PREA workshop materials South Africa

International Workshop:Improving Access to Sustainable Energy:Socio-Economic Priorities in Renewable & Sustainable Energy Initiatives in the Built Environment in South Africa

Workshop HandbookWorkshop Coordinators:

International Solar Energy Society (ISES)Wiesentalstr. 50, 79115 Freiburg, Germany

School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag, 3, WITS 2050, JohannesburgSouth Africa

The Sustainability Institute Lynedoch, South Africa10 - 13 October 2007

Supported by:

Programme Stellenbosch, South Africa

PREA Workshop 2006

DAY 1: KEY NOTE PRESENTATIONS AND THEME DISCUSSIONS 08:30 – 09:15 Arrival, Registration, Exhibition and Lynedoch Case-Study Walk-About

SESSION 1

OVERALL KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONS: Chair – Dr. Daniel Irurah - WITS

09:15 – 09:30 Welcome and PREA- Overview Prof. Helmut Mueller, UDOKA, Germany 09:30 – 09:50 Peak-oil and urban transformation: From global perspective to local action Mr. Simon Ratcliffe – ASPOSA 09:50 – 10:10 Carbon foot printing of Cape Town suburbs and lifestyles Prof. Mark Swilling – US/SI 10:10 – 10:30 Eskom R2-billion subsidy fund for solar water heating Ms. Lodine Redelinghuys – Eskom (TBC) 10:30 – 10:50 Towards the Green Buildings Council of South Africa by 2008 Mr. Bruce Kerswils – SAPOA

10:50 – 11:30

TEA BREAK AND EXHIBITIONS

SESSION 2

PEAK OIL, URBAN FORM, DENSITIES AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT: Chair: Dr. Livin Mosha (UDSM,Tanzania)

GREEN-BUILDINGS, BY-LAWS AND RATING SYSTEMS: Chair: Mr. V. Shongwe (UJ)

EMBODIED ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION AND BIO-FUELS Chair: Mr. S. Gichia (UB)

11:30 – 11:50 Trans:SIT: Cape Town Public Transport Programme: Ms. Lize Jennings: SEA

Green Buildings By-laws – Ms. G. Stead, Steadfast Greening

Solar Thermal Applications in Tanzania: Dr. Kimambo, UDSM, Tanzania (TBC)

11:50 – 12:10 Densification, property-market strategies and incentives (mixed-use, socio-mix etc): Prof L. Poulsen (WITS)

Cape Town Partnership Energy Efficiency Programme– Mr. D. Nicol, CTP.

Cape Town solar-water-heating by-law: Mr. Wouter Roggen (City of Cape Town)

12:10 – 12:30 Sustainable settlements policy – W.C.: Prof. Swilling (US/SI)

Energy Labelling Programmes for Buildings- Ms. M. Reinink, Green-by-Design

Embodied energy in construction materials. WITS Poster paper Dr. D. Irurah & WITS Honors Students, WITS

12:30 – 14:00

LYNEDOCH CASE-STUDY WALK-ABOUT, LUNCH BREAK AND EXHIBITION

SESSION 3

14:00 – 15:30

DISCUSSION FORUM 1

DISCUSSION FORUM 2

DISCUSSION FORUM 3

15:30 – 16:00


SESSION 4

DAY 1 CONSOLIDATION

16:00 – 17:30 18:00 – 20:00 COCKTAIL, EXHIBITION AND SPIER-CONTEMPORARY AFRICAN ART COLLECTION

Programme Stellenbosch, South Africa

PREA Workshop 2006

DAY 2: TECHNICAL-SKILLS FORUM

08:00 – 09:00 Arrival, Registration, Exhibition

SESSION 5 TECHNICAL KEYNOTE PRESENTATION: Chair: Dr. Daniel Irurah - WITS

09:00 – 09:30 Renewable Energy Policy for Human Settlements in Tanzania: Dr. L. Mosha (UDSM,Tanzania) 09:30 – 10:00 Adaptive thermal comfort in passive thermal control: Prof. Fergus Nicol (LMU, UK) 10:00 – 10:30 Local-grid and grid-interactive PV integration – Bluewaters Development: Mr. K. Carstens (Bridging Technologies) 10:30 – 11:00 Energy poverty and safety management in low-income households: Mr. D. Guy (Peer Africa) 11:00 – 11:30


SESSION 6

TECHNICAL-SKILLS FORUM 1A: Chair: Dr. Irurah (WITS)

TECHNICAL-SKILLS FORUM 2A: Chair: Prof. F. Nicol (LMU)

TECHNICAL-SKILLS FORUM 3A: Chair: Mark Olweny (UMU, Uganda)

11:30 – 13:00 CALGROM3 Inclusionary housing initiative and projects: Mr. P. Waweru, CalgroM3

Micro-climate and passive thermal control: Dr. M. Santamouris (UoA, Greece) Passive thermal control simulations: Prof. D. Holm (ISES)

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems: Prof. H. Mueller (UDOKA Germany)

13:00 – 14:00

LYNEDOCH CASE-STUDY WALK-ABOUT, LUNCH BREAK AND EXHIBITION

SESSION 7 TECHNICAL-SKILLS FORUM 1B: Chair: Mr. V. Shongwe (UJ)

TECHNICAL-SKILLS FORUM 2B: Chair: Prof. L. Mosha (UDSM)

TECHNICAL-SKILLS FORUM 3B: Chair: Mr. S. Gichia (UB)

14:00 – 15:30 Densification design strategies and urban form (mixed-use, socio-mix etc): Prof. Poulsen (WITS)

Lighting and Daylighting analysis/simulations: Prof. Mike Wilson (LMU)

Energy poverty and safety management in low-income households: Mr. D. Guy (Peer Africa)

15:30 – 16:00

LYNEDOCH CASE-STUDY WALK-ABOUT, TEA BREAK AND EXHIBITION

SESSION 7

SKILLS AND TRAINING: Chair: Prof. M. Wilson (LMU)

16:00 – 16:20 PREA – Roswitha Piesch (PREA-Dortmund) 16:20 – 16:40 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Postgraduate Programme: Prof. M. Swilling (US) 16:40 – 17:00 WITS-MSc in Renewable Energy – Dr. D. Irurah (WITS) 17:00 – 17:20 MSC. Course in Renewable Energy at UDSM-Tanzania: Dr. I. Rubaratuka (UDSM) 17:20 – 17:40 Sustainability in Built Environment Education: Mr. M. Olweny (UMU) 17:40 – 18:00 CONSOLIDATION, CERTIFICATES AND CLOSURE

DAY 3: CASE-STUDY TOURS 08:30 – 12:00 BP-Headquarters Cape Town Water-Front 12:00 – 14:00 LUNCH AND TRAVEL TO LWANDLE 14:00 – 16:00 Lwandle Hostel-to-Homes, Cape Town, Somerset West

WELCOME NOTE: SECOND PREA-WORKSHOP SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTE, LYNEDOCH, STELLENBOSCH

OCTOBER 11 – 13, 2007 DEAR PREA**-PARTNER DELEGATES, WORKSHOP PARTICIPANT S, SPONSORS AND EXHIBITORS On behalf of WITS and PREA-Partners, we are delighted to welcome you into this 2nd PREA-Workshop-2007. As most of you will readily acknowledge, the energy challenge in a developing country context like South Africa and other African countries is one that clearly captures the complex-dilemma of sustainable development. On the one hand, developing countries face the challenge of fast-tracking human and socio-economic development in order to ensure sustained improvement in quality of life for a majority of their citizens now caught within the poverty trap. However, they must achieve this goal at a time when the global awareness of resource and environmental constraints has suddenly constrained the options within which this goal can be achieved. Given that energy will remain the most critical catalytic factor in development and that the conventional energy streams based on fossil-fuels or large hydro-electricity have reached their limits in terms of environmental and resource capacity, the energy efficiency and renewable energy options now being pursued must in themselves be transformed into opportunities for broader socio-economic benefits, especially for those in developing countries. It is in this context that the energy dilemma in developing countries ceases to be merely a greening challenge focused on CO2 emissions-reduction as would be the case in developed countries. Instead, it has to also become a vehicle for socio-economic transformation and improvement in quality of life beyond the need for access to cleaner energy. It is in this context that the coupling of the energy efficiency and renewable energy interventions, programmes and projects to socio-economic outcomes such as skills development, job-creation, entrepreneurship, gender and intra-generational equity becomes critical imperatives in developing countries. As we get to share our experiences and excitement about these emerging opportunities in South Africa, this additional challenge of “coupling-the-green to the socio-economic outcomes” is what will primarily concern us in this workshop over the next 3-days. We will therefore be challenged to go beyond the technical aspirations/possibilities of the various options into the broader socio-economic potential which the options, strategies and technologies promise. We hope that the presentations and exhibitions we have lined up for you as well as the tours we have organised will provoke your deeper insights into how this coupling could be meaningfully and progressively realised. With that achieved, we hope that the insight of the workshop will thus help us to synergistically pursue these coupling opportunities in our respective roles for a lower-carbon footprint in our built environment. We wish you a pleasant and rewarding experience through the three-days of the workshop.

Dr. Daniel K. Irurah

Senior Lecturer and WITS-PREA Project Leader School of Architecture and Planning

The University of the Witwatersrand-WITS, Johannesburg Tel: +27 11 717 7643 Fax: +27 11 717 7649

E-mail: [email protected]. **PREA: Promoting Renewable Energy Africa

October 2007 Dear Participant, Welcome to the PPRREEAA WWoorrkksshhoopp 22000077!! We hope this workshop will be a training event you will never forget. ISES, in cooperation with University of the Witwatersrand, the University of Dar es Salaam and Uganda Martyrs University wish you a fruitful learning and working experience. This is the second workshop series being held within the framework of the European Commission supported project Promoting Renewable Energy in Africa (PREA). PREA is an international co-operation project between African and European Universities and ISES. PREA aims to promote the wider use of renewable energy in the urban environment of Africa, in support of poverty reduction, improved living conditions and sustainable development. The project consists of a two series of workshops on the themes on renewable energies and the built environment. The second part of the project is an MSc course to be integrated at the African partner universities. We will be presenting on the progress of the MSc courses during the workshop as well. Throughout their life-spans building contribute significantly to energy waste and pollution, releasing an alarming amount of harmful emissions and contributing to climate change. Therefore professionals in the building fields - architects, building engineers, consultants and property managers - as well as local decision makers, such as housing authorities, municipalities and city planners must be aware of how to build and design properly to decrease the environmental impact of buildings. Reducing energy consumption and utilizing renewable sources of energy are an essential part of this. Through this workshop we hope you will gain knowledge on the use of sustainable and energy efficient architecture strategies and technologies to meet the challenges of building today. ISES organises regional training events all over the world, and aims to provide participants with useful information on topical issues to promote sustainability in the built environment. As an international non-governmental organisation (NGO) we offer international and interdisciplinary events, providing unique opportunities to learn and exchange ideas with other participants and lecturers from many different countries who have extensive experience in these fields. Interaction is seen as integral part of this course, and we encourage you to share your ideas with the other participants and the lecture team. We encourage you to take the knowledge you gain here, with you into your research and carriers. We wish you a successful workshop, and hope you will keep in touch with us. With solar regards, INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY

Christine Hornstein Executive Director

List of PREA Project Sponsors

List of PREA Project Partners

International Solar Energy Society (ISES) Wiesentalstr. 50 79115 Freiburg, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)761 45906-0 Fax: +49 (0)761 45906-99 http://www.ises.org London Metropolitan University, Low Energy Architecture Research Unit (LEARN) School of Architecture and Spatial Design (ASD) 40-44 Holloway Road London N7 8JL, U.K. Tel.: +44 (0)20 7133 2178 Fax: +44 (0)20 7133 2472 http://www.learn.londonmet.ac.uk The Uganda Martyrs University (UMU), The Faculty of Building Technology and Architecture P.O. Box 5498 Kampala, Uganda Tel.: +256 (0)38 410605 Fax: +256 0()38 410100 http://www.umu.ac.ug/ The University of Athens Group of Building Environmental Research (GRBES) Building of Phzsics – 5 157 84 Athens, Greece Tel.: +302 107276847 Fax: +302 107295282 http://grbes.phys.uoa.gr/ The University of Dar es Salaam College of Engineering and Technology In collaboration with University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS) P O Box 35131 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel.: +255 (0)22 2410752 Fax: +255 (0)22 2410752 http://ce.udsm.ac.tz

PREA Workshop 2007

http://www.ises.org/

http://www.learn.londonmet.ac.uk/

http://www.umu.ac.ug/

http://grbes.phys.uoa.gr/

http://ce.udsm.ac.tz/

List of PREA Project Sponsors

The University of Dortmund Chair for Environmental Architecture Baroper Str. 301, GB IV 44227 Dortmund, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)231 755 6034 Fax: +49 (0)231 755 5423 http://www.bauwesen.uni-dortmund.de/ka/ The University of La Rochelle Civil and Mechanical Engineering Department Av. M. Crépeau 17000 La Rochelle, France Tel. +33 5 4645 7259 Fax. +0033 5 4645 8241 http://www.univ-lr.fr/labo/leptab/ The University of the Witwatersrand (WITS) School of Architecture and Planning Private Bag, 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg , South Africa Tel: +27 11 717 7643 Fax: +27 11 717 7649 http://www.wits.ac.za

PREA Workshop 2007

http://www.bauwesen.uni-dortmund.de/ka/

http://www.univ-lr.fr/labo/leptab/

Workshop Sponsors/Exhibitors

PREA Workshop 2007

Workshop Sponsors and Exhibitors EUROPEAN COMMISSION Intelligent Energy Executive Agency (IEEA) Rue Belliard 7, Office 01/03 1040 Brussels, Belgium http:// SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTE P O Box 162, Lynedoch, Stellenbosch, 7603 South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 21 881 3196 Fax: +27 (0) 21 881 3294 [email protected] http://www.sustainabilityinstitute.net SPIER HOTEL & CONFERENCING Tel: +27 21 809 1135 Fax: +27 21 881 3042 Mobile: 083 233 9003 Email:[email protected] http://www.spier.co.za STEADFAST GREENING Cell : 0767 80 70 10 Fax : 0866 89 74 64 E-mail : [email protected] Website: http://www.cleanerproduction.co.za EXHIBITORS BIO-CORPS PO Box 1629 Milnerton 7435 South Africa Tel: +27 21 552 4030 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.biocorpholdings.com


PREA Workshop 2007

BIODIESEL CENTRE PO Box 1819 Durbanville 7550 South Africa Tel:+27 21 972 1992 Fax: +27 21 972 1031 Email:[email protected] Web: http://www.biodieselcentre.co.za CAPE BRICK Office (021) 511-2006 Fax (021) 510-2172 Mobile (82) 659-9001 Web: http://www.capebrick.com Email: [email protected] ECO-INSULATION OVERBERG REGION Tel/Fax: 021 856 1348 Cell: 083 703 0222 Web: http://www.eco-insulation.co.za Email: [email protected] GREEN HOME No 45 Mathew Rd Harfield Village Claremont 7708 South Africa Tel: +27 21 671 6033 Fax: +27 88 021 671 6033 Cell:+27 82 936 8956 Web :http://www.greenhome.co.za Email: [email protected] LUMIÈRE TECHNOLOGIES Expanding Opportunities through LED Innovation P O Box 1011 • Greenpoint • Cape Town • South Africa 8051. Tele: +27 ( 0 ) 21 712 6656 Fax :+27 ( 0 ) 21 715 9889 Web: http://www.lumiere.co.za


PREA Workshop 2007

PEER AFRICA (PTY) LTD. Pollution, Environment, Community Development and Energy Resources 1108 Milpark, Cape Town, 7441 Tel/Fax: +27 (0)21 5529373 Cell: 0825796032 Fax: 0866544308 Web: http://www.peerafrica.co.za E-mail: [email protected] PLASWOOD USABCO Building, Gate 3, Sack's Circle Bellville South, South Africa Tel: +27 21 951 6418 Fax: +27 21 951 6424 Cell: +27 82 821 6565 Web: www.plaswood.co.za Email: [email protected] SUSTAINABLE LIVING PROJECTS (APRICUS EVACUATED SWH SYSTEMS) 9b Bell Crescent The Green Building Westlake Business Park,7945 South Africa Tel: +27 21 702 3622 Web: ww.sustainableprojects.co.za Email: [email protected] WATER RHAPSODY 6 Lanquedoc, Pinelands, Cape Town, South Africa Tel / Fax: 021 531 9864 Cell: 083 753 3556 Web site: www.water-rhapsody.co.za Email: [email protected]

Event Greening for PREA Workshop

INTRODUCTION The growing concerns around efficient use of our natural resources have led to exploring alternative energy options such as renewable energy. Topics under discussion at the PREA workshop will include bio-fuels and public transport, right through to green buildings and life-cycle cost analysis. The workshop is organised as one of the activities made possible through Global Partnerships for Renewable Energy Efficiency as a critical component of a cleaner development process. The challenge is however to host the event itself in such a manner that incorporates sustainable development principles into all levels of the event organization to ensure that the event is hosted responsibly. It is about making socially and environmentally responsible decisions when organizing or participating in the workshop. The vision of event greening is to reduce the consumption of resources, avoid damage to the local and global environment, protect biodiversity and human health, take ecological, social and economic aspects into account for future-orientated development and offer sustainable living options to the local people and economy.

