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Pre-history
Key Terms
• Artifacts• Culture• Hominids• Nomads• Hunter-gatherers• Agricultural
Revolution
• Domestication• Civilization• Slash-and-burn
farming
How do we know about pre-history?
Archaeologists• Search for evidence
of prehistoric people and animals
• Look for bones and artifacts
• Artifacts are human-made objects
Anthropologists• Study culture, or a
people’s unique way of life
• Examine artifacts to re-create a picture of early people’s cultural behaviors
Artifacts
Stone AgeInvention of tools, use of fire, and
development of languagePaleolithic Age• 2.5 million to 8000
B.C. (Ice Age)• Earliest stone
chopping tools
Neolithic Age• 8000 to 3000 B.C.• Polished stone tools• Pottery• Grow crops• Raise animals
Homo Sapiens
Neanderthal• 200,000 to 30,000 B.C.• Developed religious
beliefs and rituals• Resourceful, using
wood and animal bones and skin.
• Took shelter in caves to survive winter
Cro-Magnon• 40,000 to 8000 B.C.• Pre-historic humans• Skeletons identical to
modern humans• Planned their hunts,
studying animal habits• Advanced language
skills
Homo Sapiens
Neanderthal Cro-Magnon
Cave Paintings
• Oldest ones are about 35,000 years old
• Purpose of cave paintings still unknown
• In Europe and Africa they often show images of hunting and daily activities
Nomads
• People that move from place to place searching for new sources of food
• Those whose food supply depended on hunting animals and collecting plant foods are called hunter-gatherers
• Technological Revolution• Hunter-gatherers invented more than 100 more
tools, including knives, fish hooks, and needles
• Caveman Diet
Agricultural Revolution
• Occurred about 10,000 years ago• Scientists believe it may have been due to
climate change• Provided a steady source of food, instead of
always searching for food• Slash-and-burn farming is when trees and
grasses are cut down and burned to clear a field, the ash fertilizes the soil, plant crops for year or two, move to new area, trees and grasses grow back, and cycle begins over
Agricultural Revolution
• As farming grew, knowledge of the animals led to domestication, or taming, of horses, dogs, goats, and pigs
• Hunters herded animals into human-made enclosures
• Provided a constant source of food
Civilization
• As agriculture grew, so did population
• Economic changes due to irrigation systems
• The new economic systems led to social changes, forming social classes
Five Characteristics of Civilization
1. Advanced cities2. Specialized workers3. Complex institutions4. Record keeping5. Improved technology
Bronze Age
• Started around 3000 B.C.
• Discovery that melting copper and tin together made bronze
• Time when people began making tools out of bronze, instead of copper and stone
Reflection• What is meant by the term pre-
history and why were the cultures of prehistoric times not considered a civilization?