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PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR JODA
MARCH 2016
SUBMITTED TO
ODISHA URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FUND (OUIDF)
(FOR JODA MUNICIPALITY)
BY
TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED
247 PARK, 4TH FLOOR, TOWER ‘A’ L.B.S MARG, VIKHROLI (WEST)
MUMBAI- 400083
i
Page No.
SUMMARY i-vii
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Odisha Urban Infrastructure Development Fund
: 1
1.2 Project Objectives : 2
1.3 Authorization : 2
1.4 Scope of the Report : 2
1.5 Structure of the Report : 3
1.6 Acknowledgement : 3
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DETAILS 4
2.1 Need for the Project : 4
2.2 Profile of Project Area : 4
2.2.1 Profile of Joda ULB : 4
2.2.2 Location of Joda Site : 5
2.2.3 Topography of Land : 5
2.2.4 Climatic conditions (Meteorology) : 6
2.2.5 Area and Population : 6
2.2.6 Population Projections : 6
2.2.7 Population Density : 6
2.3 Current waste management Scenario : 9
2.3.1 Primary Collection : 9
2.3.2 Secondary Collection and Transportation : 10
2.4 Details on waste quantity, composition and waste generation rates
: 11
2.4.1 Waste Quantity, Composition and Waste Generation Rates in Joda
: 11
2.4.2 Gaps in waste collection : 11
2.4.3 Waste Characterization : 11
2.4.4 SWM organization : 12
2.5 Baseline Study Parameters for Study : 12
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ii
Page No.
CHAPTER 3: PROPOSED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES 13
3.1 Technical Profile : 13
3.1.1 Integrated Waste Management : 13
3.1.2 Proposed Scheme for Joda Municipality for Solid Waste Management
: 13
3.2 Waste Collection : 15
3.2.1 Primary Waste Collection : 15
3.2.2 Secondary Collection : 16
3.2.3 Construction and Demolition Waste : 17
3.2.4 E-Waste : 17
3.3 Processing Plant for Municipal wastes : 19
3.3.1 Segregation of hazardous materials : 19
3.3.2 Landfilling : 20
3.4 Process Technology : 20
3.4.1 Technology Alternatives for Waste Processing : 20
3.4.2 Selection of Technology : 21
3.4.3 Waste Management by Composting : 22
3.4.4 Windrow Composting : 22
3.4.5 Aerated Static Pile Composting : 24
3.4.6 In-Vessel Composting : 25
3.4.7 Decentralized Composting : 25
3.4.8 Vermi Composting : 25
3.4.9 Optimization of Windrow Composting Processing Facility
: 26
3.4.10 Broad Specification for the Sanitary Landfilling Facility
: 26
3.4.10.1 Liner System : 26
3.4.10.2 Leachate Collection : 28
3.4.10.3 Leachate pond : 28
3.4.10.4 Leachate Treatment : 28
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Page No.
3.4.11 Infrastructure of Processing and Land filling : 28
3.4.12 Option for Additional Technology Intervention : 29
3.4.13 Reclamation of Existing Dump yard : 29
3.4.14 Alternatives for Management of Medical Waste : 30
3.5 Resources : 32
3.5.1 Manpower : 32
3.5.2 Equipments for handling Waste, Transportation Vehicles, Infrastructure Development
: 32
3.5.2.1 Construction material : 33
3.5.2.2 Power : 33
3.5.2.3 Source of water for utilities, domestic : 33
CHAPTER 4 - SITE SELECTION 34
4.1 Land details : 34
4.2 Major techno-economic feasibility considerations : 34
4.2.1 Joda Site for Dedicated Processing & Land filling Facility
: 34
4.3 Option for Centralized Processing & Land filling for Joda-Barbil Cluster
: 35
4.3.1 Land Area Required : 35
4.3.2 Traffic Problems : 35
4.3.3 Public Resistance : 35
4.3.4 Ownership Issues : 36
4.4 Boundary Wall with Greenbelt and Landscaping : 36
4.5 Suitability of Landfill Site : 36
4.6 Suitability of Joda Landfill Site : 38
4.7 Social Aspects : 38
iv
Page No.