CONFERENCE VENUE The selection of an appropriate venue is the first challenge that needs to be addressed and Lynedoch was an ideal venue for the PREA workshop. The Sustainability Institute is located within an eco-village development known as the Lynedoch Hamlet. This is a 7 hectare property that forms part of a wider agricultural community. The conference venue facility includes a large hall, break-away rooms, boardroom, kitchen and coffee shop. The Drie Gewels Guesthouse is a historical building built in 1914 and ecologically renovated in 2002 to provide guest accommodation on site. In addition to this the old farm house has also been renovated to house guests. Guests can be accommodated at various levels of affordability depending on the service required. The Lynedoch Conference Venue managers, aim to make socially and environmentally responsible decisions when organizing or hosting an event. It involves incorporating sustainable development principles into all levels of event organization to ensure that an event is hosted responsibly. At an operational level the aspects described below are included into the day to day practice at Lynedoch. A guided tour around the venue during

PREA Workshop 2007

the workshop will allow participants to get a practical understanding of some of these elements.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY The usage of conventional fossil fuel-based energy has a direct link to global warming, and therefore both the reduction in energy consumption and the use of clean, renewable energy are important components of event greening.

• In the hall natural light is used as first choice, with large windows and sky lights. • Low energy lighting has been installed, namely compact fluorescent lights (CLFs) or

light-emitting diodes (LEDs) - this translates to 11 watt for CFLs or 2 watt for LEDs, compared to the normal 60 watt or 100 watt incandescent bulbs that are costly to operate and only slightly cheaper to buy.

• Low energy wall mounted heaters are used for guest accommodation. • Fresh air ventilation is provided for guest accommodation, with no air-conditioning.

Tradable Renewable Energy Certificates (TRECs) have been purchased for the workshop through the payment of a premium to ensure that renewable energy is provided for the three day PREA workshop at Lynedoch.

WATER CONSERVATION Being a water-scarce country, we need to ensure that the venue is water-efficient, including in the main conference venue and guesthouse.

• Dual water supply with potable water supplied from the main water line and recycled water for irrigation, flushing etc.

• Low and/or dual toilet cisterns and shower heads, with most taps fitted with aerators as water saving measures.

• Guest towels and bedding is only changed on request and guests are encouraged to be cautious when using water.

• Stormwater run-off is minimized by restricting hard landscaping, thereby increasing percolation into the ground.

• Application of perma culture principles are used to determine the landscaping of the gardens in a way that enhances the connection between natural landscape and the building, while also considering water wise and indigenous options.

WASTE REDUCTION Waste reduction extends the life of increasingly scarce landfill sites, and reduces the resources consumed in the generation of products and packaging. It also reduces methane emissions from landfill sites - a powerful greenhouse gas.

PREA Workshop 2007

• The first step was to try to avoid the creation of waste through minimising packaging and avoiding the use of disposable items.

• All waste is sorted at source and all products that can be recycled are extracted from the waste stream on-site.

• A composting depot with worm farm has been established and is used to process organic waste for use in the community gardens.

EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT Buildings that consider ‘green’ or sustainability issues in their design and management will use significantly fewer resources (such as water and energy) over their lifetimes. The construction of Lynedoch has taken this into account through their effluent management:

• On-site sewerage treatment via a system that includes septic tanks, Biolytix Filter, a Vertically Constructed Wetland, a dam and a Trunz membrane filtration system. The Biolytix technology, vertically constructed wetland and the Trunz make provision for rapid, odour-free environmentally appropriate filtration without the use of chemicals, and all effluent can be recycled.

• The Guesthouse and Sustainability Institute utilise the Biolytix Filter, making it ideal for re-use in irrigation systems due to the aerobic nature of the system and the high nutrient content in the effluent. Nutrient removal takes place via the Trunz carbon membrane system, which makes it possible to re-use effluent for flushing of toilets.

• No storm, black or grey water will leave the boundary of the site except via groundwater flows and evaporation.

TRANSPORT Reduction in transport needs to support the reduction of green house emissions through burning of fossil fuels. Where possible delegates are encouraged to pool vehicles or use public transport.

• The venue is located adjacent to a commuter train station (200m) linking Stellenbosch and Cape Town.

• The venue is situated 10 minutes drive from Stellenbosch and 40 minutes drive from central Cape Town on the R310 between Stellenbosch and the N2 highway.

• The number of cars are limited on-site and movement is restricted to the designated communal parking areas, which, in turn, secures the space for children and other pedestrians.

PROCUREMENT Significant equipment and goods are purchased by event organisers, and are made available to participants by sponsors. Considering sustainability criteria, such purchases can notably

PREA Workshop 2007

improve the environmental impact of the event, such as purchasing FSC paper. Purchase of local products also promotes local economic development.

• All chemicals used on site are organic and bio-degradable as required by the Biolitix system (Enchantrix).

• Tea provided to guests is local, organic and fair trade (Heideveld Co-op). • Paper used for printing and photocopying is 50% recycled FSC paper (Typex Green). • Hand soap provided at guest accommodation is procured from a local community

project. • The guest house provides meals for guests on request, but catering for events is

outsourced. • Art in the guest house was created by the children from the school and the wooden

frames were made by a local craftsman.

EVENT MANAGEMENT For this specific event the following will also be implemented.

• Water will be provided in carafes, rather than bottled water. • No note pads or pens will be provided to guests, but they are recommended to bring

their own stationary along. • The conference bag was sourced from a local community project, Township Patterns,

made from natural renewable resources. • The caterers were also selected, based on their use of local and organic products as

part of the “slow food” school of thought. They were requested to give preference to vegetarian options and ensure that healthy food is provided.

MONITORING It is important to establish a clear framework for measuring, monitoring and reporting the impact of the greening programme and the event as a whole. This enables performance to be assessed against clear key performance indicators (KPIs) and allows benchmarking of future events. At Lynedoch ongoing monitoring systems are in place to ensure continuous improvement. A report will also be compiled about the event greening of the PREA workshop to help influence future events to ensure that their environmental footprint is reduced in practical ways. For any further queries, please contact Grace Stead from Steadfast Greening [email protected] or 0767 80 70 10

PREA Workshop 2007

mailto:[email protected]

1

PREA – Promoting Renewable Energies in AfricaPREA Workshops, Stellenbosch, Dar es Salaam, Kampala, October 2007

© 2007, Chair for Environmental ArchitectureUniversity of DortmundGermany

Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof. Dr.Environmental Architecture, University Dortmund

PREA Workshops, Stellenbosch, Dar es Salaam, Kampala, October 2007



Project survey

Full title : Promoting Renewable Energies in AfricaAcronym: PREAProposal identification number: EIE/05/121/SI2.420032 – PREA

Supported by:European Commissionrelating to the implementation of an action in the framework of the

DAAD German Acadamic Exchange Service and

European partners

Overview

Outline

Energy and Climate

PREA Tasks andPartners

Schedule

Workpackages



Objectives

Access to renewable Energy and Sustainable Building Technology for:

• Poverty Reduction• Improved Living Conditions• Sustainable Development

2



World energy demand(Source: Jahresbericht GVSt 2004)

Overview

Outline

Energy and Climate

PREA Tasks andPartners

Schedule

Workpackages



PREA Tasks

African – European Collaboration in Education:

6 Workshops in South Africa, Tanzania & Uganda

3 MSc Courses in African Universities



African Universities:

University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

University of Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

Uganda Martyrs University

3



European partners:

University of Dortmund

London Metropolitan University

National and Kapodestrian University of Athens

University of La Rochelle

ISES International Solar Energy Society



Master Courses

Capacity building in education and training at 3 African universities for building- and energy professions.

Organization and implementation,Development of curricula.

Application and adaptation of European MSc CourseINREB Integration of Renewable Energies in Buildings



University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Postgraduate offers in Energy and Built Environment:

• Design and Construction modules in Architectureand Housing

• Masters and PhD research and thesis• Continued Professional Development (architects)• Short Certificate Courses

Co-operation with Stellenbosch University

4



University of Dar es Salaam,College of Engineering and Technology &University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (now Ardhi-University)

MSc with interdisciplinary contributions:

Civil Engineering, Architecture, Urban Design, Environmental Engineering, Energy Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Physics, Geophysics, Building Economics



Uganda Martyrs University,School of Built Environment

MSc in postgraduate moduleSpecial Topics of Environmental Design(Architecture, Building Technology and Urban Design)



Key Areas of Curricula:

• Thermal comfort and passive thermal control• Active thermal control and energy efficiency• Natural and mechanical ventilation• Daylighting and lighting• Materials and embodied energy• Renewable energy technologies in building

settlements• Energy planning, policy and and finance

(macro scale perspectives)

5



Workshops“Improving Access to Sustainable Energy”

in South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda,organized by ISES and 3 African Universities,in 2006 and 2007, for key actors in:

• Policy and industry• Local authorities• Building- and energy professions• Higher education



Conclusions

Half way of project duration 2006 – 2008

Dialogue and know-how transfer: N-S, S-N, S-S

General similarities and local specifities

Continuation and new projects

Information: http://prea.ises.org

Curriculum Vitae

Müller, Helmut F.O.

Date of Birth: 26th of October, 1943

Place of Birth: Posen

Professional Education and Professional Experience: 1966 – 72 Study of Architecture at University of Hanover and Stuttgart, Germany (Diploma)

as well as at the Bartlett School, London University College, UK (one-year-scholarship) 1972 – 82 Design and research activity in the building industry, in a consulting office and at the

University of Stuttgart, Germany (PhD-thesis, Dr.-Ing.) 1982 – 93 Professor in the department of Architecture at the Polytec (FH) Cologne, Germany 1991 – 97 Foundation and general management of the Institute for Light- and Building Technology,

Polytec (FH) Cologne (Research about light directing holograms) since 1993 Professor of the new chair for Environmental Architecture, Faculty of Building, University

of Dortmund, Germany (Research about energy efficient facade technology) 1997 - 2005 General Manager and Stockholder of the GLB, Company for Light-and Building

Technology in Dortmund, Germany (Development and production of holographic optical elements for building applications)

Conference Papers: - Müller, H.F.O., Paschant, M., Budweg, A.: Design of Energy Efficient Office Buildings in

Different Climates, World Renewable Energy Conference WREC IX, Florence, 19.-25.8.2006.

- Müller, H.F.O.: Daylighting and Solar Control, The 2nd International Symposium on Advanced Daylighting and Artificial Lighting Systems in Architecture in Seoul, Korea (05/2006).

- Müller, H.F.O.: Daylighting and Solar Control, PLEA 2005 22nd International Conference 13-17

October 2005, Beirut, Lebanon. - Müller, H.F.O.: Holographic Glass for Improved Daylighting and Clour Effects in Buildings, 1st

International Conference on Green Buildings, Dubai, UAE,2-3 May 2005.

Recent Publications: - Müller, H.F.O.: Tageslichtbeleuchtung und Sonnenschutz - Eine Parameterstudie für

Bürogebäude. Facade, March 2006, Zuerich. - Schuster, H., Müller, H.F.O.: Interdisziplinäre Entwicklung eines modularen Fassadensystems -

Sonnenschutz und Tageslichtnutzung als wichtiger Bestandteil, in: architektur + sonnenschutz 1/2006, S. 48, hofmann bauverlag GmbH (2006).

- Müller, H.F.O.: Gebäude- und Energietechnik, zum Gesamtenergiekonzept des Büroneubaus

"Deloitte & Touche" in Düsseldorf, in: Intelligente Architektur 10-12/2004, S. 64, Verlagsanstalt Alexander Koch GmbH (2004).

- Mueller, H.F.O.: Integration of Photovoltaic in Low Energy Buildings, University of Sharjah

Journal Vol.2, No.2, June 2005. - Müller,H.F.O, Schuster, H., Oetzel, M., Emembolu, A., Soylu, I.: Sonnenschutz und

Tageslichtbeleuchtung in Büroräumen, Messungen - Berechnungen – Nutzerbefragungen, Bauphysikkalender 2005, Ernst &Sohn, Berlin.

- Müller, H.F.O., Schmidt, H.J.: Lichtplanung im Museum, in: Entwurfatlas Museumsbau, von

Naredi-Rainer, P.; Birkhäuser, Basel, Berlin, Boston (2004) Prizes / Awards: 2003 1st Award in the international student competition of the EAA-Alubuild „The Window of

the XXI Century“ with the student design „The Wing“ by A. Montano und R. Secin . 2004 Scientific Award BMW Group 2003, 3rd Award for diploma thesis by Dipl.-Inform. F.

Eggenstein „Simulation of the Optical Performance of Redirecting Daylight Systems“. 2003 Martin Schmeißer-Medaille of the University of Dortmund for Dr.-Ing. Arch. Ssengooba

Kasule fror his PhD-thesis „Daylight and Sunshading in Tropical Regions, an Example of Virika Hospital, Kasese, Uganda“.

2004 Batimat International Building Exhibition, Paris: The Innovation 2005, Gold Medal Class

II and Honorable Mention for „Innovation in the Development of Facadesystems“ with Hydro Building Systems Team.

L. Redelinghuys CV

Lodine Redelinghuys Lodine is the Energy Services Manager, Western Region, Eskom. She holds a B Eng from the University of Stellenbosch and a B Comm from UNISA. She is also a Certified Energy Manager with the Association of Energy Engineers. Lodine is responsible for the planning, co-ordination and implementation of the Demand Side Management program in Western Region. She was also one of the key role players in the Accelerated Demand Side Management program which was run in Cape Town from April to July 2006. The Accelerated DSM program was an integral part of the Cape Recovery program, a joint venture by Eskom, the City of Cape Town and Provincial Government, to minimise the effect of the Koeberg outages on the Western Cape.

