,d ,slk v[kaM ekSfyd

,drk gS] ftldk Kku Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dk xgu v/;;u djus ls izkIr gksrk

gSA

iafMr usg: ds “kCnksa esa] ^^tc ls lH;rk dj lw;ksZn; gqvk gS rHkh ls

Hkkjr ds efLr’d ij ,drk dh Hkkouk us vf/kdkj dj fy;k gSA ;g ekSfyd

,drk fdlh izdkj ls ckgj ls Fkksih xbZ ugh gS] cfYd ;g ,d vkrafjd ,drk

gS vkSj Hkkjr dh vkRek eesa lekbZ gqbZ gSA**

HkkSxkfyd n`f’V ls Hkkjr lqn`


Hkk’kk dks dEI;wVj foKkuh daI;wVj ds fy;s lkoZf/kd ljy Hkk’kk ekurs gSA blls

Hkkjr dh laLd`fr dh Hkk’kk;h ,drk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA

;gka ds fuokfl;ksa esa Hkh izkphudky ls gh xgjh ekSfyd ,drk fo|eku jgh gSA

izkphudky ls gh ;gka vk;Z] nzfoM+] ;wukuh] “kd] dq’kk.k] rqdZ] eaxksy vkfn

vusd tkfr;ka vkbZ ijUrq vkt os fgUnw lekt esa ,d&nwljs ls bruh ?kqy ?kqy

fey xbZ gS fd mudk i`Fkd vfLrRo lekLr gks x;k gSA

fons'kh tkfr;ksa esa dsoy bZlkbZ ,oa eqlyeku gh viuk i`Fkd vfLrRo

cuk, gq, gSa fdUrq os Hkh izkphu fgUnwvksa dh gh larku gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd

fgUnwvksa] eqlyekuksa rFkk bZlkbZ;ksa vusd jhfr&fjoktksa] mRlo&esyksa os”kHkw’kk vkfn

esa lekurk ikbZ tkrh gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ;gh ,drk lkfgR; vkSj dyk esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

Hkkjr dh lHkh Hkk’kkvksa ds lkfgR; esa vk/kkjHkwr ,drk dh Li’V >kadh fn[kkb Z

iM+rh gSA Hkkjr dh LFkkiR; dyk] fp=dyk] laxhr dyk rFkk k rFkk u`R; dyk

esa Hkkjrh;rk dh Li’V >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa vkarfjd ,drk rks ekStwn gS gh vkSj mlesa dksbZ lansg

ugh gS fdUrq Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh lcls izeq[k fo”ks’krk bldh loZ/keZ leHkko

dh Hkkouk vkSj fo”o ca/kqRo gSA blus ges”kk ls leLr i`Foh dks viuk dqVqEc

vkSj mlesa jg jgs yksxksa dks viuk ifjokfjd lnL; ekuk gSA bl “yksd esa

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh mi;qZDr fo”ks’krk ifjyksd esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh mi;qZDr

fo”ks’krk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA

v;a fut% ijksosfr x.kuk y?kqpsrlke~

mnkjpfjrkuke~ rq olq/kSo dqVqEcdeAA

mi;qZDr “yksd dk vFkZ gS fd ^^;g esjk gS ;g ijk;k gS dh x.kuk NksVs

g``n; okys djrs gSA mnkgj pfj= okys O;fDr ds fy, tks laiw.kZ i`Foh gh

dqVqEc dh rjg gSA**

1893 esa vesfjdk ds f”kdkxks “kgj esa fo”o /keZ lEEksyu dk vk;kstu

fd;k x;kA Lokeh foosdkuUn us bl fo”o lEEksyu esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo

fd;kA tgka lHkh ns”kksa ds izfrfuf/k vius&vius ns”k ds /keksZa dh fo”ks’krk dk

c[kku djus esa yxs gq, Fks ogha Lokeh foosdkuUn us ,d ,sls /keZ dk c[kku

fd;k tks /keksZa dks vius vUnj lesV ysus dh {kerk ls ifjiw.kZ FkkA dgus dk

rkRi;Z gS fd mudk /keZ ekuork dk /keZ Fkk tks loZ/keZ leHkko dh Hkkouk ls

;qDr Fkk vkSj lHkh euq’;ksa dh lekurk ij cy nsus okyk FkkA muds bl Hkk’k.k

dks fo”o Hkj esa ljkgk x;kA


bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS fd Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh lcls cM+h fo”ks’krk

vusdrk esa ,drk vkSj loZ/keZ leHkko gSA izkphudky ls orZeku rFkk vusd

FkisM+ksa dks lgrs gq, Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkt Hkh mlh etcwrh ls LFkkfir gSA

oLrqr% ;g laLd`fr Hkkjro’kZ dh vkRek gSA

lUnHkZ&

1- fyIlsV] ,l0,u0&iksfyfVdy eSuA

2- feYl] lh0 jkbV&n ikoj ,ykbVA

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Reflectance properties of 1-D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic

Crystal Dr. J. P. Pandey

1

Abstract: The dispersion, reflectance and transmittance spectrum of 1-D

superconductor-dielectric periodic multilayer structure are theoretically

investigated for a stratified medium by using the transfer matrix method (TMM)

method. This study of reflectance and transmittance at different angles of incidence

and temperatures show the filtering properties in superconductor-dielectric photonic

crystal.

Introduction:

Superconductivity was first observed in mercury in 1911 by Dutch physicist

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University. The materials, which offer no

resistance to the flow of electricity, was called superconducting materials. These are

one of the last great frontiers of scientific discovery. In subsequent decades, other

superconducting metals, alloys and compounds were discovered. In 1941, Niobium-

Nitride was found to superconduct at 16K. In 1953, Vanadium-Silicon displayed

superconducting properties at 17.5K and, in 1962, the first commercial

superconducting wire and alloy of Niobium and Titanium was developed by

scientists at Westinghouse. Additional milestones have been achieved by using

exotic- and toxic- elements in the base perovskite ceramics.

