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Prediction and Mitigation of Passing Ship
Interaction Effects
Scott W. Fenical, PE, D.CE, D.PE
Coast & Harbor Engineering, Inc.
October 8, 2015
(415) 773-2164 [email protected]
DREDGING YOUR DOCKS2015 Seminar
Presentation Outline
• Coast & Harbor Engineering
• Overview of passing ship interaction effects
• Analysis methodology
• Model overview and validations
• Modeling advances
• Mitigation measures
• Conclusions
• Coastal, marine and dredging engineers
• Expertise in coastal processes, coastal and dredging design, and maritime
• Coast & Harbor offices in Corpus Christi, Austin, New Orleans, San Francisco, Seattle, Delray Beach
• 2014 – A Division of Hatch Mott MacDonald
Coast & Harbor Engineering
Passing Ship Interaction Effects
Higher Water
~Still Water ~
Water Level
Depression
Passing Ship Interaction Effects
April 10, 1912 at Southamptonhttp://www.lostliners.com/content/flagships/Titanic/maiden.html
Passing Ship Interaction Effects
ebb current
Passing Ship Interaction Effects
Passing Ship Analysis Methodology
1. Ship hydrodynamic modeling
2. Hydrodynamic fields, load calculations
3. Impact analysis
a. Dynamic mooring analysis
• Mooring lines, bollards, fenders
• Motions, downtime
b. Squat, maneuvering
c. Effects of channel deepening, channel bank
erosion, habitat impacts
Hydrodynamic Model Overview
• Hydrodynamic model generated from CHE’s coastal processes
modeling system
• Incorporates ambient currents, waves, winds, tides
• Expanded to include multiple moving/berthed vessel hull models,
complex maneuvering.
Validation - Field Hydrodynamic DataMRGO
-300
-150
0
150
300
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (seconds)
Longitudin
al Load (
metr
ic t
ons) Remery Average
VH-LU Model
Measured Data
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (seconds)
Late
ral Load (
metr
ic t
ons)
Remery Average
VH-LU Model
Measured Data
-40,000
-20,000
0
20,000
40,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (seconds)
Mo
men
t (m
etr
ic t
on-m
ete
rs)
Remery Average
VH-LU Model
Measured Data
Validation - Passing Vessel ForcesMARIN (1974)
SURGE SWAY
YAW
Validation - Passing Vessel ForcesMARIN (2010)
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350
Time (sec)
Wa
ter
Su
rfa
ce
Ele
va
tio
n (
m)
Measured
VH-LU Model
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300
Time (sec)
Surg
e F
orc
e (
kN
)
Measured Surge
VH-LU Surge
Measured Sway
VH-LU Sway
-15,000
-10,000
-5,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
850 950 1050 1150 1250
Time (sec)
Yaw
Mom
ent
(kN
-m)
Measured Yaw
VH-LU Yaw
Quay
Quay
• Field hydrodynamics• Port of Oakland 1999: containerships in canal-type channel
• MRGO 2005: bulk carrier in trench-type channel
• Corpus Christi Ship Channel 2004: tankers in trench-type channel
• Port Canaveral 2013: cruise ships in canal-type channel
• Laboratory hydrodynamics• Flanders 2009: containerships with submerged bank
• MARIN 2010: containerships with quay
• Laboratory loads• MARIN 1974: tankers in open water
• MARIN 2010: containerships with vertical bulkhead
Model Validation Summary
Modeling Advances
• Maneuvering in Complex Channels
– Changing speed
– Changing drift angle
– Most channels aren’t straight
• Ambient Hydrodynamics
– Steady currents
– Variable current fields near terminals
• Hydrodynamic Phenomena - Surprises
– Bow waves
– Broken bore effects
– Bathtub effects
Route Specification for Complex Channels
• Channels are very complex, and need to avoid using any false
bathymetry for accurate hydrodynamics
• Typically defined with assistance from channel design drawings or
other similar information
• Some channels have “kinks”, can be difficult to prescribe route with
changes in speed and drift angle
• Simulator developed for quick and efficient route development for
passing ship studies
Ship Simulator (Desktop) - Example
Route Generated from Simulator
Vessel Hydrodynamics Using Simulator Route
Vessel Hydrodynamics Using Simulator Route
Ambient Currents
Bow Waves (Solitons)
Bow Waves (Solitons)
Bore Effects
Bore Effects
Photo Location
Bathtub Effects
Bathtub Effects
Disney Dream
5/1/2015
05:30 Arrival
West Gage East Gage
Bathtub Effects
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
5/9/14 4:53 5/9/14 4:56 5/9/14 4:59 5/9/14 5:02 5/9/14 5:05 5/9/14 5:08 5/9/14 5:11 5/9/14 5:13
Disney Magic
WSE
[ft]
Date & Time [UTC]
Bathtub Effects
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
5/12/14 10:53 5/12/14 10:56 5/12/14 10:59 5/12/14 11:02 5/12/14 11:05 5/12/14 11:08 5/12/14 11:11 5/12/14 11:13
Norweigan Gem
WSE
[ft]
Date & Time [UTC]
Bathtub Effects
Overview of Modeling System Applications
• System has been successfully applied at over 90 different
berths world-wide
• System applied to wide range of vessels including tankers,
barges/barge packs, LNG carriers, cruise ships, destroyers,
submarines, tugs, pontoons
• Many successful recent applications in Texas
• Houston (Port, private)
• Galveston (private)
• Corpus Christi (Port, private)
• Port Arthur (Port, private)
• Beaumont (Private)
Mitigation Measures
• Majority of on-channel projects begin design with preferred
concept, mooring system evolves following initial results
• In confined channel, typically lack of surge restraint is biggest
problem
• Mitigation measures evaluated include:
o More lines in spring service, if possible/safe
o Berth modifications to reduce forces on berthed ships (setback, over-
dredging, end shapes)
o Waterway modifications to facilitate lower-speed transit
o Mooring system enhancements
o Draft limitations at berth
o Mitigation measure effectiveness is very site specific
Conclusions
• Numerical modeling provides accurate passing ship forces
• Efficient and realistic evaluation of vessel hydrodynamic problems
• In confined channels, passing ship forces are a major factor
affecting design of mooring system and berth
• Vessel hydrodynamic evaluations are now becoming a routine
and typical part of terminal development and mooring system
design/upgrade
Prediction and Mitigation of Passing Ship
Interaction Effects
Scott W. Fenical, PE, D.CE, D.PE
Coast & Harbor Engineering, Inc.
October 8, 2015
(415) 773-2164 [email protected]
DREDGING YOUR DOCKS2015 Seminar