PREA Workshops 2007

Mark Swilling, School of Public Management and Planning, Sustainability InstituteStellenbosch University

5 most NB docs of our time:• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change• Millenium Ecosystem Assessment• The Challenge of Slums – UN Habitat

Report• Oil Depletion Analysis Centre reports on

Oil Peak• 1998 Human Development Report

Global Warming

Carbon Emissions, 1800-2000

UN Millennium Eco-System Assessment

60% of eco60% of eco--systemssystemsdegradeddegraded

Millenium Eco-Assessment 1360 experts from 95 countries

• 60% (15 out of 24) of the ecosystems examined are being degraded or used unsustainably, including fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards and pests. Costs of unsustainable resource use are rising, but get displaced from one group to another (in particular the poor) and to future generations.

More than 11,000 species of More than 11,000 species of animals and plants are known to animals and plants are known to be threatened with extinction be threatened with extinction ––

a rate unmatched for 65 million yearsa rate unmatched for 65 million years Source: Population Reference Bureau

PLANET OF SLUMS

one billionone billionpeople worldwidepeople worldwide

live in slums live in slums 0r 0r

1 third of the total urban population1 third of the total urban population6% of urbanites in developed countries live in slums6% of urbanites in developed countries live in slums

78% in the least developed countries78% in the least developed countries

The Challenge of Slums The Challenge of Slums ––UNUN--HABITAT ReportHABITAT Report

Other side of the coin

Car First Planning

Resource inefficient, massively subsidized, unsustainable…….

Future Urbanization

Most of the urbanization that will exist in 2030 has not Most of the urbanization that will exist in 2030 has not yet occurred yet occurred -- urban pop. of developing nations willurban pop. of developing nations willdouble by 2030 at which timedouble by 2030 at which time…… 60% of the world60% of the world’’s people s people ––

5 billion 5 billion -- will be urbaniteswill be urbanites

Source: York Times Almanac 2004

OIL AND GAS LIQUIDS2004 Scenario

US-48

Europe

Russia

Other

M.East

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Bil

lio

n B

arr

els

a y

ear

(Gb

/a)

US-48 Europe Russia Other M.East Heavy etc. Deepwater Polar NGL

Colin Campbell(Oil Depletion Analysis Centre)

•• ““We have produced almost half what is We have produced almost half what is there, and we have found about 90%. We there, and we have found about 90%. We consume 22 Gb a year but find only 6 Gb. consume 22 Gb a year but find only 6 Gb. That is to say, we find one barrel for every That is to say, we find one barrel for every four we consume from our inheritance of four we consume from our inheritance of past discovery.past discovery.”” (http://greatchange.org/ov(http://greatchange.org/ov--campbell,outlook.htmlFeb 2002)campbell,outlook.htmlFeb 2002)

Oil Price

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Bre

nt C

rude

$/b

$70+&

rising

.

Unsustainable UrbanizationCurrent energy policies mean….

Demand for primary Demand for primary energy in Asia will double energy in Asia will double every 12 years (world every 12 years (world average is 28 years)average is 28 years)

Fossil fuels account for Fossil fuels account for 80% of energy generation, 80% of energy generation, coal accounts for 40%coal accounts for 40%

1998 Human Development ReportRichest 20% of the worldRichest 20% of the world::•• account for 86% of total private expenditure, the account for 86% of total private expenditure, the

poorest 20% account for 1.3%poorest 20% account for 1.3%…….. .. and consume:and consume:•• 45% of all meat and fish, the poorest fifth 5%;45% of all meat and fish, the poorest fifth 5%;•• 58% of total energy, the poorest fifth less than 4%58% of total energy, the poorest fifth less than 4%•• 74% of all telephone lines, the poorest fifth 1.5%74% of all telephone lines, the poorest fifth 1.5%•• 84% of all paper, the poorest fifth 1.1%84% of all paper, the poorest fifth 1.1%•• 84% of the world84% of the world’’s vehicles, the poorest fifth less s vehicles, the poorest fifth less

than 1%than 1%

Global Economic Powershifts•• British industrialisation midBritish industrialisation mid--c.19c.19thth –– 30 m 30 m –– no resources, no resources,

colonies, world powercolonies, world power•• US industrialisation @ turn of the century US industrialisation @ turn of the century –– 120 m 120 m –– own own

resources, global markts, replaces Britain as world powerresources, global markts, replaces Britain as world power•• Middle income developing nations from mid c.20Middle income developing nations from mid c.20thth

onwards onwards –– 800 m, own resources, mainly own markets, 800 m, own resources, mainly own markets, unfair global competitionunfair global competition

•• China: now, few own resources except coal, global China: now, few own resources except coal, global resources, global markets, depends of a harmonious world, resources, global markets, depends of a harmonious world, will replace US as world powerwill replace US as world power

Economic Gravity Shifts to Asia

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

BRICsG6

2025: BRICs economies over half as

large as the G6

By 2040: BRICS

overtake the G6

BRICs Have a Larger US$GDP Than the G6 in Less Than 40 Years

GDP (2003 US$bn)

GS BRICs Model Projections.

The Largest Economies in 2050

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

Ch US In Jpn Br Russ UK Ger Fr It

GDP (2003 US$bn)

GS BRICs Model Projections.

Dreaming with BRICs

“Dematerialisation?”

SA?

Footprinting

Footprinting

12 Sustainability Criteria1.1. Entrepreneurship and localisation of financial flowsEntrepreneurship and localisation of financial flows2.2. Satisfying fundamental human needs Satisfying fundamental human needs 3.3. Community building Community building -- cultural diversity, citizen cultural diversity, citizen

participation, and childparticipation, and child--centred development centred development 4.4. Transition to renewable energy alternatives and energy Transition to renewable energy alternatives and energy

efficiency efficiency 5.5. Zero waste via reZero waste via re--use of all waste outputs as productive use of all waste outputs as productive

inputsinputs6.6. Sustainable transport, with a major focus on public Sustainable transport, with a major focus on public

transporttransport7.7. Sustainable construction materials and building methodsSustainable construction materials and building methods8.8. Local and sustainable foodLocal and sustainable food9.9. Sustainable water use and reSustainable water use and re--use of treated sewerageuse of treated sewerage10.10. Enhancing biodiversity and the preservation of natural Enhancing biodiversity and the preservation of natural

habitatshabitats11.11. Health, wellHealth, well--being and soulfulness being and soulfulness 12.12. Democratic and Effective GovernanceDemocratic and Effective Governance

Sustainable South Africa?

•• ASGIASGI--SASA•• NSDPNSDP•• National Framework for Sustainable National Framework for Sustainable

DevelopmentDevelopment•• LED FrameworkLED Framework•• RIDSRIDS•• Industrial Development Strategy Industrial Development Strategy

(forthcoming)(forthcoming)

Critical Sub-Dependencies

Economic Growth

Other10%

Other10%

Energy Oil 20%Oil 20%

Coal 70%Coal 70%

Generation

• See table

HEX RIVERSALT RIVERCENTRAL WEST BANK

COLENSO

CONGELLOSOUTH COAST

UM GENI

BRAKPAN

KLIP

ROSHERVILLE

TAAIBOS

VAALVEREENINGING

WILGEWITBANKGEORGE

VIERFONTEINHIGHVELD

KOM ATI

INGAGANE

CAMDEN

GROOTVLEI

HENDRINA

ARNOT

GARIEP

KRIEL

ACACIA PORT REX VAN DER KLOOF

MATLA

DUHVA

CAHORA BASSADRAKENSBERG

KOEBERG

TUTUKA

LETHABO

MATIM BA

KENDAL

PALMIET

M AJUBA

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Year

Me

ga

wa

tt In

sta

ll

55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Gap betweenSupply & demand

Current SA Electricity Generation Capacity:

NOW

Energy users

Industry 40%

Mining and quarrying 7%

Transport27%

Residential17%

Other1% Non-energy

use 1%

Agriculture 3%

Commerce andpublic services 4%

Water

Total system yield: Total water requirements:Total system yield: Total water requirements:•• 2000:13.227 x 109m3 12.871 x 109m32000:13.227 x 109m3 12.871 x 109m3•• 2025 (base):14.166 x 109m3 14.230 x 109m32025 (base):14.166 x 109m3 14.230 x 109m3•• 2025 (high):14.940 x 109m3 16.814 x 109m32025 (high):14.940 x 109m3 16.814 x 109m3

Agric irrigation uses 50%, urban/domestic use 25%Agric irrigation uses 50%, urban/domestic use 25%

Soils•• 35% of SA gets enough rain for dry land cultivation, but 35% of SA gets enough rain for dry land cultivation, but

only 13% has suitable soils (14 m ha)only 13% has suitable soils (14 m ha)•• Only 3% is high potentialOnly 3% is high potential•• Norm of 0.4 ha to feed a person Norm of 0.4 ha to feed a person –– 35 million can be fed 35 million can be fed

(US suitable soils for 800 m, pop=350 m)(US suitable soils for 800 m, pop=350 m)•• Only 1,5 m ha suitable for irrigationOnly 1,5 m ha suitable for irrigation•• Erosion: 25% already lost, 2,5 tons/ha/paErosion: 25% already lost, 2,5 tons/ha/pa•• Acidification: 5 million haAcidification: 5 million ha•• Other: wind erosion, soil compaction, soil crusting, Other: wind erosion, soil compaction, soil crusting,

salinisation, fertility degradation, pollution from oversalinisation, fertility degradation, pollution from over--use use of chemical inputsof chemical inputs

•• National soil emergency?National soil emergency?

Solid Waste

Domestic and commercial (2%)

Agricultural and forestry (4%)

Power generation (4%)

Industrial (3%)

Mining (87%)

Sustainable Cape Town?

•• Collection of coherent local and provincial policy Collection of coherent local and provincial policy frameworks, butframeworks, but………………

•• 800 000 households, over 90% serviced, 300 000 800 000 households, over 90% serviced, 300 000 are shacksare shacks

•• Conventional infrastructure, expensive, inefficient, Conventional infrastructure, expensive, inefficient, at capacityat capacity

•• Biggest challenge: transportationBiggest challenge: transportation•• Potential: knowledge hub of the African Potential: knowledge hub of the African

Renaissance?Renaissance?

Cluster GroupCluster Group % of suburbs% of suburbs No of householdsNo of households % of total % of total householdshouseholds

Silver SpoonsSilver Spoons 1414 54 63054 630 77

Upper Middle ClassUpper Middle Class 1919 68 12968 129 99

SubSub--totaltotal 3333 122 759122 759 1616

Middle SuburbiaMiddle Suburbia 2020 77 38077 380 1010

Community NestsCommunity Nests 1.51.5 17 56417 564 22

Labour PoolLabour Pool 9.59.5 42 40442 404 66

New BondsNew Bonds 13.513.5 101 638101 638 1313

SubSub--totaltotal 44.544.5 238 986238 986 3131

Township LivingTownship Living 4.54.5 80 98080 980 1111

Towering DensityTowering Density 1313 170 752170 752 2222

Dire StraitsDire Straits 22 26 10826 108 33

Below the breadlineBelow the breadline 33 111 770111 770 1515

SubSub--totaltotal 22.522.5 389 610389 610 5151

Cape Town’s suburbs

Cluster group Key characteristics % of total households in Cape Town

Planets required before/after eco-efficiency

before after

Silver Spoons elite, largest consumers, getting richer 77 14.814.8 2 2 -- 3.83.8

Upper Middle Class established, mature, conservative, professionals, gated 99 5.85.8 22

Middle Suburbia tight budgets, mid-level jobs, bargain hunters, big spending on educating children 1010 4.7 4.7 –– 5.25.2 1.71.7

Community Nests mixed, Afro-cosmo, shifting, small spaces, stylish, café culture, dense 22 2.4 2.4 –– 2.72.7 1.11.1

Labour Pool high density family neighbourhoods, stable jobs, secondary education, struggling 66 1.51.5 11

New Bonds new SA families, youngish, targets of the developers 1313 1 1 -- 22 11

Township Living old places, few jobs, youth cultures, soul of the new SA, buzzy, vulnerable

1111 11 11

Towering Density teetering, high hopes, few options, the educated leave as soon as possible, limited reinvestment 2222 11 11

Dire Straits old places, overcrowded, services collapsing, high unemployment, decaying 33 11 11

Below the breadline

shack settlements, desperation, insecurity 1515 11 11

Total net energyconsumption

Electricity33%

Paraffin2%

LPG1%

Coal3%

Petrol38%

Diesel18%

HFO4%

Wood1%

Total energy useby user group

Households15%Comm &

indust29%

Transport54%

Local authority2%

56%

Infrastructure challenges•• Water: unrestricted demand = 510 m3p.a., max Water: unrestricted demand = 510 m3p.a., max

supply supply –– 475; R1.4 b for Frhk dam, 61% of fresh 475; R1.4 b for Frhk dam, 61% of fresh water flushes sewerage, no investment in water flushes sewerage, no investment in recyclingrecycling

•• 5% of residential waste recycled, landfills full, 5% of residential waste recycled, landfills full, waste levels rising faster than pop and econ waste levels rising faster than pop and econ growth, operating costs doubled in 4 yearsgrowth, operating costs doubled in 4 years

•• Long distance food sources Long distance food sources –– nonnon--organic and organic and costly to transportcostly to transport

•• Urban sprawl, ad hoc infr. inv. decisionsUrban sprawl, ad hoc infr. inv. decisions•• Land for housing, densificationLand for housing, densification

Sustainable neighbourhoods• Generate more than they consume – worldwide trend• High density, public spaces, greening, sociable• Energy efficiency and renewable energy (bulk, roof tiles,

biogas, lighting, insulation, appliances)• Water & sanitation: localisation, biogas, re-use for

flushing, efficient use• Transportation – public, energy sources, passenger, goods,

logistics• Food: local supplies, improved quality, fewer

intermediaries, cultural centres• Zero solid waste – all recycled• New building materials (buildings, roads, etc)• Key demonstration role of public buildings

60% less electricity, 45% less water, no sewage, zero 60% less electricity, 45% less water, no sewage, zero solid waste, walking distance to public transport (rail), solid waste, walking distance to public transport (rail), minimal cement (less CO2), 25% of normal monthly minimal cement (less CO2), 25% of normal monthly CO2 releaseCO2 release

Sustainable Growth?•• Implications of the China factor?Implications of the China factor?•• Tourism Tourism ……for how long?for how long?•• Growing service sectorGrowing service sector•• Creative role of property and constructionCreative role of property and construction•• Focal point of the knowledge economy?Focal point of the knowledge economy?•• ‘‘second economysecond economy’’ & social capital?& social capital?•• Why give up on manufacturing?Why give up on manufacturing?•• New value chains from sustainable resource use?New value chains from sustainable resource use?•• Home for all?Home for all?

Cape Town’s suburbs

Cape Town today

• 866 355 households in CT• 115 000 shacks (informal)• 122 759 elite households• 238 986 middle class households• 389 610 poor & working class hseholds

Total net energyconsumption

Electricity33%

Paraffin2%

LPG1%

Coal3%

Petrol38%

Diesel18%

HFO4%

Wood1%

Total energy useby user group

Households15%Comm &

indust29%

Transport54%

Local authority2%

56%

2005/062.7 mil t actual

2008/09 2012/13 2018/19

Projected Landfill waste growth @ 7+% p.a. (no intervention to minimise)

Apply waste minimisation to achieveCity of Cape Town IWM Policy Mid-point target:= 20% reduction in waste generated= 10% further reduction in waste to landfill

Excludes effect of Tourism & Industry growth

Plan for “Zero waste”

?

Cap

e To

wn’

s Was

te(m

illio

n to

nnes

)

2002/03

2.1 mil

~ 8.0 mil (projected,with no intervention)

Current Population growth est:2% per annum

2022/23

2009/10 2010/11

3 shifts

• From housing to sustainable human settlements

• From unsustainable to sustainable resource use

• From top-down delivery to real empowerment

Core Problem

The core problem that needs to be addressed is that if nothing changes, existing subsidies and interventions will deliver 13 000 RDP-type project-linked housing units per annum, mainly on the urban peripheries of the Western Cape’s towns and cities.