The transmission properties of a high critical temperature superconductor-

dielectric PC was studied by Yaw [1] in 2002. He observed that superconductivity

can be rapidly quenched with an incident electromagnetic field above some critical

intensity and the superconductivity is restored when the radiation intensity is

reduced below the critical value. Also, superconductor undergoes a change in optical

properties in term of index of refraction, dielectric function, dispersion relation,

transmittance and reflectance etc. as the transition is made between the

superconducting (S) and normal state (N), though the degree to which the dielectric

function differ between the S-state to N-state varies with normalized frequency.

1. Department of Physics, M L K P G College, Balrampur (UP)


Various reports [2-7] show the study of photonic crystals consisting of a

superconducting material and a dielectric. The size of the gap is characterized by

polarization, penetration depth, and highly dependent on temperature at the vicinity

of superconducting transition temperature. The analysis shows that the property of

thin photonic crystals may have application in optical region if extremely low

relaxation time superconductor is used. This may be asset for superconducting

electronics-photonic integration [5-7].

Feng et al. [8] investigated the tunable negative refraction in the lowest band

of a 2-D PC incorporating the superconductor constituents. Ricci et al. [9] has

examined experimentally the properties of a low loss super conducting materials.

The issue of a super conducting photonic crystal was first investigated by a group in

Singapore [3]. They have considered 1-D superconductor/dielectric super lattices by

making use of the TMM [10].

Recently, Wu et al. [6] calculated the full band structure in the TE mode for

a 1-D superconductor dielectric super lattice. They observed the three lowest band

gaps as a function of penetration depth of superconductor, permittivity of dielectric

and angle of incidence respectively.

A full band structure of superconductor-dielectric periodic structure is an

important means for understanding the fundamental physics about electromagnetic

wave propagation characteristics in a superconducting photonic crystal. This

information is not only fundamental but also of technical use of super conducting

material. The findings of ref. [11-13] are extended in this paper.

In this communication, the optical properties of PCs with super conducting

constituent are studied for a stratified medium. The dispersion relation, reflectance

and transmittance spectrum of superconductor-dielectric 1-D periodic multilayer

structure are calculated based on the transcendental equations derived from transfer

matrix method and Bloch theorem. This study shows the filtering properties in

superconductor-dielectric 1-D photonic crystal.

Mathematical Formulation:

Figure 1.Schematic presentation of superconductor/dielectric periodic

structure.


The refractive index profile of the above structure is given as,

dxdn

dxnxn

22

11

,

0,)(

(1) with n(x) = n(x + d) where n1, n2 are the refractive indices of the superconductor and dielectric materials. The electric field E(x) in the m

th unit cell can be written

as

)dmd(xd)1m(;edec

mdx)dmd(;ebea)x(E

1

)dmdx(ik

m

)dmdx(ik

m

1

)mdx(ik

m

)mdx(ik

m

1212

21 ,

(2) where

1d

21

2

2

11 cosc

nn

ck

,

2s

21

2

2

22 cosc

nn

ck

(3) For the superconductor, the index of refraction can be described on the basis of the conventional two fluid models [14-15]. This model is used to describe the

electromagnetic behavior of superconductor at non-zero temperature. Normally,

the conductivity of the superconductor is complex. With some approximations

(lossless), the complex conductivity of a superconductor approximates to

m

nei)( s

2

(4) only when the conduction nn < ins/ is satisfied. Where () is the conductivity of the superconductor, e and m are the charge and mass of electron

respectively, ns is the density of electron and is the frequency of external

electromagnetic wave. The approximation condition can be found in Ref. [2].

The conductivity equation (4) can be expressed in terms of London-penetration

depths L, since 2

s0

2

Len

m

(5) (5a) So that 2

L0

i)(

(5b) From the Gorter-Casimir result [14, 17], 1T

T

n

n4

c

n

s

and the London-

penetration depth,

4

c

LL

T

T1

)0()T(


(6) where the conductivity equation (5b) is temperature dependent. In the

superconductor layer, with no external source current and charge, the Maxwell‘s

equation becomes - 0BkB2

1

2

(7) By substituting equation (5),

2

L

2

22

1

1

ck

(8) Then, from Snell‘s law, the length of the tangential wave vector k1x (parallel to

the dielectric superconductor interface) is conserved. That is

sinc

k y1 ,

where is the angle of incident (relative to normal of interface) of the

electromagnetic wave as vacuum. Then, the frequency dependent normal vector

is )(nc

1cos

ck 12

L

2

2

2

x1

(9) where

2

L

2

22

1

1ccos)(n

In the dielectric layer, with no external source

current and charge, the Maxwell‘s equation becomes 0222 BkB

(10) From equation

(11) and Snell‘s law, we have 2

22

2c

k

or

22

22

2

2

2

22

x2 sinc

sincc

k

or 2x2 nc

k

(11) where

2

2 sinn

According to transfer matrix method, the characteristic matrix corresponding

to one period is as follows

2,21,2

2,11,1

mm

mm)d(m

(12) Where )dk(sin)dksin(p

p)dkcos()dkcos(m 2x21x1

1

22x21x11,1


)dk(cos)dk(sinp

i)dk(sin)dkcos(

p

im 2x21x1

1

2x21x1

2

2,1

)dk(sin)dk(cosip)dk(cos)dksin(ipm 2x21x122x21x111,2

)dk(sin)dk(sinp

p)dk(cos)dkcos(m 2x21x1

2

12x21x12,2

where )TM(cosnZ

1p),TE(cos

Z

npandcosn

ck i

i0

ii

0

iiiii

with i = 1, 2 and impedance )/(Z000 of free space. The total characteristic

matrix for the N-period structure can be obtained,

2,21,2

2,11,1N

MM

MM)d(m)Nd(M

(13) where M1,1 = m11 UN-1 - UN-2, M1,2 = m12 UN-1 M2,1 = m21 UN-1, M2,2 =

m22 UN-1 - UN-2 mi,j are the characteristic matrix of equation (13) and UN is the Chebyshev

