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Pre-service Pre-service teachers’ interest teachers’ interest in ELT in ELT researchresearch
Haedong Kim
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Korea)Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Korea)
ContentContent
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction
2.2. Literature ReviewLiterature Review
3.3. Research Method Research Method
4.4. ResultsResults
5. ConclusionConclusion
The definition of research
• Research is a process of formulating questions, problems, or hypothesis; collecting data or evidence relevant to these questions/ problems/ hypothesis; and analyzing or interpreting these data.
• A career move. • Personal interest. • Following someone’s example. • Because other people expect you to do
research. • Avoiding the real world. • Because you can’t find a job, or know it’s
going to be hard to get one. • Developing your skills and abilities. • You enjoy doing research. • Pure vanity! • Because you like working with the
unknown.
Textbooks on ELT research•Brown, J.D. (1988). Understanding Research in Second Language Learning: A Teacher's Guide to Statistics and Research Design. Cambridge: CUP.
•Nunan, D. (1992). Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge: CUP
•McDonough, J. and McDonough, S. (1997). Research Methods for English Language Teachers. London: E Arnold.
•These books introduces research methods which are appropriate for relevant research in English language teaching (ELT). Quantitative and qualitative approaches, and the notion of the teacher-researcher are discussed.
Quantitative research
Qualitative research
Facts or cause of social phenomenaObjectiveInferential, deductiveOutcome orientedReliableGeneralization: multiple case studiesReality= stable
Understanding human behaviors.SubjectiveDescriptive, inductiveProcess-orientedValidity : rich, deep, real dataNo generalization: single case studiesReality = dynamic
Chandron’s 4 types of research
• Psychometric: data from an experiment
• Interaction analysis: recorded speech data
• Discourse analysis: classroom transcripts
• Ethnography: real world setting
Grotjahn’s research paradigm
• There are three variables.
1)Method of data collection
(experimentally or real world setting)
2) The types of data
(quantitative or qualitative)
3) The types of analysis
(statically or interpretative)
Method of data collection
The types of data
The types of analysis
Analytical-nomological paradigm
Experimental, quantitative data,
statistical analysis
Exploratory interpretive paradigm
Real world setting,
qualitative interpretative analysis,
Van Lier’s parameters
Linguistic research can be analyzed in two parameters.
1)intervention parameter
2)selectivity parameter
Brown’s Research Categorization
• Secondary Research• Primary Research• -case study / statistical study• Systematic research• logical research• tangible research• replicable research• reductive research
3. Focus2.Topic 4.Product
8.refocusing/fine-tuning
6.Timing 7.Resources 5.Mode
1. Purpose
Selecting and developing a research
topic
Needs Analysis on ELT research
• No research has attempted to identify why and what teachers really want in relation to research.
Backgrounds: Subjects•Male – 4 ( 7.7%), Female – 48(92.3%)•Below 30 – 38 (73%), Over 31 – 14 (27%)• No teaching experience – 16 (31%), less than 3 years – 10 (20%), over 3 years – 6 (12%)• primary school – 3 (6%), middle school – 3 (6%), high school – 7 (14%), University – 4 (8%)
Questionnaire ContentQuestionnaire Content
1.1. Reasons for studying researchReasons for studying research
2.2. Needs: Skills in writing Needs: Skills in writing
3.3. Type of research methodType of research method
4.4. Data collection methodData collection method
5.5. Statistical knowledgeStatistical knowledge
Reason for studying research method
•
Reasons Mean SD
Writing a thesis 4.8235 .65440
Personal research 4.2692 .84286
Other’s research 3.8431 .83361
Interest 3.6667 .90921
Grade 3.3922 1.13276
Presentation 2.9804 1.40699
How to write …
•
Mean SD
Research design 4.7885 .57177
Choosing a topic 4.7500 .65305
Interpretation/Implication of the results 4.6538 .65334
Literature review 4.6538 .59027
Statistical analysis 4.4423 .80229
Writing references 4.3654 .88625
Research methods
Mean SD
Experiment 4.5000 .70014
Classroom observation 4.4423 .77746
Case study 4.3654 .90811
Interaction analysis 4.2885 .80041
Qualitative study 4.2692 .84286
Program evaluation 4.1154 .80814
Quasi- experimental 4.0769 .70977
Ethnography 3.2692 1.03119
Data Collection Method
•
Mean SD
Questionnaire design 4.7308 .56414
Field note writing 4.2692 .84286
Interview techniques 4.1154 .83205
Think- aloud 4.0769 .94653
Diary/Journal writing 3.8846 .96312
Statistical analysis
Mean SD
Item reliability check 4.6458 .56454
t- test 4.6154 .56547
Correlation coefficient check 4.6078 .60261
ANOVA 4.5769 .63697
Data coding 4.5577 .66902
Identification of variable and value 4.5192 .67127
Frequency analysis – Chi- squared test 4.4615 .69906
Factor analysis 4.3846 .74502
Regression 4.2692 .86581
–Interest, Originality, –Specificity, Publication,
–Sensitivity, Objectivity,
–Validity, Reliability,
–Falsifiability, Replicability,
–Generalizability, Utility, Ethics
Research TrainingResearch Training
Things participants should know more about (knowledge – theory):• Layout of an MA thesis (or an article) of an ELT
investigation• Ways of finding and manipulating written sources
for literature review• Relationship between the questions/hypotheses
being researched• Measurement techniques and research designs • Ways of assessing reliability and validity of
instruments• Statistical analysis appropriate for the resulting
figures
Research TrainingResearch Training
Things participants should be able to do better
(skill – practice):• Identifying researchable questions and hypotheses
and formulating them• Criticizing ELT research studies done by others (or
reported in journals)• Evaluating measuring instruments and designing a
piece of research
Research TrainingResearch Training
Things participants should be able to do better
(skill – practice):• Identifying what graph and statistical techniques are
appropriate in particular research• Using basic functions of the SPSS program
confidently to make graphs and relevant statistics• Writing up accounts of work in professional
reporting style