Problem Statement• backlog in W Cape - 360 000 units, growing to over 1 million by 2040 if the

current delivery rate remains constant;• R800 million pa is available;• current “RDP-type” project-linked approach will cost R3.5 to R5 billion pa to

eliminate the backlog by 2010, or R1.1 billion to R1.6 billion per annum to eliminate the backlog by 2014 – both options are not affordable;

• serviced sites approach (in outlying areas), the backlog would be eliminated by 2014 and it would only cost R264 million per annum without a substantial increase in required delivery capacity – the problem is that this condemns the poor to permanent poverty and reinforces apartheid divisions.

Goal Statement

The ultimate goal is that all citizens and residents live in vibrant, safe, efficient and sustainable human settlements that are able to grow and absorb everyone who chooses to live in the Western Cape, in particular poor households who do not have access to housing opportunities.

Key strategies• Strategic use of state land• Multiple sites of intervention (inner city, backyard

shacks, greenfields, in-fill, plus rental, social, freehold title)

• Go wide, incremental approach• Community-based/driven approaches• Integration of land, housing and property markets• Sustainable planning and design/technologies

M. Swilling CV

PREA Workshop 2007

Curriculum Vitae

PROFESSOR MARK SWILLING

Professor Mark Swilling is currently Academic Director of the Sustainability Institute, and Head of the Division: Sustainable Development Planning and Management in the School of Public Management and Planning, University of Stellenbosch. He is responsible for the design and implementation of a Master’s Programme in Sustainable Development that gets delivered at the Sustainability Institute which is located in the Lynedoch EcoVillage, Stellenbosch. Prior to this Professor Swilling was an Executive Director of Spier Holdings (Pty) Ltd. where he helped design, plan, and organise several for- and non-profit businesses in the tourism, agriculture, property development, arts and technology sectors. He helped found and then became the Director of the Graduate School of Public and Development Management at the University of the Witwatersrand, December 1995-April 1998. The aim of this School was to train the post-apartheid civil service. Before that he helped found PLANACT in 1985, an urban development NGO that provided policy and strategy support for community organisations, trade unions and eventually the ANC in the 1980s and early 1990s. Professor Swilling obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Warwick in 1994 and has a BA and a BA (Honours) obtained through the Department of Political Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand where he was also a lecturer from 1982 - 1987. He has published over 50 academic articles, four books and written extensively for the popular media on a wide range of public policy issues. His most recent publication was The Scope and Size of the Non-Profit Sector in South Africa (co-authored with Bev Russell). He was elected as a Fellow into the international Ashoka network of social entrepreneurs in 1992, and serves on several Boards of for- and Non-Profit Organisations including Lomold (Pty) Ltd., Business Place Phillipi (Section 21), Lynedoch Development (Section 21), plus others. Professor Swilling has had twenty years experience in urban development planning and human settlement projects. These include large-scale community-based housing projects in Uitenhage, Klerksdorp, Johannesburg and more recently with respect to the design and project management of the Lynedoch EcoVillage Development near Stellenbosch. He has been extensively involved in urban planning at the level of policy development as a participant in the process of restructuring Johannesburg into

M. Swilling CV

PREA Workshop 2007

a Metropolitan Governance system, as an advisor to the Gauteng Government where he Chaired the Gauteng Development Planning Tribunal, and more recently in Stellenbosch where he coordinates the Stellenbosch University – Stellenbosch Municipality Joint Working Group on Planning. Furthermore, he coordinated the strategic planning process that led to the Spier Estate’s tourism and property development projects. He has extensive experience in the facilitation of conflictual multi-stakeholder urban development processes.

D. Nicol Presentation Outline

PREA Workshop 2007

Cape Town Partnership – Energy Efficiency Initiative Presentation Outline

1. Energy Efficiency – The Basic Concept a. Energy Losses and the effects of Energy Efficiency b. Motivating factors for Energy Efficiency c. Predicted Demand and the role of DSM d. Energy efficiency costs compared with New Power e. Beneficiaries of Energy Efficiency

2. Demand Side Management (DSM)

a. The DSM Process b. DSM – Funding Details

3. Electricity Usage in the Commercial Sector

a. Energy Efficiency Technologies - Retrofitting b. Financial Implications – Case Study

4. CTP – Energy Efficiency Initiative

a. Introduction to the Cape Town Partnership b. Status quo of the commercial property sector c. Barriers to EE in the commercial sector d. Multi-tenanted buildings – Cost recovery e. Barriers to EE in the commercial sector – New Buildings f. Current EE Projects in the CTP g. The Future – Pressure to become Efficient

D. Nicol CV

PREA Workshops 2006

David Nicol Education • Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Stockholm, Sweden) - Masters degree in Sustainable Energy

Engineering • University of the Witwatersrand - Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Experience • Current Position – CEF Sustainability – Technical Manager • Cape Town Partnership - Project Manger for a Cape Town CBD energy efficiency initiative based at

the Cape Town Partnership • Lereko Sustainability – Project development and project management on the Nelson Mandela Bay

renewable energy project • Private Consultant - For the World Bank, Danida and CEF on projects involving energy efficiency

and CDM • ÅF (Ångpanneföreningen) (Stockholm, Sweden) - Market study to facilitate the expansion of AF in

the field of energy efficiency in South Africa

W. Roggen Cape Town Solar Heating

Presentation on the Cape Town Solar Water Heater Bylaw Wouter Roggen The presentation traces the background into the need for drafting the bylaw, puts forward the rationale for proceeding down the solar water heating route and gives a brief description of the draft bylaw. It also touches on the legal constraints that have affected the bylaw process and proposes a few alternatives (as identified in a report by Sustainable Energy Africa) to regain momentum in that process.

PREA Workshops 2007

L.Mosha Renewable Energy Policy Issues in Human Settlements - Tanzania

PREA Workshop 2007

RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY ISSUES IN HUMAN SETTLEMENTS - THE CASE OF TANZANIA

Dr. Livin H. Mosha

Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Design Ardhi University

P.o.Box 35176, Dar-es-Salaam TANZANIA Tel: +255 754 267370; Fax: +255 22 2775391; [email protected]

Abstract This paper highlights energy policy issues in Tanzania. It explores strengths and weaknesses of the past and present energy policies in Tanzania. Presently, Tanzania population is estimated to be 38 million people, out of which less than 30% are urban dwellers. Seventy percent of urban population lives in unserviced settlements without basic social services such as electricity and water. Electrification in urban areas saves about 37% urban dwellers, while for the rural areas is less than 2%. Energy sources in Tanzania include hydro, coal, natural gas, biomass and imported petroleum. Only 10% of the total Tanzania population is connected to the national power grid, which calls for alternative energy source such as solar energy, biomass and wind energy. However, 80% of the population have very low purchasing power and depends mainly on wood-fuel for cooking and kerosene for lighting. This paper points out the importance of renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency and energy conservation strategies that can be used to reduce energy shortages. Conclusion is preceded by critical reflection on various energy policy issues and provision of possible recommendations. Key words: Energy, Renewable, Policy, Settlements, Tanzania

CURRICULUM VITAE Dr. Livin Henry MOSHA

1.0 PERSONAL PARTICULARS Date of Birth: 03. 01.1960 Place: Kilema-Moshi, Tanzania 2 0 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

2.1 Ph.D., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL) Belgium, 2005 2.2 Certificate in Consultancy Skills Development, Dar-es-Salaam, 2000 2.3 Master Degree in Architecture in Human Settlements, KUL, 1993 2.4 Certificate in Low Cost Housing, Bangkok, Thailand, 1991 2.5 Certificate in Housing Development, (KUL), 1991 2.6 Advance Diploma in Architecture 1986 - Ardhi Institute, Dar-es-Salaam.

3. 0 PROFESSIONAL/EMPLOYMENT RECORDS 3.1 UNIVERSITY OF DAR-ES-SALAAM, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

3.1.1 Dean, School of Architecture and Design, Ardhi University (ARU), from 8th August 2007 to -date

3.1.2 Head, Department of Architecture – University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS), from 5th April 2005 to 7th August 2007

3.1.3 Lecturer, Department of Architecture – University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS), from 14th February 2005 to-date.

3.1.4 Assistant Lecturer, Department of Architecture – University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS), from 10th June 2001 to 13th February 2005.

3.1.5 Assistant Lecturer on secondment basis 11th June 2000 to 9th June 2001, Department of Architecture – UCLAS.

3.1.6 Part-time Assistant Lecturer to the Departments of Architecture and Urban and Regional Planning (URP) – UCLAS, from October 1999 to 10 th September 2000.

3.2 MINISTRY OF LANDS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

3.2.1 Architect (Registered) Grade I – From 1st November 1999 to10th June 2000. 3.2.2 Occasionally Acting Director for the Building Research Unit (BRU) in 1999. 3.2.3 Senior Assistant Architect – 1st October 1990 to 1st November 1999.

3.2.4 Head of Human Requirements Section (Architectural and Sociology Department) at Building Research Unit (BRU) 1993 – 1995.

3.2.5 Assistant Architect – 14th May 1986 to 31st September 1990. 4. 0 PROFESSIONAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Board Chairman, School of Architecture and Design (ARU) from 8th August 2007 to-date.

4.2 Board Chairman, Education Board of the East Africa Institute of Architects (EAIA) from June 2005 to June 2007

4.3 Chairman Education Committee of the Architects Association of Tanzania (AAT) from 5th April 2005 to 7th August 2007

4.4 Council member, Architects Association of Tanzania (AAT) from 5th April 2005 to 7th August 2007

4.5 Registered Architect with the Tanzania Board of Architects and Quantity Surveyors, since 1998.

5.0 RETRIEVABLE CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP PAPERS

5.2.1 MOSHA, L., (2006), ‘Realities of Energy Efficiency in She lter Adequacy in Tanzania’, in: Proceedings Promoting Renewable Energies in Africa, International Solar Energy Society (ISES), 3-13 October 2006 5.2.2 MOSHA, L., (2006), ‘Accreditation of UCLAS Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) Degree’, in: Proceedings Sustainability of Architecture, Architects Association of Tanzania (AAT) Convention, May 2006, Zanzibar. 5.2.3 MOSHA, L., (2006), and ‘Architecture Oppression in Tanzania’, in: Anthony Almeida and Web Uronu Lecture Series, Architects and Quantity Surveyors Registration Board, 1st March 2006, National Museum Dar-es-Salaam. 5.2.4 MOSHA, L., (2004), ‘People’s Culture and State Policies Towards Sustainable Housing Strategies in Tanzania’, in: Proceedings XXXII World Congress on Sustainability of the Housing Projects, Trento – Italy (21st –25th September 2004), pp. 76 (Abstract - ISBN: 88-8443-070-4), pp. 1- 8 (Paper – ISBN: 88-8443-071-2). 5.2.5 CHANCE, S. and MOSHA, L., (2003), ‘Keeping the Place: Methodology for Culture – Specific Design Related to the Changing Form of Housing Compounds in Tanzania’, in: Proceedings 91st Meeting Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA), Louisville, Kentucky – USA, (13th- 17th March 2003), pp. 108-116, ISBN: Q-9355Q2-5Q-5. 5.2.6 MOSHA, L., (2001), ‘Designing and Planning for People with Physical Disabilities’, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on The Challenges of Opening up Higher Education to People with Disabilities , Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, (3rd–7th September 2001), pp. 105-127.

5.2.7 MOSHA, L., MPUYA, M., and KWANAMA, E. (1995), ‘An Overview of Tanzania Housing: Building Research Unit’s Experience in Disseminating its Research Results’, in: Proceedings of a National Workshop on Prefabrication in Housing Construction in Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (22nd–24th March 1995).

5.2.8 MOSHA, L., NGULUMA, H., and RAJAB, H. (1994), ‘Use of Binders in Low Income Housing in Tanzania’, in: Proceedings of East African Regional Workshop on Lime and Alternative Binders, Tororo, Uganda 6th-10th Decembe r 1994). 5.2.9 MOSHA, L., (1994), ‘Research Findings and Dissemination: The Case of Research Building Unit (BRU)’, in: Proceedings of East African Regional Workshop on Lime and Alternative Binders, Tororo, Uganda 6th-10th December 1994). 5.2.10 MOSHA, L., VERSCHURE, H., TUTS, R., and AGEVI, E., (1993), ‘A Mid Term Evaluation of Mwanza Rural Housing Programme (MRHP)’, in Proceedings of Workshop on Evaluation of Mwanza Rural Housing Programme, Mwanza Tanzania, (August, 1993). 5.2.11 MOSHA, L., MTUI, A., and HINGIRA, J. (1989), ‘Traditional Building Materials in Tanzania (General Outlook)’, in: Proceedings of a National Workshop on The Use of Burnt Clay Bricks and Tiles, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (27th-28T h April 1989).

5.0 PUBLICATIONS

5.1 Articles Published in Books 5.1.1 MOSHA, L. (2005), Architecture and Policies; The Transformation of Rural Dwelling Compounds and the Impact of Ujamaa Villlagisation and the Nyumba Bora Housing Campaign in Missungwi – Tanzania, KULeuven. 5.1.2 NGULUMA, H., RAJAB, H., and MOSHA, L., (1995), ‘Use of Binders in Low Income Housing in Tanzania’. In: SCHIDERMAN, T. (eds), Lime and Alternative Binders in East Africa, pp. 283-296, Intermediate Technology Publications, London.

5.1.3 MOSHA, L., (1995), ‘BRU Research Findings and Dissemination’. In: SCHIDERMAN, T. (eds), Lime and Alternative Binders in East Africa, pp. 247-251, Intermediate Technology Publications, London. ‘Traditional Building Materials in Tanzania (General Outlook)’

Signature October, 2007

PREA

(c) PEER Africa (Pty) Ltd. 1

PART 1 22-Sep-07 © PEER Africa (Pty) Ltd. 2007 1

SOCIAL ECONOMIC PRIORITIES IN RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLEENERGY INITIATIVES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGYFOR THE POOR

LINK TO UN MDGs, REPORT BACK ON THE PAST, PRESENT AND RECOMMENDATIONSFOR THE FUTURE

1995-2008

D.L. Guy, Eland, Abron and Annegarn et alPEER AFRICA (Pty) Ltd.

[email protected], www.peercpc.com


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• Lila Abron, Ph.D., PE, DEE, Founder and CEO PEER Africa• Thami Eland, Patrick Hwilli, Jane Pitso, Busisiwe Mavuso, Lucas Yiba, Yvonne Wellem, Edwina Felix,

Edward Samuels,Richard , Goodman Mandobe• Prof Harold Annegarn, ENERKEY,University of Johannesburg• Neli Magubane, Department of Minerals and Energy• Andrew Etzinger, Eskom DSM• Muntu Industries• Witsand iEEECO™ Beneficiary Support Organisation (WEHBSO)• Kutlwanong Civic Integrated Housing trust (KCIHT)• S'setwetla informal settlement iEEECO™ Committee• City of JHB EMS and PIER• City of Cape Town• City of Kimberley• Gauteng Department of Housing• ASCH Consulting Engineers• Promethea Corporation• Eyakho Energy• South African Department of Housing• Prof. Daniel Irurah, University of Witswatersrand


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PREA



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• STRATEGY MUSTTAKE THE HUMANSETTLEMENTCONDITION IN TOACCOUNT ANDNOT JUST LOOKAT ENERGY AS ASTANDALONESERVICEDELIVERY ISSUE


CONTENTS1. WELCOME AND THANK YOU2. BASELINE REPORT BACK

• BIG PICTURE – LINK TO UN MDG/GHG?• ENERGY RELATED EMS INCIDENTS CAUSE

& EFFECT

3. INTERIM SOLUTION EMS-iHSA™PROGRAM

Energy for Sustainable and Shared Economic Growth for AllPREA

PREA



Climate Change Dilemma Between Rich and Poor

Fossil Fuel Combustion• Caused by rich countries.• Most severe impact on poor.• Rich country contribution does not match

what is required to address poor countryODA needs.