polynomial of second kind defined by

d)(Ksin

d)(K)1N(sinU N

(14) The dispersion relation can be

found as

)dksin()dksin(

p

p

p

p

2

1)dk(cos)dkcos(cos

d

1)(K 2x21x1

1

2

2

12x21x1

1

(15) The reflection and transmission coefficients can be determined and are

given by

s2,21,20s2,11,1

s2,21,20s2,11,1

pMMppMM

pMMppMMr

s2,21,20s2,11,10

pMMppMM

p2t


(16) Here p0 and ps are for the first and last medium of the structure, which are

given as )TE(Z

cosnp,

Z

cosnp

0

sss

0

000

and impedance

)/(Z000 of free space. In this case, n0 = ns = 1.0 for the free

space. The reflectance (R) and transmittance (T) for superconductor/dielectric

photonic crystal are related by 2

0

s2 tp

pTandrR (17)

The expressions of the reflectivity for Nth

layers of the structure is given

2

2

1,2

2

1,22

N

d)(NKsin

d)(KsinM

MR

(18) where N is the total number of unit cells (i.e. number of pairs of layers).

Results and Discussion:

Here, Tc=10K is taken with penetration depth as 60nm for superconducting

material and the refractive index of dielectric material is 15 in the considered PC.

The thicknesses of the superconductor and dielectric materials are 2d/3 and d/3

respectively with d=1, 2 where d is the total thickness of the unit cell of the

superconductor-dielectric materials.

Generally, the refractive index of the superconductor is temperature

dependent, but here, T=5.5K is taken which is below the critical temperature (Tc).

The substrate is supposed to be air having refractive index 1.0. The material is

considered to be linear, homogeneous, non-absorbing and with no optical activity

when the electromagnetic wave is incident. The band structure, reflectance and

transmittance versus normalized frequency range of the structure are plotted for

N=10, where N is the total number of the period. These variations are shown at the

different angles of incidence for the electromagnetic spectrum. The band structures

are investigated by calculating cos (Kd) term of the structure. The allowed or

forbidden gaps of cos(Kd) of the structure has also been calculated for the

transmittance and reflectance.

The band structure, reflectance and transmittance at zero angle of incidence

is shown in figure 2(a). A broad band gap is found in the range of 0.15 to 0.34 of the

normalized frequency. The reflectance is found 100% in the range of 0.15 to 0.34 of

the normalized frequency. Such property can be applied to make a reflector which

can be used in low temperature region. It is also seen that the band structure and

reflectance for the periodic layers are same due to Bragg reflection inside the

interfaces of the periodic layers.


The same calculations are made at the angles of incidences 30o, 60

o and 85

o

for the same structure. These calculations are done at different angles of incidence

30o, 60

o and 85

o and are shown in figures 2(b), 2(c) and 2(d) respectively. From the

study of figures, it is observed that the band structures and reflectance/transmittance

of the given structure are same. The range of band gaps and

reflectance/transmittance of the given structure increases with the increase in angle

of incidence. But the band structures and reflectance/transmittance of the considered

structure are shifted towards the higher frequency range. Such shifting properties of

the band gaps and reflectance‘s of the periodic structure are due to the property of

the Bragg gaps.

From above study, it can be seen that the superconductor-dielectric photonic

crystal may be used as broad band reflector and omnidirectional reflector at low

temperatures below to the critical temperature. Such property may be applied to

make the reflector which can be used in low temperature region.

(a)

(b)


(c)

(d)

Figure 2: Dispersion relation, Reflectance and Transmittance of the considered

structure at an angle of incidence (a) 00 (b) 30

0 (c) 60

0 and (d) 85

0.

References:

1. R.N.Yaw “Transmission properties of a high critical temperature superconductor/dielectric multilayer photonic band gap”, Huntsvill, Alabama, 2002

2. W.M. Lee, P.M. Hui and D. Stroud, “Propagating photonic modes below the gap in a superconducting composite”, Phys. Rev. B, 51, 8634-8637, April, 1995.

3. C.H. Raymond Oai, T.C. Anyeung, C.H. Kam and T.K. Lim, Phys. Rev. B, 61, 5920, 2000; F. Abbas, “Propagation in a multilayer structure of superconductor and dielectric”, Phyica C, 254, 291-306, June, 1995.


4. Y.B. Chen, C. Zhang, Y. Zhu. S. Zhu and N. Ming, “Tunable photonic crystals with superconducting constituents”, Mat. Lett., 55, 12-16, July, 2002.

5. H. Takeda and K. Yoshino, “Tunable photonic band schemes in two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of copper oxide high-temperature superconductors”, Phys. Rev. B, 67, 245109-6, June, 2003.

6. C. J. Wu, M. S. Chen and T. J. Yang, “Photonic band structure for superconductor-dielectric superlattices”, Physica C, 432, 133-139, Sept., 2005; C. J. Wu, “Transmission and reflection in a periodic superconductor/dielectric film multilayer structure”, J. Electromagnetic wave and Applications, 19, 1991-1996, 2005; C. J. Wu, “Transmission and reflection in a periodic superconductor/dielectric film multilayer structure”, PIER Symposium-2005, China, Aug., 2005.

7. H. Takeda and K. Yashino, “Properties of Abrikosov lattices as photonic crystals”, Phys. Rev. B, 70, 085109-5, 2004.

8. L. Feng, X. P. Liu, J. Ren, Y. F. Tang, Y. B. Chen and Y. F. Chen, “Tunable negative refraction in two dimensional photonic crystals with superconducting constituents”, J. Appl. Phys., 97, 073104-5, March, 2005.

9. M. Ricci et al, Superconducting metamaterials, Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, 034102-3, July, 2005.

10. Huang-Ming Lee and Jong-Ching Wu, “Transmittance spectra in one-dimensional superconductor-dielectric photonic crystal” J. Appl. Phys. 107, 09E149, 2010.

