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To-infinitiveGERUND
To-infinitive + GerundThe to-infinitive after a verb often
describes a future event.Eg: after hope, expect, promise, want,
the event in the to-infintive comes after the activity or thought in the main verb:I hope to see you next week.
Gerund describes an activity. We enjoyed seeing you last weekend.
afford / agree
I agree to go to the Beijing trip this summer holiday.
I can afford to buy this picture.
learn / needWe should learn to do housework.Human need to drink water.
Hope / wishI hope to meet Beckham in England.I wish to fly up high in the sky.
Want / decideI want to do the homework today.I decide to buy this book.
Expect / failWe expect to pass the English exam.We failed to do the homework.
Tell / want
He wanted to tell her about his feelings.
Ask / decideI asked my mum to go shopping with me.I decided to go hiking this Sunday.
Promise / refuseI promised my mother to finish my
homework by 6pm.I refuse to invite Yumiko to my party.
No major difference in meaning
Some verbs can be followed by either the to-infinitive or the gerund without any major difference in meaning:
Begin
Continue
Start intend
• Mother Teresa started to live/living in the slums of Calcutta from 1948.
• Though she faced many problems, Mother Teresa continued to work/working for the poor.
Gerund (general), to-infinitive (particular situation)
Some verbs are generally followed by the gerund when used in a general sense
The to-infinitive is often used for a particular situation.
Love Like Hate Prefer
• (I like swimming) but I don’t like to swim (on cold days).
The Gerund is formed by adding ‘ing’ to the base form of a verb.
swim swimmingeat eatingrun running
The Gerund can be used –
As a noun
E.g Running is my favourite sport. (subject) He tried running faster. (object) She was afraid of losing. (object of
preposition)
Exercise
1. (swim) _________is a very good form of exercise.
2. I have some (shop) ______to do this afternoon.
3. (learn) _________English takes a long time.
After adjectives + preposition
accustomed to capable of fond of afraid of successful in good at tired of interested in
E.gShe is accustomed to training for many
hours.He is good at running the 200 meters race
Exercise 1. Mary is fond of _______ (sing).2. The boy soon became accustomed to
_______ (work) hard.3. Are you afraid of _______ (play) the
exciting electronic games. 4. She is never tired of _______ (talk) about
her clever son.
G1 – admitG2- avoidG3 – delay
G4-denyG5-enjoyG6-finishG7 – keepG8-mind
AdmitMy brother admitted breaking the vase.AvoidI avoid walking on busy streets.DelayThe school delayed opening this morning.
finishI finish doing my homework.KeepAfter 4 hours, he keeps standing there.MindWould you mind lending your pen to me.
denyI deny that I am not good at singing.I deny doing a wrong thingI deny being late to school every day.I deny talking during the lesson.
EnjoyI enjoy playing computer games.
After verbs
admit can’t help dislike keep try finish advise keep enjoy appreciatemind avoid understand suggest forgive
E.gJohn has finished repairing his bicycle.They enjoy walking in the evening. Mary dislikes swimming in winter.
Exercise
1. He kept ________(run) till the end. 2. She enjoys _______ (run) for competition. 3. They dislike _______(drive) small cars. 4. He avoided ________(answer) my
question. 5. Would you mind me ________ (smoke) in
this room.
Bare infinitive
Infinitive form without “to”1. After modal verbs (should, could,
must..etc), “had better” and “would rather” We should respect people who are selfless
and kind. You’d better prepare for the interview as
you’ll be asked lots of questions. I’d rather go for a walk.
Bare infinitive – p111
2. After “let” and “make” Mother Teresa let the poor die in dignity. The teacher made him stay behind after
school.
3. After Feel See Watch
Notice
Hear Listen to
She saw a man enter the room.I heard the boys quarrel with each other.
Bare infinitive
Infinitive form without “to”1. After modal verbs (should, could,
must..etc), “had better” and “would rather” We should respect people who are selfless
and kind. You’d better prepare for the interview as
you’ll be asked lots of questions. I’d rather go for a walk.
Which is correct ?
1 I enjoy to swim.
2 I enjoy swimming.right
Which is correct ?
1 I want to study .
2 I want studying.
right
Which is correct ?
1 I finish to eat .
2 I finish eating.right
Which is correct ?
1 I need to study .
2 I need studying.
right
Which is correct ?
1 I hope to study .
2 I hope studying.
right
Which is correct ?
1 I stopped to smoke.
2 I stopped smoking.
right
Summary table for to-infinitive and gerund
To infinitive Gerund (-ing forms)
1. Use as subjectEg: To smoke is bad for you
1. Use as subject (more common)
Eg: smoking is bad for you.
2. To say why we do things
(purpose)
Eg: I got up early to catch the 7am train.
2. After prepositions (on, in, before, for, without, after…etc.)
Eg: you can’t live without eating
Eg: Thank you for listening.
3. After some verbs (eg: expect, afford, want, need, prepare, refuse, choose, fail, learn, promise, hesitate...etc)
Eg: I expect to pass the exams.
3. After some verbs (eg: dislike, enjoy, practise, mind, avoid, consider, discuss, finish, keep, miss, suggest, keep, can’t help…etc)
Eg: I’ll finish studying in June.
Summary table for to-infinitive and gerund
To infinitive Gerund (-ing forms)4. After some adjectives
and nouns.(adj=easy, happy, glad, nice, excited, ready, difficult, dangerous ...etc; noun = work, money to spend, something to drink, different ways to protect her.…etc)
Eg: She is ready to leave. (adj)
Eg: I am glad to see you. (adj)
Eg: I’ve got work to do. (n)
4. After phrasal verbsEg: I am not good at dancing.Eg: I am not interested in
singing.Eg: John will give up smoking.
5. Some verbs can be followed by either gerund or to-infinitive
Eg: I love going to school/
I love to go to school
5. eg: begin, continue, hate, love, start…etc.
Summary table for to-infinitive and gerund
To infinitive Gerund (-ing forms)6. used in general sense
(eg: love, like, hate, prefer..etc)
Eg: I like swimming.
6. Used in particular situations
Eg: I don’t like swimming on cold days.
7. No + gerundEg: No money, no talking.
* Some words can use both to-infinitive and gerund with the same meaning. (eg: love, like, begin, start, intend, continue..etc)
8. Stop + gerund.Eg: stop talking, stop
writing, stop walking…etc.
* Some words can use both to-infinitive and gerund with different meaning. (Eg: remember, try..etc)