TODAY

PREA



UN MILLENNUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

• Millennium Assembly NY,NYSeptember 2000– Largest gathering of world leaders in

history ->147 heads of state.– Conveyed Hope: that extreme poverty,

disease and environmental degradationcould be alleviated.

– Proposed Solution: wealth, newtechnology and global awareness.



UN MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

• We the Peoples: The Role of the UN inthe 21st century

• Millennium Declaration– Quantified and time bound goals– Reduce extreme poverty, disease and

deprivation• Eight Millennium Development Goals

MDGs



UN MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Madiba’s Dev GoalsMbeki’sMothusi’s????


PREA



• GA-DSEM 2003FINDINGS– BOTTOM 1/3 OF THE NATIONAL

HHS IN MOST INFORMALSETTLEMENTS IN BASICENERGY SERVICE STATE OFDISASTER.

– 3.3 MILLION HOUSEHOLDSIMPACTED

– 1 MILLION - ON LIFE SUPPORT



• GA-DSEM 2003FINDINGS– RECOMMENDED URGENT

CAPITAL INVESTMENTPROGRAM FOR INTEGRATEDENERGY SERVICES ANDFUNDING TIERS FOR ALLPOPUATION SEGMENTS.



• GA-DSEM 2003FINDINGS– REQUESTED R 15 BILLION

OFFICIAL DIRECT ASSISTANCE–+ 2 BILLION IN SEED CAPITALINVESTMENT


PREA



• GA-DSEM 2003FINDINGS– RECOMMENDED 10 YEAR

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN.



• GA-DSEM 2003FINDINGS/CORECAUSES– RURAL: NO ECON

DEVELOPMENT– URBAN MIGRATION

FRUSTRATINGFORMAL HOUSING &ENERGY STRATEGY.




BARRIERSOBSTACLES TO IMPLEMENTATIONOF INTEGRATED DSEM PROGRAMSTHAT ADDRESS MDG COMMITMENTS

PREA



MDG Rural Area: Big Five

1. Barriers - Practical linkages betweenthe goals and the implementationplans.

• Status quo - Get budget then findplans and programs

• Need plan of what’s needed first - notbudget and then go find programsto meet budget.




1.1 Barriers – Aid and ResourceHarmonization

• Lack of a single implementing agent tofunnel and manage resources from variousPPP stakeholder and donor segments.

• Unnecessary duplication of effort and cost.• Various standalone projects lack integration

and coordination.




2. Barriers – Research andDevelopment:Poorest of the poorsegment

• Little incentive for private sector ledresearch and development.

• Are ignored by international scientificcommunity unless special efforts aremade.


PREA




2.1 Barriers – Research andDevelopment

• Capacity to identify the priority needs forscientific research in relations to the poor.

• Facility to then mobilize the requisitedonor assistance for the requiredresearch.




EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES-iEEECO™ HOT SPOT AREAS(EMS-iHSA™)



CAUSE AND EFFECT EMS-iHSA(TMSIMPLIFIED POVERTY MODEL

PREA




EMS INCIDENT C&E MODEL



EMS-iHSA™ C&E MODEL



CAUSE AND EFFECT EMS-iHSA(TM

SIMPLIFIED DEVELOPMENT MODEL

PREA








• HOW CAN RE SOLUTIONS BEIMPLEMENTED IN THE HIGH RISK HOTSPOT INFORMAL AREAS?

• HOW SHOULD SUCH PROJECTS BEFUNDED?

• HOW CAN OR SHOULD EXTERNALITYCOSTS BE CONSIDERED IN THEBUSINESS CASE?

KEY QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION

PREA




• WHAT ARE THE CRITICALPERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS?

• WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES FORPERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS?

• WHAT ARE THE GOALS AND WHAT ARETHE TARGETS?

• WHAT ELEMENTS SHOULD BE INDEFINED ON THE SCORECARDS?

KEY QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION



• Delivery Strategy Rollout Plan• Energy Efficiency Interventions Agreed• Lower Income Settlements Targeted-Hot spots• Integrated Gov Ops with Housing, DEAT, DM&E• Value Proposition/Funding Include Externalities• Empowerment of the Local Community• Requirements Defined & Redefined• You & Me – How do we work together?

1

Micro Climate and Passive Thermal Control

M. Santamouris Group Building Environmental Studies, Univ. Athens

We face an important change of the climate.

Ambient temperatures increase.

Heat waves are more frequent.

Hot spells have a longer duration.

Poor design and uncontrolled development of urban areas increase

the heat island intensity.

Human beings are more vulnerable

and have to respond.

The Fact

The Proof

c

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hours

DH

June 1977-1989

June 1990-2004

July 1977-1989

July 1990-2004

d

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Ho urs

DH

Augus t 1977-1989t

Augus t 1990-2004

S eptembe r 1977-1989

S eptembe r 1990-2004

June 77-89

June 90-04 July 77-89

July 90-04

Sept 77-89

Sept 90-04

August 77-89

August 90-04

In Athens the number of hours as well as the Degree Hours over 30 degrees have been substantially

increased during the period 1990-2004, compared to the

corresponding value of the period 1977-1989. The phenomenon is

statistically significant.

For July and August the increase is close to 30-40 %.

The phenomenon appears during the whole day period.

2

The Proof

It is found that in Athens, the persistence of appearance of consecutive hours with temperatures exceeding 25 °C and28 °C is statistically significant for all of the summer months.Concerning the distribution of successive hours over 28 °C itwas found that a maximum frequency for 9 successive hours occurred in June, 10 successive hours in July and August which corresponds to the hot periodof the day (10:00-21:00), and a maximum for 6 successive hours in September.

The Proof

In California, the average summer temperature, (JJAS), has been substantially increased, mainly in urban locations.In parallel, the number of days exceeding the threshold 10 % maximum temperature of the period (1961-1990), T90, increases as well.

Scenarios, predict a much higher temperature increase in the future.

The Proof

Many climatological studies have shown an Important increase of the average mean daily ambient temperature in most southern European cities, like Paris, Madrid, Rome and Lisbon.

Temperature increase is between 2-3 Degrees. Also, an important increase of the cooling degree days has been recorded.

3

The Proof

Heat Waves in Europe are more frequent. High temperatures increase the vulnerability of citizens and in particular of low income people. Studies in Europe, have shown that the greatest excess in mortality was registered in those with lowsocioeconomic status leaving in buildings with improper heat protection and ventilation.

The Proof

There are more than 30 cities in Europe and more than 120 cities in the world where heat island is present. Heat island is the more documented climatic change phenomenon.Heat island mainly is present in dense urban areas with high anthropogenic heat release and no green spaces. Usually low income people live in these areas. Heat island increases highly the vulnerability of this population.

3,5 C

6 C

4 C

The Proof

Heat Island intensity ranges between 1-10 C. Heat Island is present in low, mid and high latitude locations. It is observed during the day and the night period. Especially in the south , heat island is very important during the day period contributing to a high increase of discomfort hours, increase of the cooling load of buildings and a very high increase of the peak electricity demand.

4

The Buildings

Low income population in both the developed and under development world is living in non appropriate shelters and is vulnerable to high ambient temperatures and extreme heat phenomena.According to the United Nations more than one billion of urban citizens, live in non appropriate houses while in most cities of less developed countries, about one to two thirds of the population live in poor quality and overcrowded housing, without electricity and energy networks and are under the risk of environmental phenomena

The Buildings

Only 28 % of the Low income population in Greece lives in insulated houses while the corresponding figure for high income households is 73 %.In parallel, only 8 % of the low income households are insulated and have double glazing while for high income the percentage is 63 %. Finally, low income houses present a much higher infiltration rate at 50 Pa.

The Buildings

In the developing world almost 1.5 billion peoples live in slums. Almost two out of three citizens are living in non proper houses. Houses are for sure not insulated and usually roofs are covered by unprotected metal surfaces. Ventilation is not adequate.Indoor environmental conditions are far from ideal and reports show that indoor temperatures are extremely high and indoor air is very polluted.

5

The Impact

26,0

28,0

30,0

32,0

34,0

36,0

38,0

40,0

1 94 187 280 373 466 559 652 745 838 931 1024 1117 1210 1303

Tem

per

atu

re

21,0

23,0

25,0

27,0

29,0

31,0

33,0

35,0

37,0

39,0

16/5/2007 22/5/2007 28/5/2007 3/6/2007 9/6/2007 15/6/2007 21/6/2007 27/6/2007

Tem

pera

ture

21

23

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

26/5/2007 30/5/2007 3/6/2007 7/6/2007 11/6/2007 15/6/2007 19/6/2007 23/6/2007 27/6/2007 1/7/2007 5/7/2007 9/7/2007 13/7/2007 17/7/2007Te

mpera

ture

Measurements of indoor temperatures in almost 60 low income houses without air conditioning, insulation and double glazing, have been performed in Athens, during the whole summer of 2007. For almost 50 % of the measurement period, indoor temperatures where higher than 34 C, presenting maximum close to 40 C.Hot spells of more than 38 hours above 30 C have been recorded.

The Impact

During the heat waves the mean indoor temperature in the buildings increased almost 1 C per day. At the end of the heat waves, indoor temperatures in most of the houses were close to 38 C.Given the high frequency of heat waves and the impact of heat island, low income population is extremely vulnerable and become the first victims of the urban climatic change.

Mean Indoor T

Maximum Indoor T

The Impact

The use of air conditioning considerably increases the

annual electricity expenses especially in the low income

groups. As a mean value, the use of air conditioning increases the

annual expenses to about 100 Euros per household, or 0,6

Euros/m2, or 12.5 Euros per person. The increase is much

higher for the low income groups, where the relative increase of the

cost because of the air conditioning use is close to 195

Euros/household, or 1.2 Euros/m2, or 87 Euros/person.

6

The Impact

Ο Ο Monthly Peak Electricity Load

J F M A M J J A S O N D

The use of air conditioning increases the peak electricity

demand in most of the Southern European countries.

In parallel, this is the main reason of blackouts and electricity

shortages.Such a huge increase of the peak

electricity demand oblige utilities to built additional

power plants operating under a low utilisability factor, and

thus, increase the cost of electricity

The Impact

10,2 cents / kWh

3,9 cents / kWh

2.6 cents / kWh

Cost of Peak Electricity

Cost of Regular Electricity

Cost of Energy Conservation

The ImpactHuge Increase of CO2 because of A/C

7

Addressing successful solutions to reduce energy and

environmental effects of air conditioning is a strong

requirement for the future.

Possible solutions include: .

1. Improvement of the urban microclimate to fight the effect of heat island and temperature rise and the

corresponding increase of the cooling demand in buildings

2. Use of appropriate technology to improve indoor comfort

conditions and reduce cooling needs

The Ideas

NEW IDEAS TO FIGHT OVERHEATING

The Ideas

Especially for low income –vulnerable population, living in non protected shelters, The idea is not to maintain temperatures within the ASHRAE-defined comfort zone of (20–27°C) using energy driven systems, but to create buildings that will not threaten the lives of their occupants under adverse ambient conditions and even when power is lost or citizens can not afford to pay for it. In other words, buildings that increase the survivability of the citizens

Improving the Urban Microclimate

Techniques to Improve the Urban Microclimate and Heat Island

Mitigation strategies concentrate on :

- the increased use of green areas,

-the use of appropriate materials, in particular of white and colored high

reflective coatings,

- decrease of anthropogenic heat

- use of cool sinks for heat dissipation,

- appropriate layout of urban canopies involving the use of solar control,

techniques to enhance air flow, etc.

8

Urban Green

UNEP ask children to design ‘urban green’ they wish ……..

Unfortunately, the vision of adults on ‘urban green’ is very different……

Urban Green

Trees and green spaces significantly contribute to cool our cities and save energy. Trees can provide solar protection to individual houses during the summer period while evapotranspiration from trees can reduce urban temperatures. Trees also help mitigate the greenhouse effect, filter pollutants, mask noise, prevent erosion and calm their human observers. Increasing number of buildings has crowded out vegetation and trees. New York has lost 175000 trees, or 20 % of its urban forest in the last ten years

Urban Green

The surface of Urban green areas may increase either by the creation of new urban parks or by integration of green species on the surface of the urban buildings.Many recent studies on urban parks have shown that parks contribute to reduce air temperatures in the adjacent neighbourhoods however, this effect was limited to a relatively small zone, which extended only 200-400 m from the margin of a large park on a calm day. It is found that parks need a size of at least one hectare to have a significant climatic effect and thus a dense network of public green spaces is necessary.

9

Urban Green

Planted roofs can contribute significantly to the mitigation of heat islands. Plantedroofs present much lower temperatures than hard surfaces and decrease the ambienttemperature through convection and evapotranspiration. In parallel, planted roofs contribute highly tothe thermal protection of buildings, but do not replace the thermal insulation layer. Planted roofs may reduce the indoor temperature of insulated buildings up to 1 C. However, the cost of the system is quite high and is for sure not the more appropriate technique for vulnerable population.

Urban Green

New techniques for the development of vertical green surfaces integrated to urban buildings have been recently developed mainly in Japan. Vertical green surfaces can contribute to improve the urban microclimate and are easily integrated. The impact on the energy balance of the building is not important, but the cost may be significantly lower than that of planted roofs.

THE ROLE OF MATERIALS THE ROLE OF MATERIALS

Phase 1 : Testing of the Thermal Performance of Natural Materials for Pavements

Phase 2 : Development and Testing of High Reflective White Coatings

Phase 3 : Development and Testing of High

Reflective Colored Coatings

Phase 4 : Development and Testing of

ElectrochromicCoatings

10

DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY REFLECTIVE WHITE COATINGSDEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY REFLECTIVE WHITE COATINGS

020406080

100

176

252

328

403

477

551

624

696

768

839

909

979

1048

wavelength (nm)

%re

flect

ance

High Reflective white coatings have been developed and are available in the market. The coatings present very high reflectivity to solar radiation and very high emissivity. The new coatings have been compared in

outdoor testing against existing white coatings for about 3 months, and found to

present a very high performance



R = -0.84

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Mean nocturnal surface temperature (°C)

Infra

red

emitt

ance

S4

S12

S15S9 S14

S6 S1

S10

S8 S5S7 S11

S2 S16S3

11


20 30 40 50 60 70time : 13:30Cool paint

Cool paint

DEVELOPMENT OF REFLECTIVE COLORED COATINGSDEVELOPMENT OF REFLECTIVE COLORED COATINGS


cool cool

standard standard

Parallel Testing has shown much

lower surface temperatures for the cool paints.

Temperature differences

range between 2-10 C according

to the reflectivity of

the material and the incoming

solar radiation

12


50 %

100 %

Cooling Load (kWh/m2/y)

Reduction of the Cooling Load (%)

Increase of the

albedo from 0.2 to

0.85

ENERGY IMPACT OF REFLECTIVE COATINGSENERGY IMPACT OF REFLECTIVE COATINGS

The potential cooling energy savings are greater than the heating penalty in cooling season dominated climates.