11. G.N. Pandey, Khem B. Thapa and S.P. Ojha, “Omni directional reflectance properties of superconductor-dielectric photonic crystal” Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, Volume 125, Issue 1, Pages 252–256, January 2014.

12. Chun-Li Liu, Hai-Feng Zhang, Yu-Qing Chen, “Enlarged the omnidirectional Bragg gap by one-dimensional superconductor-dielectric photonic crystals with ternary Thue–Morse aperiodic structure” Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, volume 124, Issue 22 , Pages 5811-5817, 2013.

13. M. Upadhyay, S. K. Awasthi, L. Shiveshwari, P. K. Srivastava, S. P. Ojha, “Thermally Tunable Photonic Filter for WDM Networks Using 1D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic Crystals” Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, Volume 28, Issue 8, pp 2275-2280, 2015.

http://scitation.aip.org/content/contributor/AU0061391;jsessionid=16l5w9ri77aj6.x-aip-live-03http://scitation.aip.org/content/contributor/AU0220399;jsessionid=16l5w9ri77aj6.x-aip-live-03http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613009339http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613009339http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613009339http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613009339http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613009339http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00304026http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00304026/125/1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00304026/125/1https://www.infona.pl/contributor/[email protected]/tab/publicationshttps://www.infona.pl/contributor/[email protected]/tab/publicationshttps://www.infona.pl/contributor/[email protected]/tab/publicationshttps://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f33a41c9-2d99-3e0b-b08e-239b19fb609e/tab/jContenthttps://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f33a41c9-2d99-3e0b-b08e-239b19fb609e/tab/jContent/facet?field=%5ejournalYear%5ejournalVolume&value=%5e_02013%5e_00124https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f33a41c9-2d99-3e0b-b08e-239b19fb609e/tab/jContent/facet?field=%5ejournalYear%5ejournalVolume%5ejournalNumber&value=%5e_02013%5e_00124%5e_00022https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f33a41c9-2d99-3e0b-b08e-239b19fb609e/tab/jContent/facet?field=%5ejournalYear&value=%5e_02013http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22Maitreyi+Upadhyay%22http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22Suneet+K.+Awasthi%22http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22Laxmi+Shiveshwari%22http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22Pankaj+K.+Srivastava%22http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22Sant+P.+Ojha%22http://link.springer.com/journal/10948http://link.springer.com/journal/10948http://link.springer.com/journal/10948http://link.springer.com/journal/10948/28/8/page/1


14. P. Yeh, “Optical waves in layered media”, John Willey and Sons, New York, Chapter 6, 1988.

15. M. Born and E. Wolf, “Principle of Optics, Pergmon Press, Oxford, 1965. K. Sakoda, “Optical properties of photonic crystals”, Springer Verlag Germany, 2001.


Emerging Challenges Before Indian

Agriculture Dr.Bindrawan Lal

1

Introduction: Agriculture is different from industry and plays a significant role in the economic

development of a nation. India‘s prosperity depends upon the agricultural prosperity.

There are many kinds of agricultural products produced in India. Agriculture has

been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue to remain so for a long

time. It has to support almost 17 per cent of world population from 2.3 per cent of

world geographical area and 4.2 per cent of world‘s water resources. The economic

reforms, initiated in the country during the early 1990s, have put the economy on a

higher growth trajectory. Annual growth rate in GDP has accelerated mainly due to

rapid growth in non-agriculture sector. There are many problems faced by Indian

agriculture. One of the excluded sectors during the reform period was agriculture

which showed low growth and experienced more farmers‘ suicides. There are

serious concerns on the performance of agriculture sector in the country. The post-

reform period growth was led by services. The commodity sector growth

(agriculture +industry) has not been higher in the post-reform periods compared to

that of 1980s. Particular worry is the agriculture sector which showed lower than 2%

per annum growth during the previous decade. Also, there is a disconnect between

employment growth and GDP growth. In other words, employment is not generated

in industry and services where growth is high. On the other hand, GDP growth is

low in agriculture where majority of people are employed. In this research paper we

would highlighted the various problems of Indian agriculture sector; such as small

and fragmented land holdings, lack of quality seeds, Manures, Fertilizers and

Biocides, lack of irrigation facility, Lack of mechanization, Soil erosion, agriculture

marketing, Inadequate storage facilities, inadequate transport facility and Scarcity of

capital etc.

1. Associate Professor, M.K.Govt Degree College, Ninowa, Farrukhabad U.P.


Some of the major problems and their possible solutions have been discussed as

follows. Indian agriculture is plagued by several problems; some of them are natural

and some others are manmade.

1. Small and fragmented land-holdings:

Table 1-All India proportion of households of different social groups possessing

upto 1 hectare of land (percent) and proportion of non agriculture households

by major source of income (Rural) (percent)

Social

group

s

Size class of land

possessed(Hectare up to

0.40

Size class of land

possessed(Hectare up to

1.00

Proportion of non

agriculture households%

1993

-

1994

1999

-

2000

2004

-

2005

2009

-

2010

1993

-

1994

1999

-

2000

2004

-

2005

2009

-

2010

1993

-

1994

1999

-

2000

2004

-

2005

2009

-

2010

ST 43.2 46.3 46.4 56.7 64.6 70.6 70.3 76.5 24.2 24.2 26.6 29.6

SC 71.7 75.0 74.9 81.0 86.6 89.7 89.6 92.1 30.6 32.2 39.3 46.1

OBC - 56.5 56.0 62.7 - 76.7 75.5 79.4 - 36.1 39.0 42.6

Other

s

49.1 52.5 52.5 58.1 68.6 71.2 71.0 75.1 33.4 39.8 41.1 44.7

ALL 53.2 58.1 58.2 64.8 72.0 77.7 76.9 80.8 31.9 35.1 38.3 42.5

The seemingly abundance of net sown area of 141.2 million hectares and total

cropped area of 189.7 million hectares (1999-2000) pales into insignificance when

we see that it is divided into economically unviable small and scattered holdings.