CHAPTER 5 - ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES : 40
5.1 Air pollution control measures : 40
5.2 Water pollution control measures : 40
5.3 Solid waste disposal : 41
5.4 Noise : 43
5.5 Ecology of the Area : 43
5.6 Green belt development : 43
5.7 Land use : 43
5.8 Design Environmental Targets : 44
5.9 Environmental Monitoring : 45
CHAPTER 6- REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT (R&R) PLAN : 46
6.1 Joda Site : 46
CHAPTER 7- PROJECT SCHEDULE & COST ESTIMATES : 47
7.1 Project Implementation Schedule : 47
7.2 Project Cost : 47
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Page No.
LIST OF FIGURES
2-1 Joda Ward Map : 7
2-2 Joda Site Location Map : 8
2-3 Topographic Land Features within a Radius of 5km from Joda Dump Site : 9
3-1 Proposed Scheme for Waste Collection, Transportation and Processing at Joda Municipality
: 14
3-2 Zone Map for Joda : 18
3-3 Process Scheme for Windrow Composting : 23
3-4 Typical Sectional Profile of Liner Systems & Leachate Collection of Sanitary Landfill
: 27
3-5 A Comparison of Waste Management System in Existing and Proposed Scenario
: 31
vi
Page No.
LIST OF TABLES
2-1 Population Projection for Joda : 6
2-1 Vehicles for Primary Collection and transportation at Joda : 10
2-3 Manpower for SWM in Joda : 12
3-1 Regulatory Guidelines of Compost Quality : 24
5-1 Environmental Mitigation Measures : 42
i
SUMMARY
This Summary presents the highlights of the proposed project for setting up of an Integrated
Municipal Solid Waste Processing and Sanitary Landfilling at Joda in the state of Odisha.
Introduction
1. The Implementation of Municipal solid Waste (MSW) Management is an important
component of the Government of India's (GoI) "Swachh Bharat Mission" (SBM) -
component IV. The Government of Odisha has set up a Trust namely "Odisha Urban
Infrastructure Development Fund (OUIDF)" in the Housing & Urban Development for the
purpose of developing and financing of these Projects.
2. OUIDF has grouped 32 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) into ten (10) clusters for preparation of
DPR for integrated solid waste management. TATA Consulting Engineers Limited (TCE)
has been appointed by OUIDF for preparation of DPR for integrated solid waste
management for Cluster VIII comprising of Joda and Barbil ULBs.
3. The objective of the project is to implement integrated solid waste management system
into action in the identified ULBs and offer the citizens of Joda a clean, healthy and safe
environment.
Project Highlights:
Project Details Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Processing and Sanitary Landfilling.
Site Joda, Keonjhar district – Odisha
Land Area Required Within the existing dump area of about 5.5 acres
Water Source Existing Municipality bore well or PHED supply.
Water Requirement About 20-30 KLD
Electrical Power Source Nearest Substation
Electrical Power Demand 100KVA
Fuels HSD for DG Set power back-up for Admin Bldg.
Employment Opportunity About 20-25 persons (direct)
Capital Investment (INR) About 6.74 Crores for Composting & Land filling (phase I)
Additional Environmental Mitigation Cost (INR)
In the tune of 60 lakhs
ii
Project Details
4. Joda is a Municipality in Barbil Tehsil of Champua Sub-division in Kendujhar (Keonjhar)
district of Odisha. Joda has a population of 46,681 (as per Census 2011) with 10,697
households within its 14 wards. It is at a distance of about 15km Barbil Municipality.
5. Joda is famous for its rich iron and manganese mine deposits. There are 31 slums and 6
revenue villages under Joda Municipality. The area under the municipality is about 26.5
sq. km. The slum population is about 70 percent.
6. The estimated collection of municipal solid waste is in the tune of 14 TPD from all sources.
7. The primary and secondary waste collection in Joda is primarily outsourced to external
agencies with a central supervisory manpower under the respective Municipalities. Main
infrastructure available for primary collection and transportation are Tricycle, Push Cart
Carriers and tractors.
8. The area acquired by the Municipality for dumpsite is about 5.53 acres. This land is under
the possession of Joda Municipality and is already being used for open dumping of mixed
municipal solid wastes generated within Joda ULB.