50 %

100 %


Decrease of the

discomfort hours (29

C), for Δρ = 0.65

13


1 C2 C3 C

Decrease of the

maximum indoor

temperature, for Δρ =

0.65

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80(x 0.666 m)

10

20

30

40

50

(x0 .

666

m)

-1.5

to0 .

00.

0to

0.2

0.2

to0 .

40.

4to

0.6

0.6

to0 .

80 .

8to

1.0

1.0

to1.

21.

2to

1.4

1.4

to1 .

61.

6to

1.8

1.8

to2.

02.

0to

2.2

2.2

to2 .

42.

4to

2.8

2.8

to3.

03.

0to

3.2

3 .2

to3.

43 .

4to

3.6

3.6

to3.

83.

8to

4.0

ΔΤ(o

K)

12:00 LST

Decrease of Surface Temperature10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

(x 0.666 m)

10

20

30

40

50

(x0.

6 66

m)

-1.5

to0.

00 .

0to

0.2

0.2

to0.

40.

4to

0.6

0.6

to0.

80.

8to

1.0

1.0

t o1 .

21.

2to

1.4

1.4

to1.

61 .

6to

1.8

1.8

t o2 .

02.

0t o

2 .2

2.2

t o2 .

42 .

4to

2.8

2.8

to3.

03 .

0to

3.2

3.2

to3.

43 .

4to

3.6

3.6

to3.

83 .

8to

4.0

oK

12:00 LST

Decrease of Ambient Temperature

GLOBAL CLIMATE IMPACT OF REFLECTING COATINGS GLOBAL CLIMATE IMPACT OF REFLECTING COATINGS

DEVELOPEMENT OF THERMOCHROMIC COATINGSDEVELOPEMENT OF THERMOCHROMIC COATINGS

Thermochromic coatings change color as a function of the ambient temperature.For low outdoor temperatures, winter, the coatings may be dark presenting a high absorptivity. For higher ambient temperatures, summer, the coating becomes white presenting a high reflectivity. Thus, when applied on roofs or walls it may present the best performance all year round.

common

cool

thermochromic

thermochromic

cool

commonthermochr

omic

thermochromic

14


Transition Phase of

the Materials


-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

300 800 1300 1800 2300

wavelength (nm)

Refl

ecta

nce (

%)

%R thermo %R common%R white phase

Brown

0

20

40

60

80

100

300 800 1300 1800 2300

w avelength (nm)

Refle

cta

nce (

%)

%R thermoblack %R common black%R white phase

Black


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00

time

tempe

rature

(C)

Variation of the

Daily Temperature -

Brown

Common

Cool

Thermochromic

54.6 C

50.2 C --- > 4.4 K

37.6 C --- > 17.6 K

15

DEVELOPING OF THERMOCHROMIC COATINGSDEVELOPING OF THERMOCHROMIC COATINGS

34.6°C

65.6°C

40

50

60

AR01

thermo

cool Thermo+TiO2

common Cool+Ti

Variation of the

Temperature -

Black


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00

time

tempe

rature

(C)

Variation of the

Daily Temperature -

Blue

Common

Cool

Thermochromic

59.7 C

54.8 C --- > 4.9 K

38.8 C --- > 20.9 K


38.0°C

68.8°C

40

50

60

AR01

Variation of the

Temperature - Gray

16

Anthropogenic Heat

Anthropogenic heat and in particular heat from cars contribute between 50 to 800 W/m2. The continuous increase of the number of cars in cities increases the heat added to the urban environment and contributes to higher temperatures. Anthropogenic heat increases urban temperatures up to 1-2 C. Sustainable transport and use of mass transportation can highly contribute to decrease heat release in cities

Solar Control of Open Spaces

Solar Control in open spaces using trees or artificial shading reduces exposure to solar radiation and improves comfort.

Solar Control of Open Spaces

Cool glass has been used for the design of the shading devices in the

new metro station of the Olympic Stadium in Athens. Very good

performance

17

Passive Cooling

Techniques for Heat

and Solar Protection.

Solar Control

There is a very important development on solar control

technologies.

However, simplicity is genius…

Integration of simple and efficient solar control components may

improve thermal comfort and indoor comfort conditions.

In parallel, there is a tremendous progress of efficient glazing

technologies and some of them, like low –e glazing, is available at low

prices and can be used in low income housing without important

increase of the cost.

NaturalVentilation

Natural Ventilation helps to dissipate the excess heat of

buildings to the ambient air, increase the indoor air speed

improving comfort and reduce the concentration of indoor pollutants.

Important developments concerning the integration of

natural ventilation components in the urban environment as well as

the use of night ventilation techniques have been achieved. New design tools are available

while efficient industrial components are available in the

market.

18

Decrease IA Pollution ~ (2.0 billions)

Improve IAQImprove Thermal Comfort

~ (3.0 billions)


Decrease A/C load~ (1.0 billion)

Decrease IA Pollution ~ (2.0 billions)


~ (3.0 billions)


Decrease A/C load~ (1.0 billion)

NaturalVentilation

Proper Design of Natural Ventilation

systems for low income shelters can help about

2 billion citizens to avoid indoor pollution.

NaturalVentilation

Through extensive experiments in deep urban canyons, the urban wind characteristics in the canopy layer can be well predicted. This permits a very accurate estimation of the ventilation potential in cities and an exact design of natural ventilation components. In parallel, advanced IT control techniques permit optimisationof air flow so as to achieve the best indoor IAQ and comfort

NaturalVentilation

Night ventilation technologies have been tremendously improved and can highly contribute to improve next days’ comfort. Night ventilation can be the most effective cooling strategy for low income people. Experiments have shown that appropriate design of night ventilation techniques could decrease the next days’ peak temperature up to 2 C and increase the comfort period by 60 %

19

MechanicalVentilation

Ceiling fans are among the most credible techniques to decrease

energy for air conditioning and improve comfort. They can extend

the summer comfort zone, i.e. improving the thermal comfort at higher temperatures (e.g. up to 29

°C). As such, they can have several substantial advantages :

In non-A/C buildings, they can substantially extend the periods of

acceptable thermal comfort conditions resulting in better

thermal comfort and improved productivity;

in A/C buildings, they can reduce the use of air conditioning by setting

the room thermostat at a higher temperature.

Comfort

Comfort is subjective

New Adaptive Thermal Comfort Standards may highly

contribute to decrease the energy consumption of buildings.

However, for low income population the idea is not to maintain

temperatures within the ASHRAE defined temperature

zone but to use the presented technologies to improve

survivability of citizens and protect their lives under adverse

ambient conditions

Can we Produce more successful buildings ?

Ener

gy C

onsu

mptio

n for

Coo

ling (

kWh/m

2/y)

300

Sing

le Gl

azed

Tow

er (7

0’s)

210

Doub

le Gl

azed

Tow

er (9

0’s)

50

Insula

ted S

.G. (

80’s)

40

Insula

ted S

D.G.

(90

’s)

15

Low

Ener

gy D

esign

. (90

’s)

5

Pass

ive O

ffice.

(90’s

)

20

Some Conclusions

Humanity shows trapped in in a reality that is characterized by a permanent temperature increase. This fact dramatically rises the percentage of vulnerable population influenced directly by the temperature increase.Unfortunately the first victim of climatic change is the low income population that is unable use additional energy and advanced technology to compensate increased temperatures and achieve thermal comfort.

Some Conclusions

Sustainability and/or Survivability ?

Alternative movements put a lot of emphasis on sustainability issues and on the use of alternative energy technologies. This is an excellent option for most of the world and especially for those who can pay for it.

However, Persistence on the use of some quite expensive alternative technologies, ignoring the real needs of low income population, is a very elitistic policy. Installing PV’s everywhere is not panacea.

There is a real need for appropriate technologies improving the survivability of vulnerable population.

Some Conclusions

Buildings have to be adapted to the local climate and should respond to the extreme weather conditions.

Passive cooling techniques have achieved a high maturity. Given the low cost they present can really contribute highly to improve the quality of life of vulnerable population and increase survivability.

Most of the new passive cooling techniques are available in the market and their use has to be promoted….

21

Some Conclusions

Don’t forget to finance passive cooling Research………

M. Santamouris CV

PREA Workshop 2007

Curriculum Vitae Matthew Santamouris

Date of Birth : 14 September 1956

Place : Athens, Greece. Professional Education: 1979 : Diploma Of Physics, Physics Department, University of Patras, Greece.

1981 : Postgraduate Diploma, DEA on Energy Physics. Institute National Polytechnique de Grenoble, France.

1986. PhD. on Energy Physics, Physics Department, University of Patras, Greece.

Professional Experience: 1981-1986 : Post Graduate Student. Physics Department of the University of Patras, Greece.

1986-1990 : Professor on Energy Systems and Renewable Energies. Technical Educational Institute of Pireas. Greece.

1985-1990 : Participation and Expert to Various Renewable Energies Related Projects. (PASSYS, Building 2000, TOWNSCOPE, Demonstration Energy Projects).

1990-1994 : Lecturer Physics Department, University of Athens.

1994-2000 : Assistant Professor . Physics Department, University of Athens.

2000 - : Associate Professor . Physics Department, University of Athens.

1998-Today : Invited Visiting Professor. Metropolitan University of London, U.K. Recent Publications:

2003- Book Series Editor on Buildings Science and Technology, James and James Science Publishers, London, UK. (4 books published in the Series),

Thermal Analysis and Design of Solar Buildings, Co-Author, James and James Science Publishers, London, 2002

Solar Thermal Technologies for Buildings – The State of the Art, Editor and Co-Author, James and James Science Publishers, London, 2003

Ventilation of Buildings, The State of the Art, Editor and Co-Author, James and James Science Publishers, London, 2005

Energy Rating of Residential Buildings, Editor and Co-Author, James and James Science Publishers, London, 2004

Cooling the City, Editor and Co-Author, Editions des Ecoles des Mines, Paris, Distributed by Eyrolles, France, 2004.

Natural Ventilation in the Urban Environment, Co-Author, James and James Science Publishers, London, 2005

Advances in Solar Energy, Co-Author, American Society of Solar Energy, 2005

M. Santamouris CV

PREA Workshop 2007

Building Ventilation, The State of the Art. Editor and Co-Author, James and James Science Publishers, London, 2005

Environmental Design of Urban Buildings, Editor and Co-Author, James and James Science Publishers, London, 2005

Advances in Passive Cooling, Editor and Co-Author, James and James Science Publishers, London, 2006

Use of Renewable Energies and Energy Efficient Technologies for the Urban Environment, Editor and Co-Author, James and James Science Publishers, London, 2006

Conference Papers 2002 Invited Lecture on the Heat Island and Energy in Cities, European Conference of the International Solar Energy Society, Bologna, Italy.

Invited Lecture ‘Comment Ameliorer le Comfort d’ ete dans les Batiments Urbaines’, , Congres AICVF, Lyon, France

2003 Invited Lecture on ‘Passive Energy Systems for Buildings’, International Workshop on the Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment, Praque,

Invited Lecture on the Energy Consumption of Buildings, Center for Energy of Andalucia, Spain

Invited Lecture on Buildings Environment, International Conference on Energy and Environment, Lemnos, Greece

Invited Lecture on Built Environment to the International Conference of CIB, Hungary.

Invited Lecture on Passive Cooling for Buildings, Conference on Energy Quality of Buildings, Milano Italy

Invited Lecture on ‘ Sustainable Cities – Realistic Targets for an Utopian Subject’ International Conference on Energy and Buildings, Westerloo, Belgium

2004. Invitation for Lecture to World Renewable Energies Congress 2004, Colorado, USA

Invited Lecture. On ‘Renovating Cities Through Renewable Energies’ International Conference Architecture, Cities and Energy, Pablona, Spain.

Ιnvited Lecture on ‘Energy Conservation in Hospitals’, International Hospital Conference, Salonica,

Ιnvited Lecture on ‘Innovative Technologies for Passive Cooling’, International Workshop on Assessment of Innovative Technologies, Brussels.

2005. Invitation for Lecture to World Renewable Energies Congress 2005, Scotland, UK.

Invitation for Lecture on Passive Cooling to the International Workshop on Multigeneration Energy Systems with Locally Integrated Applications

Invitation for Lecture on the Environmental Quality of Buildings. International Conference on the Energy Efficiency of Buildings, Belgrade, Serbia.

Invited Lecture on Energy in Urban Built Environment, EUROSOLAR Conference, Rome

2006. Invitation for a Lecture on Heat Island, International Workshop on Urban Heat Island, Tokyo, Japan.

M. Santamouris CV

PREA Workshop 2007

Invitation for a Lecture on Passive Cooling, International Conference on Thermal Comfort, Windsor, UK.

Invitation for a Lecture in the Bioclimatic International Workshop, Pesaro, Italy.

Invitation for a Lecture in the 2nd International Symposium on evolving Fuzzy Systems, Lancaster, UK.

Invitation for a Lecture on Environmental Quality in the Built Urban Environment. Solar Cities Conference, Oxford, UK,

Invitation for the Keynote Speech on the State of the Art On the energy quality of buildings. EuroSolar Conference, Glasgow, UK.

Invitation for a Keynote lecture on Energy Efficiency of Buildings in the National Solar Energy Conference of Brazil, Santa Catarina, Brazil

Invitation for a keynote lecture at the International Symposium on Sustainable Energy and Environment, Kuala Lumbur, Malaisia.

Invitation for a lecture at the Seminar on Energy and the Environment, Porto, Portugal.

Invitation for a lecture on the Environmental Quality of Buildings, Conference on Sustainability and Spatial Project, Sassari, Sardinia, Italy.

D. Holm CV

Curriculum Vitae

Prof. Dieter Holm ISES Secretary

Date of Birth: 3 March 1936

Place of Birth: Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Professional Education: 1955 – 1959: BArch, University of Pretoria, South Africa 1969 -1971: MArch, University of Pretoria, South Africa 1983 -1985: DArch, University of Pretoria, South Africa

Professional Experience: Consultant for Sustainable Development in the Built Environment He does policy related research on the application of energy efficiency and renewable energies and lives in the first modern African self-sufficient home-office. Previously he was Head of Research and Post Graduate Study, Division for Environmental Design and Management at the University of Pretoria. Lecturer in Architecture, UP 1967/05/05 Senior lecturer in Architecture, UP 1971/06/01. Associate professor in Architecture, UP 1973/07/01 Professor/Head of Department, UP 1985/10/01 Recent Conference Papers Holm D., 2006. Politica energética en Paises en Desarrollo. UTILIZACIÓN DE LAS ENERGIAS RENOVABLES PARA EL DESARROLLO RURAL. Mexico, 24 May 2006.

Holm D., 2006. Renewable Energy Future for the Developing World. ICORE: Hyderabad 9 February 2006. Holm D., 2005. Renewable Energy Future for the Developing World. WWEC: Melbourne 5-7 November 2005.