Size class of land possessed(Hectare up to 0.40 in 1993-1994 is 53.2 percent while it

was 64.8 percent in 2009-2010 respectibly. Size class of land possessed Hectare up

to 1.00 was 72 percent in 1993-1994 and it was 80.8 percent in 2009-2010.

The problem of small and fragmented holdings is more serious in densely populated

and intensively cultivated states like Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar and eastern part of

Uttar Pradesh where the average size of land holdings is less than one hectare and in

certain parts it is less than even 0.4 hectare.

Rajasthan with vast sandy stretches and Nagaland with the prevailing ‗Jhoom‘

(shifting agriculture) have larger average sized holdings of 4 and 7.15 hectares

respectively. States having high percentage of net sown area like Punjab, Haryana,

Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh have holding size above the

national average.

The main reason for this sad state of affairs is our inheritance laws. The land

belonging to the father is equally distributed among his sons. This distribution of

land does not entail a collection or consolidated one, but its nature is fragmented.


Different tracts have different levels of fertility and are to be distributed accordingly.

If there are four tracts which are to be distributed between two sons, both the sons

will get smaller plots of each land tract. In this way the holdings become smaller and

more fragmented with each passing generation.

Sub-division and fragmentation of the holdings is one of the main causes of our low

agricultural productivity and backward state of our agriculture. A lot of time and

labour is wasted in moving seeds, manure, implements and cattle from one piece of

land to another.

Irrigation becomes difficult on such small and fragmented fields. Further, a lot of

fertile agricultural land is wasted in providing boundaries. Under such

circumstances, the farmer cannot concentrate on improvement.

The only answer to this ticklish problem is the consolidation of holdings which

means the reallocation of holdings which are fragmented, the creation of farms

which comprise only one or a few parcels in place of multitude of patches formerly

in the possession of each peasant.

But unfortunately, this plan has not succeeded much. Although legislation for

consolidation of holdings has been enacted by almost all the states, it has been

implemented only in Punjab, Haryana and in some parts of Uttar Pradesh.

2. Seeds:

Seed is a critical and basic input for attaining higher crop yields and sustained

growth in agricultural production. Distribution of assured quality seed is as critical

as the production of such seeds. Unfortunately, good quality seeds are out of reach

of the majority of farmers, especially small and marginal farmers mainly because of

exorbitant prices of better seeds.

In order to solve this problem, the Government of India established the National

Seeds Corporation (NSC) in 1963 and the State Farmers Corporation of India (SFCI)

in 1969. Thirteen State Seed Corporations (SSCs) were also established to augment

the supply of improved seeds to the farmers.

High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in 1966-67 as a major

thrust plan to increase the production of food grains in the country.

The Indian seed industry had exhibited impressive growth in the past and is expected

to provide further potential for growth in agricultural production: The role of seed

industry is not only to produce adequate quantity of quality seeds but also to achieve

varietal diversity to suit various agro-climatic zones of the country.

The policy statements are designed towards making available to the Indian farmer,

adequate quantities of seed of superior quality at the appropriate time and place and

at an affordable price so as to meet the country‘s food and nutritional security goals.

Indian seeds programme largely adheres to limited generation system for seed

multiplication. The system recognises three kinds of generation, namely breeder,

foundation and certified seeds. Breeder seed is the basic seed and first stage in seed


production. Foundation seed is the second stage in seed production chain and is the

progeny of breeder seed.

Certified seed is the ultimate stage in seed production chain and is the progeny of

foundation seed. Production of breeder and foundation seeds and certified seeds

distribution has gone up at an annual average rate of 3.4 per cent, 7.5 per cent and

9.5 per cent respectively, between 2001-02 and 2005-06).

3. Manures, Fertilizers and Biocides:

Indian soils have been used for growing crops over thousands of years without

caring much for replenishing. This has led to depletion and exhaustion of soils

resulting in their low productivity. The average yields of almost all the crops are

among t e lowest in the world. This is a serious problem which can be solved by

using more manures and fertilizers.

Manures and fertilizers play the same role in relation to soils as good food in relation

to body. Just as a well-nourished body is capable of doing any good job, a well

nourished soil is capable of giving good yields. It has been estimated that about 70

per cent of growth in agricultural production can be attributed to increased fertilizer

application.

Thus increase in the consumption of fertilizers is a barometer of agricultural

prosperity. However, there are practical difficulties in providing sufficient manures

and fertilizers in all parts of a country of India‘s dimensions inhabited by poor

peasants. Cow dung provides the best manure to the soils.

But its use as such is limited because much of cow dung is used as kitchen fuel in

the shape of dung cakes. Reduction in the supply of fire wood and increasing

demand for fuel in the rural areas due to increase in population has further

complicated the problem. Chemical fertilizers are costly and are often beyond the

reach of the poor farmers. The fertilizer problem is, therefore, both acute and

complex.

It has been felt that organic manures are essential for keeping the soil in good health.

The country has a potential of 650 million tonnes of rural and 160 lakh tonnes of

urban compost which is not fully utilized at present. The utilization of this potential

will solve the twin problem of disposal of waste and providing manure to the soil.

The government has given high incentive especially in the form of heavy subsidy for

using chemical fertilizers. There was practically no use of chemical fertilizers at the

time of Independence As a result of initiative by the government and due to change

in the attitude of some progressive farmers, the consumption of fertilizers increased

tremendously.

In order to maintain the quality of the fertilizers, 52 fertilizer quality control

laboratories have been set up in different parts of the country. In addition, there is

one Central Fertilizer Quality Control and Training Institute at Faridabad with its

three regional centers at Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.


