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Prediction: M ~ D8/3 (Niklas & Spatz, 2004)
Tree-level: Exponent [95% Confidence] Intercept R2
All - 2.49 [2.32, 2.68] -0.93 0.974Apple - 2.48 [2.31, 2.67] -0.90 0.980Cherry - 4.37 [1.47, 12.9] -5.16 0.489
Branch-level: Exponent [95% Confidence] Intercept R2
All - 2.48 [2.43, 2.53] -1.05 0.905Apple - 2.57 [2.48, 2.67] -1.21 0.869Cherry - 2.46 [2.39, 2.53] -1.01 0.907
Rootstocks: Exponent [95% Confidence] Intercept R2
Bud.9 - 2.56 [2.11, 3.12] -1.25 0.647 CG.3041- 2.63 [2.42, 2.87] -1.19 0.907 CG.6210 - 2.76 [2.52, 3.02] -1.47 0.788 M.26 - 2.76 [2.47, 3.08] -1.54 0.929 JM.8 - 2.51 [2.34, 2.69] -1.13 0.916 PiAu.5683 - 2.47 [2.27, 2.69] -1.06 0.851
Evaluating scaling relationships of branching structure and biomass partitioning in managed orchard fruit species
Zachary T. Brym, Dept. of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University
Research Questions
Are ‘universal’ scaling relationships between diameter, length and mass, described by the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, conserved in managed orchard fruit species?
Where deviations occur, are they indicative of orchard management practices (i.e., pruning)?
Experimental Systems
Kaysville Experimental Orchard, USU Ag. Experiment St.
Medium-density Apple (Malus x sylvestris var. domestica)- 3.5 x 5.5 m spacing, Vertical Axe training system- NC-140 2003 Golden Delicious rootstock trial- designed to evaluate dwarfing, yield, and disease resistance
Low-density Tart Cherry (Prunus cerasus, mahaleb)- 3.65 x 6.1 m spacing, general open vase training- management abandoned for more than 5 yrs. - secondary branches closer to wild-type habit
Key Findings
Mass ~ Diameter is strongly conserved. The estimated scaling exponent is just shy of 8/3,the theoretical self-loading limit before buckling.
Length ~ Diameter is moderately conserved. Confidence intervals include the 2/3 prediction, but
also 3/4. Vigorous shoots suggests pruning signals.
Length ~ Mass is moderately conserved.Confidence intervals include the 1/4 prediction, but
also 2/3. Vigorous wood may have lower density.
The Diameter Ratio is moderately consistent. The ratio is higher than predicted, indicative of area
decreasing branching. Slow taper in large supporting branches results from pruning of smaller end shoots.
Future Directions
Explore data for spatially explicit branching architecture and develop a model for effects of pruning on canopy shape and structure.
Explore predictive power of non-destructive tree morphology (e.g., canopy volume and light interception) on yield in commercial tart cherry orchards of Utah Co.
Develop agroecological philosophy for forest-like orchard agroecosystems.
A Weecology Production
AcknowledgementsProject funding provided by the Utah State University Graduate Student Senate Research and Project Grant and the Ecology Center Ph.D. Assistantship and Research Support Award. Field support from the staff and researchers at the Kaysville Experimental Orchard and USU undergraduates Josh Anderson and Josh Shugart greatly influenced the project’s sample size. Conference travel provided by the USU Office of Graduate Studies, Ecology Center and Dept. of Biology, GRC, and ASHS.
Mass vs. Diameter
Prediction: M ~ (D/2)2/3 (Price, Enquist & Savage, 2007)
Tree-level: Exponent [95% Confidence] Intercept R2
All - 0.74 [0.63, 0.88] -0.72 0.849Apple - 0.80 [0.68, 0.95] -0.81 0.892Cherry - 1.29 [0.35, 4.77] -1.84 0.125
Branch-level: Exponent [95% Confidence] Intercept R2
All - 0.87 [0.82, 0.91] 1.09 0.442Apple - 1.10 [1.02, 1.19] 0.70 0.420Cherry - 0.83 [0.78, 0.89] 1.19 0.491
Rootstocks: Exponent [95% Confidence] Intercept R2
Bud.9 - 1.50 [1.11, 2.02] 0.33 0.154 CG.3041- 1.14 [0.96, 1.35] 0.75 0.614 CG.6210 - 1.39 [1.21, 1.60] 0.43 0.482 M.26 - 1.13 [0.83, 1.54] 0.70 0.418 JM.8 - 1.13 [0.94, 1.36] 0.54 0.406 PiAu.5683 - 1.07 [0.90, 1.28] 0.66 0.347
Length vs. Diameter
Prediction: L ~ M1/4 (Niklas & Enquist, 2001)
Tree-level: Exponent [95% Confidence] Intercept R2
All - 0.30 [0.25, 0.35] -0.67 0.849Apple - 0.32 [0.27, 0.39] -0.76 0.876Cherry - 0.29 [0.12, 0.74] -0.71 0.673
Branch-level: Exponent [95% Confidence] Intercept R2
All - 0.35 [0.33, 0.36] 1.19 0.632Apple - 0.43 [0.40, 0.46] 0.89 0.658Cherry - 0.33 [0.32, 0.35] 1.28 0.638
Rootstocks: Exponent [95% Confidence] Intercept R2
Bud.9 - 0.58 [0.49, 0.70] 0.61 0.688 CG.3041- 0.43 [0.39, 0.48] 0.93 0.840 CG.6210 - 0.50 [0.46, 0.55] 0.75 0.766 M.26 - 0.41 [0.31, 0.55] 0.99 0.500 JM.8 - 0.45 [0.39, 0.53] 0.71 0.587 PiAu.5683 - 0.43 [0.38, 0.50] 0.79 0.580
Length vs. Mass
Diameter Ratio Prediction: Dk+1/Dk ~ 0.5
Branch-level Exponent [95% Confidence] Intercept R2
All- 0.68 [0.65, 0.71] -8.48 0.569Apple-0.67 [0.61, 0.72] -11.4 0.418Cherry- 0.75 [0.71, 0.79] -8.78 0.693
LegendPrediction -Exponent -95% CI -Cherry - Apple -Bud.9 - CG.3041-CG.6210 - M.26 -JM.8 - PiAu.5683 -
R2 = 0.569