PREA Workshop 2007

D. Holm CV

Recent Publications: Holm D. & McIntosh Jennifer. 2006. The generous sun: the renewable energy future in the developing world. Commonwealth Ministers Reference Book 2006: p89-90. Henley Media Group: London. Holm D. & McIntosh Jennifer. 2006. Renewable energy future for the developing world. Sustainable Development International. Energy and Climate. P.1-3 Holm D. 2006. The Silent Revolution – Global Growth of Renewable Energy. African Wildlife. Vol. 60 (2): 48-50. WESSA: Epping. Holm D. 2006. “Son-Souci” –our Autonomous Solar Home. African Wildlife. Vol.60 (2): 61-62. WESSA: Epping. Prizes / Awards:

• ISES Special Service Award 2007 • Star Competition Special Prize • Generaal J B M Hertzog-monument, • Bloemfontein First Prize • Langenhoven student centre First Prize • University of Stellenbosch First Prize • Vegkop Competition, Heilbron First Prize • Building Industries Federation of SA (BIFSA) Competition, Midrand First Prize • Lutheran Church, The Willows First Prize • "Plan", Official journal of the Institute and predecessor to "Architecture SA"

dedicates a whole issue to Holm Beyers and Holm. • Phoenix, Munitoria Building, Pretoria, First Prize. • Austin Whillier award, 1983 • Eta award

PREA Workshop 2007

H. Mueller BIPV

PREA Workshop 2007

BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV) SYSTEMS

Helmut F.O. Mueller

University of Dortmund, Baroper Strasse 301 D-44227 Dortmund, Germany

[email protected]

Abstract

The principles for the integration of photovoltaic power generation with the building envelope are explained. Technical and architectural aspects are considered for multi-functional solutions of PV application in roofs, facades, and shading facilities, and the annual gains of solar electricity in different climatic zones are demonstrated. A great variety of examples for outstanding low energy architecture with integrated PV in Europe is shown and hints for the building integration in tropical and subtropical climates are given. The basics about PV systems and their elements like solar cells, modules, and converters are described. Island solutions and micro grids for PV and hybrid systems in rural areas without electric grid are explained, as well as grid connected solutions. Last but not least a cost benefit analysis is given, including present and future developments of manufacturing costs and technologies as well as environmental aspects.

1

Building Integrated Photovoltaik BIPVProf. Dr.-Ing. Helmut F.O. MüllerLS Klimagerechte Architektur, Universität DortmundPREA Workshops, Stellenbosch, Dar es Salaam, Kampala, October 2007

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Helmut F.O. Müller

Chair of Environmental ArchitectureUniversity of Dortmund

Baroper Straße 301 (GB IV)D-44227 Dortmund

Fon 0049 (231) 755 4690

www.bauwesen.uni-dortmund.de/ka/

BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV)

PREA Workshops, Stellenbosch, Dar es Salaam, Kampala, October 2007


SURVEY

1. Objectives

2. Solar radiation on building envelope

3. Building Integration of PV 3.1 Roofs3.2 External walls3.3 Transparent elements, shading devices

4. PV-plants

5. Economy of PV


1. OBJECTIVESPhotovoltaic conversionof solar radiation (direct and diffuse) in electricity by solar cells:

• Independent power supply of buildings

• Secure power supply

• No CO2 emission and pollution

• Avoid land consumption and substructureby building integration

• Architectural, functional, and constructiveintegration in building envelope

2


Role of solar electricity in future energy portfolio(German Energy Council)


Development of PV demand:

Europe Worldwide 2006


2. SOLAR RADIATION ON BUILDING ENVELOPEInfluence of location

3


Orientation and tilt angle affect solar power output:

Best tilt angle isusual equal to the latitude

Higher efficiencyif tilt angle can be changedto sun movement

Example of solar irradiance diagramme


Solar tracking of PV systems [7]

maximum increase of efficiency 50%


Helitrop, Freiburg, Germany, Architect Disch2-axis tracking system

Integration in landscape PV- generator

4


Comparison of monthlysolar power output (3 kW plant) and electricity demand


3. BUILDING INTEGRATIONOF PHOTOVOLTAIC


Efficiencydepending on temperatureof solar cells [3]

5


Reduction of efficiency depending on deposition of dust [3]


Roof integrationForum Barcelona (E), Arch. Antonio Martínez Lapeña and Elías Torres Tur


Horizontal roof integration, Stadtwerke, Witten, Germany

6


Flat roof and natural ventilation, School Building


External wall integration

Brundtland Center, Toftlund (DK),Architect: KHR AS Arkitekter


Transparent elements, shading devicesFortbildungsakademie Mont-Cenis, Herne, Germany, Architect: Jourda + HHS

7


Fortbildungsakademie Mont-Cenis, Herne, Architekt: Jourda + HHS





8


Main Railwaystation Berlin, Architekt: Gerkan, Marg und Partner


Fabric shading facilityMWB Messwandler- Bau AG, Bamberg, Germany [7]


Stadtwerke Winterthur (CH)Drehbare Sonnenschutz-Lamellen mit PV; Architekt: Theo Hotz

9


Movable shading facilityFotball stadium EWE-Arena Oldenburg, 'asp' Architekten Stuttgart


Fotball stadium EWE-Arena Oldenburg, 'asp' Architekten Stuttgart


4. PV-PLANTS4.1 History

1836 Photovoltaic effect is discovered by E. Bequerel1958 Energy supply of satellites (USA) 1973 First terrestral application (oil crises)

10


4.2 Principle of photovolatic power generation

Structure of solar cell [3]

Triple layer structure of semisonductor (silicon) withconductive contacts on surfaces

Photogeneration of charge carriers(electrons and holes) in two dotedsemiconductor layers

Separation of the charge carriers to a conductive contact, that will transmit the electricity

Protective layers on top(transparent) and bottom


Solar cells

Poly- and monocrystalline silicon:- 0.3 mm thick- 10 x 10 cm to 13 x 13 cm shape- 12% -16% efficiency

Amorphous silicon:- 0.001 mm thick- layer deposition on substrate(glass)

- 5% - 7% efficiency

Other cell types, a.o:- Cadmium telluride- CIS

Structure and colour of silicon cells [4]:polycrystalline monocrystalline


Image of solar cells

Structure• Form of cells• Distance between cells• Gaps translucent or transparent (shadow)• Perforation of cells• Metallic conducters

Colour• Dichroic thin coatings on solar cells

for colour effects

11


4.3 PV-Modules

- Several solar cells in a module- Building component for assembly- Stadard dimensions, e.g.:

93 cm x 57 cm, 33 - 45 Wp (amorph)99 cm x 132 cm, 154 - 171 Wp (poly-/monocryistalline)

- Free dimensions, max. 3 m x 2 m


4.4 PV plant, grid connected with inverter [3]


Off-grid PV plant (standalone)with battery storage, charge controller and inverter [3]

12


Standalone PV plant with micro grid, hybrid plant, option for grid connection [10]


5. ECONOMY OF PV

Investment costs: 5,000 - 10,000 USD/kWp

Cost reduction: 50% every 5 years

Energy costs: 25 – 160 US cent / kWh

Energetic pay back time: 3 – 7 years


Great variety of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV)

Thank you for your attention

13


7. LITERATURE[1] Müller, H.F.O.:

Energieeffiziente Architektur in: DBZ 8/2001 Bertelsmann Verlag, Gütersloh (2001)

[2] Fassade / Facade 2/2002.Schweizerische Zentralstelle fürFenster- und Fassadenbau SZFF,Dietikon / CH (2002)

[3] Humm, Othmar; Toggweiler, Peter:Photovoltaik und ArchitekturBirkhäuser Verlag, Basel (1993)

[4] Müller, H.F.O.:Photovoltaische Stromgewinnein: Die Klima-aktive FassadeAIT Edition Intelligente ArchitekturVerlagsanstalt Alexander Koch, Leinfelden (1999)

[5] Ladener, Heinz:Solare StromversorgungÖkobuch Verlag, Freiburg (1990)

[6] Schmid, Jürgen:Photovoltaik - Strom aus der SonneC.F. Müller Verlag, Heidelberg (1999)

[7] Hagemann, Ingo B. :Gebäudeintegrierte PhotovoltaikVerlagsgesellschaft Rudolf Müller, Köln (2002)

[8] Hermannsdörfer, Ingrid, Rüb, Christiane:Solar Design jovis Verlag, Berlin (2005)

[9] Witzel, Walter, Seifried, Dieter:Das SolarbuchEnergieagentur Regio FreiburgÖkobuch Freiburg, 2. Auflage (2004)

[10] Strauss, P., Vandenberg, M., Jahn, J.:Management Strategies and Advanced Inverter Control in Microgrids. ISET Kassel, (2005)

Daylight, Sunlight, and Planning in the UK

Professor Mike WilsonLEARN

London Metropolitan University

Criteria

The publication of BS 8206 Pt2 in 1992 and BRE 209 'Site Layout' in 1991 saw the average daylight factor

linked to a limiting depth criteria and no sky line introduced as guidance to be used for daylighting in

planning applications for new domestic developments. The availability of sunlight on East,West and South

orientations was also to be considered. The impact on existing buildings is estimated in terms

of the reduction in the vertical sky component and available sunlight

Vertical Sky Component

The vertical sky component is a measure of the light reaching the centre of a window. It is the ratio

between the vertical illuminace on the glazing direct from the sky and the illuminance from an unobstructed sky. For a CIE standard overcast

sky with no obstructions the VSC is 40%. A VSC of 27% is regarded as offering the potential for good daylight. This corresponds to an angle of

obstruction of 270

VSC Criteria

If a new building affects the VSC enjoyed by an existing building such that the VSC falls below 27% and that the reduction is more than 20%

there will be a noticeable loss of daylight

Average daylight Factor

Average Daylight Factor

The average daylight factor formula is given by:

ADF = TΘW/A (1- R2)

where ADF is at 0.85 m above the working planeΘ is the angle of visible sky

W is the window area corrected for glazing bars etcT is the transmission of the glazing

A is the surface area of the room surfaces

Minimum Requirements

Kitchens 2%

Living Rooms 1.5%

Bedrooms 1%

Angle of Visible Sky

Calculation procedure

The Vertical Sky Component ( VSC) may be calculated using a bespoke computer program or

commercially available software such as ECOTECT. The VSC is the converted to an

equivalent angle of visible sky determined using the table in the next slide

Obstruction Angle

Limiting Depth CriteriaL/W + L/H should be less or equal to 2/1-RB;

Where;

L > is the depth or the room from the window to the back wall

W > is the width of the room, measured parallel to the window

H > is the height of the window head above the floor level

RB > is the area weighted average reflectance of the interior surfaces (walls, floor and ceiling) in the half of

the room remote from the window.

No Sky Line

All conditions need to be satisfied for good daylighting

The Average Daylight Factor is a measure of the total amount of daylight entering a room through the opening while Limiting Depth Criteria and No

Sky Line consider the distribution of daylight in the space. The Limiting Depth Criteria is determined

by the ratio between the average daylight factor in the front half of the room and the rear half. This should not exceed 3. If a significant area of the

working plane lies beyond the no sky line then the distribution of daylight in the space will look poor.

Sunlight

The Annual Probable Sunlight Hours at a given window should exceed 25% of the total available sunlight hours, at least 5% occuring during the

winter period ( Sept-March)In the case of a new building affecting an existing

building there should be no more than a 20% reduction in probable sunlight hours subject to the

above limitation

Sunlight Availability

Aerial View of SW Aylesbury Estate

Site of New Development

East View

North East View

West View

South West View

Examples of VSC and ADF Calculation

Location Existing VSC Proposed VSC Reduction factor Existing ADF Proposed ADF

13 Westmoreland Rd 31.06 18.96 0.61 2.71 1.86

15 Westmoreland Rd 30.83 18.16 0.59 3.36 2.24

17/19 Westmoreland Rd 30.61 17.98 0.59 3.37 2.25

21 Westmoreland Rd 29.87 18.03 0.66 2.61 1.81

Example of Sunlight Analysis

Location Existing % APSH Proposed %APSHSummer Winter Total Summer Winter Total

13 Westmoreland Rd 31 19 50 26 1 27


17/19 Westmoreland Rd 37 19 56 32 1 33


No Sky Line

120-138 Walworth Rd

Proposed Development

Simulation and Layout of Proposed Apartment

Daylight Factors in Proposed Apartments

Inspector's Ruling

..it is a truism that the deeper a building, the more difficult it is to ensure adequate natural lightingto the interior parts, and it is natural light that is the

root of the councils objections....I do not consider it desirable to provide kitchens

that have lttle natural light or outlook....While 'low light' kitchens may be unavoidable ..

such as in a conversion scheme....would not accord with good quality living conditions and high standards of natural light that SP poklicy seeks to

achieve..

Conclusions

● The use of the ADF formula overestimates the actual ADF if the whole window area for full height windows is used. The area of the window below the working plane should be deducted and mulitplied by between 0.1-0.2 befor adding again to window are above working plane

● Distribution criteria ( limiting depth/no sky line) should not be ignored

● Kitchens ( even small kitchens) should not be denied daylight)

L. Poulsen Densification

PREA Workshop 2007

PREA: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP 11-13 October 2007 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PRIORITIES IN RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INITIATIVES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA DENSIFICATION: DESIGN ISSUES FOR URBAN ENVIRONMENTS South African cities display many of the characteristics of western cities. A CBD with adjacent high-density high-rise flatland neighbourhoods surrounded by suburban sprawl and subsequent decentralised commercial nodes, but have the added characteristics of the racially segregated apartheid city. A journey through the South African city traverses extreme models of housing and urban neighbourhoods. From enormous houses with vast landscaped gardens in tree lined avenues, to shacks sitting shoulder to shoulder separated by muddy paths. From high-rise high-density blocks of flats in the inner city, to low-rise suburban sprawl and on the periphery semi rural properties being transformed into medium density cluster developments. Despite the impressive delivery of around 1.7 million houses in South Africa since 1994, the housing backlog and demand for new housing is increasing due to natural population growth, continuing migration to the larger cities, urbanised household formations that tend to be smaller than the previous extended family structure and the increase in child headed households as a result of the Aids pandemic. Low-income housing developments since 1994 have entrenched the fragmentation and segregation of the apartheid city. New RDP housing developments have tended to perpetuate the patterns of apartheid planning providing low-density matchbox houses in monotonous suburban layouts that continue to locate the poorest furthest from the benefits of urbanity. Whilst wealthy and middle income households have had some measure of choice since the group areas act was removed, the poor have largely remained in the designated low income townships of the apartheid plan. Housing provision in most cities has focussed on the delivery of houses at the expense of other forms of tenure and types of accommodation. This is borne out by the increasing demand for rental units provided both by the private sector and by the social housing institutions. In addition, a high demand for rental rooms is supported by the fact that the old hostel accommodation tends to be oversubscribed and the increasing provision of rooms and shacks in the backyards of township houses. Backyard shacks and rooms delivered by small home owner landlords have provided a substantial proportion of accommodation in the city utilising the township house or RDP house as an income generating resource. These rooms are the only affordable accommodation for many poor people who are either unemployed, rely on temporary employment or who operate in the informal sector. During the Apartheid era public sector planning departments determined the growth and form of the city through planning processes and controls which ensured the spatial pattern utilising the Group Areas Act and modernist theories of planned neighbourhoods. The role of city planning departments appears to have diminished despite extensive processes to produce Local Integrated Development Plans. City expansion is being dominated by private developers with the sole objective of profit, who buy up land in an ad hoc manner with little concern for the creation of urban environments that have a life beyond the next development. The city planners are then left with the task of retrofitting some sense of urbanity and coherence. The city no longer consists of an integrated network of streets and neighbourhoods but rather a set of arterial roads giving access to a proliferation of medium

L. Poulsen Densification

PREA Workshop 2007

density cluster developments enclosed by high walls and security fences. Private developers trade on the paranoia associated crime to sell these safe and secure gated communities. Entry and exit occurs via private car with no chance encounters outside of the gated community. The only pedestrian activity in the roads is that of domestic workers walking to the nearest taxi stop. The problems of excessively low residential densities are of increasing concern to South African policy makers. Yet very few strategies have been devised to address the density challenge. Policy focus on promoting higher residential densities is primarily through the development of social housing – or subsidised rental housing. This often takes the form of 3 to 4 story walk-up flats. This presentation sets out a number of typological alternatives which can achieve medium residential densities at significantly lower costs – and which can provide a range of affordable tenure options, both freehold and rental. These typological alternatives are drawn from international best practice and from local examples, exploring both housing typologies that have been delivered through formal housing delivery mechanisms and through organic informal housing processes. The presentation analyses both the spatial and non-spatial problems associated with the government's housing subsidy programme and then focuses on the design issues that arise when designing at higher densities such as:

• Strategic placing of the unit; • Accommodating additions to the initial unit; • Utilising the site effectively to ensure adequate outdoor space; • Enabling occupation by a number of households; • Accommodating home-businesses; • Contributing to streetscape; and • Balancing public and private space.