Pests, germs and weeds cause heavy loss to crops which amounted to about one third

of the total field produce at the time of Independence. Biocides (pesticides,

herbicides and weedicides) are used to save the crops and to avoid losses. The

increased use of these inputs has saved a lot of crops, especially the food crops from

unnecessary wastage. But indiscriminate use of biocides has resulted in wide spread

environmental pollution which takes its own toll.

4. Irrigation:

Although India is the second largest irrigated country of the world after China, only

one-third of the cropped area is under irrigation. Irrigation is the most important

agricultural input in a tropical monsoon country like India where rainfall is

uncertain, unreliable and erratic India cannot achieve sustained progress in

agriculture unless and until more than half of the cropped area is brought under

assured irrigation.

This is testified by the success story of agricultural progress in Punjab Haryana and

western part of Uttar Pradesh where over half of the cropped area is under irrigation!

Large tracts still await irrigation to boost the agricultural output.

However, care must be taken to safeguard against ill effects of over irrigation

especially in areas irrigated by canals. Large tracts in Punjab and Haryana have been

rendered useless (areas affected by salinity, alkalinity and water-logging), due to

faulty irrigation. In the Indira Gandhi Canal command area also intensive irrigation

has led to sharp rise in sub-soil water level, leading to water-logging, soil salinity

and alkalinity.

5. Lack of mechanization:

In spite of the large scale mechanization of agriculture in some parts of the country,

most of the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried on by human hand

using simple and conventional tools and implements like wooden plough, sickle, etc.

Little or no use of machines is made in ploughing, sowing, irrigating, thinning and

pruning, weeding, harvesting threshing and transporting the crops. This is specially

the case with small and marginal farmers. It results in huge wastage of human labour

and in low yields per capita labour force.

There is urgent need to mechanize the agricultural operations so that wastage of

labour force is avoided and farming is made convenient and efficient. Agricultural

implements and machinery are a crucial input for efficient and timely agricultural

operations, facilitating multiple cropping and thereby increasing production.

Some progress has been made for mechanizing agriculture in India after

Independence. Need for mechanization was specially felt with the advent of Green

Revolution in 1960s. Strategies and programmes have been directed towards

replacement of traditional and inefficient implements by improved ones, enabling

the farmer to own tractors, power tillers, harvesters and other machines.

A large industrial base for manufacturing of the agricultural machines has also been

developed. Power availability for carrying out various agricultural operations has


been increased to reach a level of 24 kW per hectare in 2009-10from only 0.3 kW

per hectare in 1971-72.

This increase was the result of increasing use of tractor, power tiller and combine

harvesters, irrigation pumps and other power operated machines. The share of

mechanical and electrical power has increased from 40 per cent in 1971 to 88 per

cent in 2009-10.

Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest average sales of tractors during the five year

period ending 2003-04 and/West Bengal recorded the highest average sales of power

tillers during the same period.

Strenuous efforts are being made to encourage the farmers to adopt technically

advanced agricultural equipments in order to carry farm operations timely and

precisely and to economize the agricultural production process.

6. Soil erosion:

Large tracts of fertile land suffer from soil erosion by wind and water. This area

must be properly treated and restored to its original fertility.

7. Agricultural Marketing:

Agricultural marketing still continues to be in a bad shape in rural India. In the

absence of sound marketing facilities, the farmers have to depend upon local traders

and middlemen for the disposal of their farm produce which is sold at throw-away

price.

In most cases, these farmers are forced, under socio-economic conditions, to carry

on distress sale of their produce. In most of small villages, the farmers sell their

produce to the money lender from whom they usually borrow money.

According to an estimate 85 per cent of wheat and 75 per cent of oil seeds in Uttar

Pradesh, 90 per cent of Jute in West Bengal, 70 per cent of oilseeds and 35 per cent

of cotton in Punjab is sold by farmers in the village itself. Such a situation arises due

to the inability of the poor farmers to wait for long after harvesting their crops.

In order to meet his commitments and pay his debt, the poor farmer is forced to sell

the produce at whatever price is offered to him. The Rural Credit Survey Report

rightly remarked that the producers in general sell their produce at an unfavorable

place and at an unfavorable time and usually they get unfavorable terms.

In the absence of an organized marketing structure, private traders and middlemen

dominate the marketing and trading of agricultural produce. The remuneration of the

services provided by the middlemen increases the load on the consumer, although

the producer does not derive similar benefit.

Many market surveys have revealed that middlemen take away about 48 per cent of

the price of rice, 52 per cent of the price of groundnuts and 60 per cent of the price

of potatoes offered by consumers.

In order to save the farmer from the clutches of the money lenders and the middle

men, the government has come out with regulated markets. These markets generally

introduce a system of competitive buying, help in eradicating malpractices, ensure


the use of standardized weights and measures and evolve suitable machinery for

settlement of disputes thereby ensuring that the producers are not subjected to

exploitation and receive remunerative prices.

8. Inadequate storage facilities:

Storage facilities in the rural areas are either totally absent or grossly inadequate.

Under such conditions the farmers are compelled to sell their produce immediately

after the harvest at the prevailing market prices which are bound to be low. Such

distress sale deprives the farmers of their legitimate income.

The Parse Committee estimated the post-harvest losses at 9.3 per cent of which

nearly 6.6 per cent occurred due to poor storage conditions alone. Scientific storage

is, therefore, very essential to avoid losses and to benefit the farmers and the

consumers alike.

At present there are number of agencies engaged in warehousing and storage

activities. The Food Corporation of India (F.C.I.), the Central Warehousing

Corporation (C.W.C.) and State Warehousing Corporation are among the principal

agencies engaged in this task. These agencies help in building up buffer stock, which

can be used in the hour of need. The Central Government is also implementing the

scheme for establishment of national Grid of Rural Godowns since 1979-80.

This scheme provides storage facilities to the farmers near their fields and in

particular to the small and marginal farmers. The Working Group on additional

storage facilities in rural areas has recommended a scheme of establishing a network

of Rural Storage Centers to serve the economic interests of the farming community.

9. Inadequate transport:

One of the main handicaps with Indian agriculture is the lack of cheap and efficient

means of transportation. Even at present there are lakhs of villages which are not

well connected with main roads or with market centres.

Most roads in the rural areas are Kutcha (bullock- cart roads) and become useless in

the rainy season. Under these circumstances the farmers cannot carry their produce

to the main market and are forced to sell it in the local market at low price. Linking

each village by metalled road is a gigantic task and it needs huge sums of money to

complete this task.

10. Scarcity of capital:

Agriculture is an important industry and like all other industries it also requires

capital. The role of capital input is becoming more and more important with the

advancement of farm technology. Since the agriculturists‘ capital is locked up in his

lands and stocks, he is obliged to borrow money for stimulating the tempo of

agricultural production.

The main suppliers of money to the farmer are the money-lenders, traders and

commission agents who charge high rate of interest and purchase the agricultural

produce at very low price. All India Rural Credit Survey Committee showed that in

1950-51 the share of money lenders stood at as high as 68.6 per cent of the total


rural credit and in 1975-76 their share declined to 43 per cent of the credit needs of

the farmers.

This shows that the money lender is losing ground but is still the single largest

contributor of agricultural credit. Rural credit scenario has undergone a significant

change and institutional agencies such as Central Cooperative Banks, State

Cooperative Banks, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Credit Agencies and some

Government Agencies are extending loans to farmers on easy terms.

Agriculture credit – major concerns

In the 12 year period from 2000-01 to 2011-12, the flow of ground level credit has

increased impressively, especially after the ‗doubling period‘ (2004-07), showing

almost a 10 fold increase! Around 28 lakh crore havebeen disbursed during the 12

years and in the next 5 years of 12 th FYP, another 35 to 42 lakh crore are expected

to be invested (12 th Five Year Plan Estimates). Clearly,agriculture credit has

emerged as a major strategy for accelerating investments in agriculture. Out of

roughly 14 crore farm households, only half are covered by formal banking

institutions, leaving the remaining to informal sources or for self financing. hough

growth in agricultural credit is very high in nominal terms, in real terms, it looks

‗modest‘ - especially for the later period 2007-08 to 2010-11. This is true for both

long term as well as short term credit. Obviously, the later period inflation has taken

off some of the sheen in the credit growth.

Recommendations:

Following are the key recommendations as a ‗way forward‘ to ensure higher and

inclusive growth in Indian agriculture. Although all these recommendations are

important, the first four demand immediate attention.

1. Increasing agricultural productivity is a key challenge for ensuring national food

security. To increase production, exploiting the potential of existing yield gaps

offers a tremendous opportunity. Hence, a Mission Mode Program on ―Bridging the

Productivity Gap‖ with real missionary zeal and effective monitoring is required to

be launched with meticulous planning as a matter of priority. For this, attention to

agriculture in science policy is needed, and the existing technology dissemination

and input supply system needs to be revitalized and tuned to meet the emerging

needs of farmers. Special emphasis on seed sector, input use efficiency, financial and

insurance institutions and a paradigm shift in technology transfer mechanisms

involving both the private sector and NGOs would be critical in achieving the

desired goals.

2. Rain fed areas have a huge potential to raise production and increase farm income.

These grey areas can soon be made green to harness a second green revolution.

Role of technologies, policies and infrastructure would be very important in

realizing the potential of rain fed agriculture. In this context, it has to be ensured

that public policies and technologies have appropriate synergies to move forward.

The initiative of the government to establish the ‗Rain fed Authority of India‘ is a


welcome step. However, this Authority needs a proper policy framework, legal

and funding supports as well as empowerment for effective coordination and

monitoring of all rain fed related programs run by various

Ministries/Departments. The sooner it is ensured, the better it would be in the

national interest as time is otherwise running out.

3. Linking farmers to markets is a pre-requisite for augmenting farm production

and farmers‘ income. Role of innovative institutions would be critical in this

context to reap the benefits of emerging opportunities.

4. There is a dire need to significantly expand the capital investment in both public

and private institutions in the non-green revolution regions, particularly in the

eastern and north-eastern India, where there is a great potential for agricultural

growth. Hence, investment priorities must now be oriented towards realistic

accelerated growth of agriculture for meeting the growing needs of the

population. Therefore, public policies should be such that these trigger the much

needed private sector investments for infrastructure development.

5. Agriculture is confronted with new forms of risks and uncertainties. These are

related to natural calamities, global climate change, use of food for bio fuels,

uncertainty over prices, etc. Role of knowledge system and institutional

mechanisms for input supply, credit, crop and livestock insurance, etc., would,

therefore, be important in reducing both risks and uncertainties in order to attain

the much needed resilience in Indian agriculture. At the same time, less

dependence on the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and efficient use of

water, energy and other inputs, including timely farm operations with major

emphasis on small farm mechanization and bio energy (solar and wind), would

help achieve faster growth in agriculture.

6. Water will be the most critical natural resource for the future growth of

agriculture. Currently, the water sector for irrigation is invariably neglected both

at the central and state levels. High inefficiencies in water delivery, distribution

and on-farm use are adversely affecting our agricultural production. Irrigated area

can be expanded considerably with improved efficiency in water use. Innovations

in governance and pricing of surface and ground water for the desired water use

efficiency, through an integrated approach among irrigation department, private

sector, and farmers‘ water user associations are urgent issues for coordinated

action by all stakeholders.