The objective of the presentation is to demonstrate that delivering housing at higher densities does not have to compromise the quality of the personal living space or the urban environment of the residential area. However, medium density housing does require careful design consideration at all scales from the private to the public and there are consequences for the provision of infrastructure and social amenities. Prof Lone Poulsen School of Architecture and Planning Wits University

October 12th, 2007PREA – Promoting Renewable Energies in AfricaPREA International Workshop, Stellenbosch

© 2007, University of Dortmund, Germany

Slide 1

The Educational Programme of PREA

October 12th , 2007

Socioeconomic Priorities in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Initiatives in the Built Environment in South Africa



Slide 2

Outline

1. PREA project

2. The educational programme

3. The workshop series

4. MSc courses

5. E-learning packages

6. General ideas of PREA



Slide 3

PREA ProjectIs a joint programme of

• Four European Universities• London metropolitan University

• Dortmund University

• University of La Rochelle

• University of Athens

• Three African Universities

• Uganda Martyrs University

• University of Dar es Salaam

• University of Witwatersrand

• ISES (International Solar Energy Society)

Partly sponsored by the EU and national agencies



Slide 4

The educational programme

Three pillars

• Workshops

• MSc courses

• E-learning materials



Slide 5

The workshop series

• Two series of workshops

• Held 2006 and 2007

• In Tanzania, Uganda and South Africa

• Topic: Sustainable and Energy EfficientBuilding in Africa

• Target group: professionals

decision makers

representatives of local government



Slide 6

MSc courses

To be established at the three African partner universities

• Based on existing teaching modules from European universities

• Adaptation of material to local situation

• Integration in existing teaching structure

• Exchange of staff and students



Slide 7

E-learning packages

• Make material available for everybody

• Sustainability

• worldwide dissemination



Slide 8

General ideas of PREA

• Make knowledge available to everybody

• Use all possible dissemination activities

• Make the principals of PREA part of national educational programmes

• Make materials available for everybody

• Sensitize people for ideas of PREA

• Sustainability: national universities carry on the MSc courses and e-learning material is available



Slide 9

Become an ambassador of PREA!

Thank you very much

Socioeconomic Priorities in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Initiatives in the Built Environment in South Africa

ting please!

Curriculum Vitae

Roswitha Piesch

Date of Birth: 01.07.58

Place of Birth: Cologne, Germany Professional Education: 1977 – 1984: MSc in Agricultural Science, University of Bonn, Germany …….

Professional Experience:

Since May 2007: Project co-ordinator for PREA, curriculum development; Joint master programmes with African universities, development of e-learning materials 2005 – 2007: EU-Asia Link Project:: Urban Poverty Alleviation: "New Approaches and Techniques in Urban Management", development of curriculum and e-learning materials. Lectures in Nepal 1991- 2004: deputy of SPRING MSc programme; senior lecturer at the SPRING programme in project planning and management, Alumni coordinator ….. Conference Papers Beijing, 2005: ” EU ASIA link: An international curriculum for urban planning and management” presented at:” Spring Alumni Conference in China Recent Publications: Curriculum Development for Urban Planning and Management with a special emphasis on Poverty Alleviation, Piesch, R. et al. Enschede, 2005 Asiatische und europäische Hochschulen entwickeln internationales Curriculum für Stadtplanung in: DAAD China Info 1/2005, S.22 The Guide for Community Based Environmental Management Systems, Piesch R. et al. (eds.); SPRING Research Series No 26, Dortmund, 2000

1

March 27 2006 PREA: KICK-OFF WORKSHOPUNIVERSITY OF DORTMUND

TOWARDS WITS-MSC-CURRICULUM IN SUSTAINABILITY AND THE BUILT

ENVIRONMENT WITH ENERGY AS KEY FOCUS AREA

PRESENTED AT 2ND-PREA WORKSHOPSUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTE, LYNEDOCH,

STELLENBOSCH

BYDr. Daniel K. Irurah

PREA-WITS Project LeaderSchool of Architecture and Planning (WITS)

October 12, 2007


OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• THE CONTEXT

• EXISTING OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN ARCHITECTURE

• ENVISAGED OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH SHORT CERTIFICATE AND CPD-COURSES

• TOWARDS AN MSC IN SUSTAINABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

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THE CONTEXT

UNDERSTANDING AND COMPETENCIES FOR THE TRI-ENERGY CHALLENGE FOR SETTLEMENTS IN DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES• To facilitate access to adequate/safe energy for socio-economic development (link to MDGs) in face of rapid urbanisation

• To ensure this is achieved through resource-and environmentally-sustainable means

• To ensure this is achieved through more equitable means in regards to regions, race, gender generations etc


EXISTING OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN WITS-

ARCHITECTURE

Three-Degrees Programme Towards Professional-Graduate Qualification

• 3-Year BAS – Bachelor of Architectural Studies (Through design and Construction)

• 1-Year BAS(Hons) (Through design and Construction)

• 1-Year M.Arch (Prof: Design-Thesis Focus)

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EXISTING OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN ARCHITECTURE

Several Options in Post-Graduate Programmes

• M.Arch (Academic - 2-Year Minimum: By Research and Thesis: With sustainability/energy efficiency focus Open)

• MSC-Housing (Course-Work and Research Report: With Sustainability in Housing Module: Open)

• PhD (3-Year Minimum: By Research and Thesis: With sustainability/energy efficiency focus Open)


ENVISAGED OPPORTUNITIES UNDER PREA: INTER-DISCIPLINARY LEARNING/TEACHING AS KEY STRATEGY

OPEN-SHORT CERTIFICATE COURSES AND MODULES WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS STELLENBOSCH

OPEN-SHORT CERTIFICATE COURSES AND MODULES WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS STELLENBOSCH

POSTGRADUATE OFFERINGS IN ENERGY AND BUILDINGS UNDER PREA PROJECT

POSTGRADUATE OFFERINGS IN ENERGY AND BUILDINGS UNDER PREA PROJECTDESIGN/CONSTRUCTION

APPLICATION MODULES:BAS(HONS), MARCH (PROF), MARCH(HOUS)

DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION MODULES:BAS(HONS), MARCH (PROF), MARCH(HOUS)

MASTERS AND PHD BY RESEARCH AND THESISMASTERS AND PHD BY RESEARCH AND THESIS

CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOP (CPD) COURSESCONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOP (CPD) COURSESDemonstrated through

design and construction course outcomes as well as related research reports (written thesis in M.Arch(Prof) and BAS(Hons) as well as Hons-Level Research Report: Internal resources of School with systematic industry collaborationHons: Arch417: 35 students

Arch419: 10 studentsMArch (Thes): 5 studentsMArch (Hsg): 5 students

Through research and thesis: Ongoing examples include research on: Labelling for energy efficiency in commercial buildings, sustainability assessment tools (with energy as one of the issues), green finance in energy efficient low-cost housing etc. Mainly based on School’s internal resources, but could open to industry collaborationMArch: 1 student/year graduatingPhD: 1 student/year graduating

New opportunity within an established professional framework:Based on School’s resources, but supplemented with:

-WITS’ Enterprise marketing support

-Industry sponsorship (glass, insulation, solar water, PV etc)

-Professional body (SAIA etc)

1or 2 certificate course/yearApprox: 20 – 30 participants/course

New opportunity within a growing field: Renewable energy and energy efficiencyBased on School’s resources, but supplemented with:

-WITS’ Enterprise marketing support

-Industry sponsorship (glass, insulation, solar water, PV etc)-Industry bodies: SESSA, TIASA etc)

-Additional donor funding

1or 2 modules/certificate courses/yearApprox: 20 – 30 participants/course

OPEN SHORT-COURSES: INITIALLY TO START AS COLLABORATIVELY DELIVERED

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ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES: The Scoping Module (with US/SI)

DEFINITION: Urban-system which equitably support/facilitate the minimal/zero-carbon lifestyle-goals of its organizational and human residents

BUILDING SCALE:(Commercial and Residential)

INDUSTRIAL(Industrial efficiency and ecology:

Out of scope of this module)CITY SCALE

EMBODIED ENERGY (INDIRECT: production process)

OPERATIONAL ENERGY (DIRECT:

use/operational)

TRANSPORT (commuting, distribution)

URBAN SERVICES (energy, water, sewage, waste)

URBAN FORM

LOCALISE ECONOMY

Urban/organic agriculture

Localised processingPedestrian-friendly

Smart-ITC-Optimised

MASS TRANSIT

CLEANER FUELS

(hydrogen, bio-diesel)

REDUCE, RE-USE, RECYCLE

LOCALISE ACCESS AND DISPOSAL

RENEWABLE/CLEANER ENERGY SOURCES

TECHNOLOGIES, MARKETS, POLICY-INSTRUMENTS, INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES

LONG-LIFE AND RE-USE OF BUILDINGS

REUSED MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

LOW-IMPACT MATERIALS

HIGH-IMPACT BUT RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

(orientation, insulation, thermal mass, ventilation,

etc)

RENEWABLE ENERGY

(solar water heating, pvs, solar cooking, bio-fuels,

etc)


IN-DEPTH SHORT/CPD COURSESDelivered collaboratively for optimised

interdisciplinary learning

• Anchored on the four key themes:• Embodied energy• Operational energy• Transport, commuting and localising economy• Urban services and related sustainable energy opportunities

• Each theme initially structured into several modules (Short/CPD courses: 2008/2009)

• Modules later structured into MSC-Curriculum/Qualification (2009/2010)

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• Piloting the Energy Efficient Cities Module Collaboratively with University of Stellenboschand Sustainability Institute

• Each theme initially structured into several modules (Short/CPD Certificate courses: 2008/2009)

• Modules later structured into MSC-Curriculum/Qualification (2009/2010)




• Short/CPD courses open but with initial focus on Built Environment Professions competencies

• PREA-Programme facilitates module adaptation and contribution by PREA-partners

• Staff and support resources as initial constraining factors (short-to-medium term)

• To be initially run on a full-cost-recovery basis

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Southern African Solar Academy: ISES, WITS,SESSASUNNYSIDE HOTEL JOHANNESBURG, SEPTEMBER 2002

BUILDING ON A SOLID TRACK RECORD

Holcim Awards for Sustainable ConstructionAfrica Middle East Awards Ceremony: Sandton Johannesburg

Curriculum Vitae

Daniel K. Irurah

Date of Birth: 12-12-1958

Place of Birth: Kenya Professional Education: 1995 – 1997: PhD – University of Pretoria, South Africa 1989 – 1991: M.Arch., MUP, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA 1979 – 1985: B.Arch(Hons), University of Nairobi, Kenya

Professional Experience:

1998 – Present: Senior Lecturer, Sustainability and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand

1995 – 1998: Part-Time lecturer and Research Assistant, University of Pretoria, South Africa

1991 – 1994: Lecturer, Department of Architecture, University of Nairobi, Kenya

1989 – 1991: Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of Architecture, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA 1985 – 1989: Graduate Architect (various practices in Nairobi, Kenya) Conference Papers Loots, M. J. and Irurah, D. K. (2005). Towards integration of sustainability performance

assessment outcomes into design decision-making processes for buildings in Southern Africa. Peer-reviewed paper presented at the Sustainable Buildings Conference 2005 (SB05-Conference), Tokyo. September 27 – 29, 2005.

Recent Publications: Irurah, D., Malbert, B., Karam A., Castel, P., Keiner, M., and Carvic, B. I. (2004). Opportunities

and strategies for sustainable urban development. In Keiner, M. (Ed). Designing, measuring and implementing sustainable urban development in Johannesburg, Gaborone and Santiago de Chile. Dordrecht, Kluwer Publishesrs. p. 115 – 156.

Irurah, D. K. and Boshoff, B. 2003. An interpretation of sustainable development and urban

sustainability in low-cost housing and settlements in South Africa. In Harrison, P., Huchzermeyer, M. and Mayekiso, M. Confronting fragmentation: Housing and urban development in a democratising society. Cape Town. UCT Press. pp. 244 – 262.

Masters of Science in RE at UDSM

PREA Workshop 2007

PROGRAMME FOR MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN RENEWABLE ENERGY

AT THE UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM The College of Engineering and Technology of the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania has

decided to develop an M.Sc. in Renewable Energy Engineering TO BE HOSTED AT THE

Department of Energy Engineering. The course will be multidisciplinary in nature. This will

encompass students coming from Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering

Architecture, Town Planning, and other Applied and Basic Sciences. The programme structure is

proposed to run on a modular system, each module having 3 units. A total of ten course modules

will be offered as compulsory before specialization. The program shall consist of coursework and

dissertation with aduration of 18 Months. The time for the dissertation phase shall be 6 months. The

unit system shall be used to gauge the workload involved in a programme. One unit of coursework

shall imply 15 contact hours. A minimum of 42 units shall be obtained out of which, 30 units are

obtained from core courses and the rest 12 units from a specialized option, to satisfy the coursework

requirement before proceeding to the dissertation phase, unless otherwise stated. There will be

Compulsory General Courses, Bioenergy Specialization, Solar Energy Specialization,

Hydropower Specialization and Energy Efficiency in Buildings Specialisation.

The course is still under the scrutiny of the decision bodies and the course is now scheduled to take off in February 2008. Compulsory General Courses

Code Title LH PH CH CU

DP 6 03 Electrical Energy Systems 45 0 45 3 WR 640 Hydropower 40 10 45 3 EN 601 Bioenergy 40 10 45 3 EN 602 Solar Energy 40 10 45 3 MT 601 Mathematical Analysis 45 0 45 3 EN 619 Other Forms of Renewable Energy 45 0 45 3 MG 632 Entrepreneurship Development 45 0 45 3 MG 623 Project Management 45 0 45 3 EN 618 Energy Policy and Planning 45 0 45 3 EN 617 Optimization of Energy Systems 45 0 45 3 MG 602 Statistics and Research Methods 45 0 45 3

Compulsory Courses for each specialization

Code Title LH PH CH CU

Bioenergy Specialization

EN 616 Thermochemical Conversion Processes 40 10 45 3 EN 615 Biochemical Conversion Processes 40 10 45 3 EN 629 Plant Design and Modeling 40 10 45 3

Masters of Science in RE at UDSM

PREA Workshop 2007

Solar Energy Specialization

DP 613 Solar Cell Technology 40 10 45 3 DP 670 Electrical Energy Conversion in PV systems 40 10 45 3 EN 628 Solar Thermal Technology 40 10 45 3

Hydropower Specialization

EN 627 Hydropower Mechanical Equipment 35 5 37.5 2.5 WR 643 Hydraulic Structures in Hydropower 35 5 37.5 2.5 DP 671 Hydropower Electrical Equipment 25 10 30 2 WR 642 Development of Small Hydropower 25 10 30 2 Energy Efficiency in Buildings Specialisation

SD 681 Heat Transfer and thermal Insulation in Buildings 40 10 45 3

SD 682 Low Energy Architecture 40 10 45 3 SD 683 Energy, Comfort and Buildings 40 10 45 3 Total Units for each Specialization 9 Dissertation

EN 699 Dissertation 6 SD 699 Dissertation 6 DP 699 Dissertation 6 WR 699 Dissertation 6

Documents

PREA workshop materials South Africa