7. Climate change has added a new dimension to future agricultural growth, which is

a major concern. The worst affected would be small farm holders located in the

marginal and under-privileged areas. Therefore, investment options for both

adaptation and mitigation, and policies which can help in reducing the impact of

climate change, are urgently needed at this stage, especially to provide


Conclusions:

Agriculture continues to be the backbone of Indian economy. Agriculture

sector employs 54.6% of the total workforce. The total Share of Agriculture &

Allied Sectors (Including Agriculture, Livestock, and forestry and fishery sub

sectors) in terms of percentage of Gross Domestic Product is 13.9 percent during

2013-14 at 2004-05 prices. [As per the estimates released by Central Statistics

Office]. For the 12th

Plan (2012-17), a growth target of 4 percent has been set for the

Agriculture Sector. As per the 4th

Advance Estimates of Production of food grains

for 2013-14, total food grain production is estimated to be 264.77 Million Tonnes. In

order to keep up the momentum gained during the 11th

Plan and achieve the targeted

growth rate of 4% during the 12th

Five Year Plan as also the ensure focused

approach and to avoid overlap, all the ongoing 51 schemes of the Department have

been restructured into five missions viz. National Food Security Mission (NFSM),

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture Mission (MIDH), National

Mission on Oil Seed and Oil Palm (NMOOP), National Mission for Sustainable

Agriculture (NMSA), and National Mission on Agricultural Extension &

Technology (NMAET); five Central Sector Schemes viz. National Crop Insurance

Programme (NCIP), Intergrated Scheme on Agri-Census & Statistics (ISAC&S),

Integrated Scheme of Agriculture Marketing (ISAM), Integrated Scheme of

Agriculture Cooperation (ISAC) and Secretariat Economic Service; and one State

Plan Scheme viz. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana. Recognizing the importance of

Agriculture Sector, the Government during the budget 2014-15 took a number of

steps for sustainable development of Agriculture. These steps include enhanced

institutional credit to farmers; promotion of scientific warehousing infrastructure

including cold storages and cold chains in the country for increasing shelf life of

agricultural produce; Improved access to irrigation through Pradhan Mantri Krishi

Sichayee Yojana; provision of Price Stabilisation Fund to mitigate price volatality in

agricultural produce; Mission mode scheme for Soil Health Card; Setting up of Agri-

tech Infrastructure fund for making farming competitive and profitable; provide

institutional finance to joint farming groups of ―Bhoomi Heen Kisan‖ through

NABARD; development of indigenous cattle breeds and promoting inland fisheries

and other non-farm activities to supplement the income of farmers. and nutrition

security, increasing farm income, alleviating poverty and minimizing production

risks on account of climate change, besides ensuring overall natural resource

management and environmental security. Appropriate policies, institutions and

technologies would play an important role in facing these challenges boldly.


Refrences:

1- The Story of India: a PBS documentary". Public Broadcasting Service, United States.

2- The numbers in this column are India's average, metric tonnes per hectare per year; regional farm productivity within India varies. For milk and other

produce, productivity is on per livestock animal basis.

3- Staff, India Brand Equity Foundation Agriculture and Food in India Accessed 7 May 2013.

http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/gallery/photos/7.htmlhttp://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-Food.aspx


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REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN PROSTHETICS

& ORTHOTICS FIELD Mr. Girish V Gupta

1, Mr. Mohit Gupta

2

Summary:

Background: Prosthetics & Orthotics journal provides information on new devices,

fitting and fabrication techniques, and patient management experiences. The

multidisciplinary approach focuses on prosthetics and orthotics, with timely reports

from related fields such as orthopaedic research, occupational therapy, physical

therapy, orthopaedic surgery, amputation surgery, physical medicine, biomedical

engineering, psychology, ethics, and gait analysis.

Aim:

The mission of the Journal in Prosthetics & Orthotics is to promote, enhance and disseminate uncovered scientific article information and technical

advances in prosthetics and orthotics.

Method:We have reviewed 690 article in prosthetics, 356 article in orthotics and 85

other article (Hearing, Speech, Orthopaedic disease) but major research performed

over lower extremity prosthesis, lower extremity Orthosis, upper extremity

prosthesis and less topic covered over biomechanics, Higher level amputee,

wheelchair modification for sports in person with disable, upper extremity orthosis

and different materials importance.

Results:Every practitioner who performs a clinical investigation, such as an analysis

of patients treated with a specific device, or a trial on the treatment of prosthesis and

orthosis, will be contributing to the sum of knowledge in our profession.Clinical

research employs one or more intervention techniques. An intervention technique in

O&P might be the evaluation of a new thought to be more effective.

Discussion & Conclusion : Participating in new clinical research will make you a

better Orthotist and Prosthetist. Clinical researches provides knowledge of new

technology and improve different equipment used for data collection and analysis

with the collaboration of other professional.

Key Word: Journals Data, Library reference

1 & 2. P and O Department, PDUIPH, New Delhi.


Introduction:The purpose of this review of journal analysis was to describe trends

in publication of the Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics (JPO),International Society

for Prosthetics and Orthotics journal (ISPO), Journal of O & P world over the past

years. We focused on publication patterns in the areas of article type, subject

demographics, study details, component/intervention type, funding, and author

training. The multidisciplinary approach focuses on prosthetics and orthotics, with

timely reports from related fields such as orthopaedic research, occupational therapy,

physical therapy, orthopaedic surgery, amputation surgery, biomedical engineering,

psychology, ethics, and gait analysis. Each issue contains research-based articles

reviewed and approved by a highly qualified editorial board.

Aim:

The mission of the Journals in Prosthetics and Orthotics is to promote, enhance and disseminate uncovered scientific article information and

technical advances in prosthetics and orthotics.

To achieve different article information, tools and equipment for research or data analysis.

Method: All articles published in Orthotics & Prosthetics (O&P) World, Journal of

Prosthetics & Orthotics (JPO) & International Society of Prosthetics & Orthotics

(ISPO) from January 1977 to December 2016were included in the review; editorials

written by the journal editor, as well as letters to the editor, were excluded.

Six main domains were chosen: Article Listing Description, Article Type, Subject

Demographics, Study Details, Funding, and Author Training. Each domain was then

broken down into su

Documents

PREEMINENCE - usri.in · Mr. Yogendra Tripathi Mr. Sudhir Kumar Mr. Akhil Raikwar Mr. Chandra Prakash Yadav The views expressed in the articles/research papers are the individual’s