9. The study area of Joda is located within 22000’00’’ to 22002’30’’ latitude and 85025’00’’ to
85027’30’’ longitude. The MSL of the site varies between 459 - 465 m. The Dumping site is
located in ward no. 6 near Bachuhutting, which is in the south direction and is beyond 500
m. In the adjacent dumpsite area the principal drainage channel, Sona River is flowing in
the west at a distance of about 50 metres. Railway line in SE railway from Barbil to
Banspani is adjacent to the landfill site in the eastern direction. Bhadrasahi airstrip, which
is used for occasional small business flight operations is at a distance of about 7 km NW
from this site.
10. Ground water in Joda varies from about 3-6 m below ground level in post-monsoon and
winter season.
11. As per the Climatological Normal of IMD of Keonjhar observatory, the highest temperature
recorded is around 41.80C in May and the lowest temperature recorded is 8.20C recorded
in the month of January. The average relative humidity is around 70% and the total annual
rainfall is about 1284 mm. The mean wind speed is 4.8 km per hr. The predominant wind
directions are from W and NE.
12. The population density for Joda is around 1762 per sq km.
iii
13. After survey and estimation it appears that the total municipal solid waste generation from
all sources in Joda in 2016 is about 14 TPD. This is estimated to go up to 21 TPD in 2032
.
Sl. No.
ULB Waste Generation (TPD)
2018 2022 2027 2032
1. Joda 15 17 19 21
14. Physical characterization of municipal solid waste sampling carried out indicates a waste
composition of 37-45% of compostable matter, recyclables of 12-15% and inert matter of
40-45%.
15. Chemical characterization indicates C/N ratio ranging from 21-31 and calorific value of
mixed dumpsite wastes is found to be in the range of 1180-1310 Kcal/kg.
16. The presence of toxic elements like lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic, cadmium etc. are
found to be in the range of 0.011-8.4 mg/kg which are well within the permissible limits of
Schedule II Class A and Class B of Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and
Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 vide MoEFCC, GOI notification dated 24th
September, 2008.
17. EIA study for the Processing Plant and Sanitary landfilling would be carried out by
conducting base line study of one dry month.
18. Baseline data would be collected as per stipulated guidelines within the study area of 5 km
radius around the proposed site which shall include micro-meteorology, ambient air
environment, surface and ground water quality, ambient noise quality, land environment,
ecological environment and socio-economic environment.
Proposed Solid Waste Management Facilities
19. The predominance of food waste compounded by horticultural waste would drive the
choice of technology more towards biological processing i.e. composting. Good C/N ratio
and lean calorific value of wastes probably indicate composting as the preferred choice of
technology for waste processing for Joda.
20. Composting of municipal waste can be broadly classified in five (5) categories namely,
wind row composting, aerated static pile composting, in-vessel composting, decentralized
composting and vermin-composting.
iv
21. The suitable technology of choice for composting in Joda would be windrow composting
due to lower capital investment and operational costs as compared to other composting
technologies combined with large scale success of this technology across India.
22. Processing of waste is necessary for recovery of recyclable materials. The centralized
processing Plant would receive segregated waste in wet, dry and mixed form. The dry
waste processing would utilize manual labour or equipment that separate material into
various streams e.g. fibre, paper, plastic, containers etc. for disposing same to designated
pool of recyclers.
23. The wet waste collected in the segregated form from primary and secondary collection
stations would be pre-processed before sending for wind row composting.
24. The processing facility would be complete with pre-sorting material handling equipment,
various size reduction facilities for metal cans, plastic bottles etc. The processing facility
would also comprise of pollution control equipment and other equipments e.g. fixed
storage bins, truck scale, belt scale etc.
25. The recoverable hazardous items would be disposed of to recycling agencies or sent to
secured land fill after sorting out carefully from the dry and wet waste segregation lines.
The rejects after processing would be stored in a separate place for placing it in a secured
landfill with proper liner systems. There would be leachate collection and treatment system
with evaporation ponds for management of the leachate generated within the landfill
facility.
26. It is estimated that about 40-45% of the total waste generation would be rejects or wastes
in the real term, which need to be land filled in a proper manner. The secured waste
landfill area shall be designed for an initial period of 10-12 years of storage to be later
expanded to 25 years based on area availability. The total landfill area would be divided in
separate phases of 5-7 years each.
27. The processing and land filling facility at Joda would be complete with peripheral access
roads within the site, approach road to the landfill site upto the processing plant, security
office, weigh bridge & control building, water supply facilities, power and lighting system,
communication system, sewage system, fire-fighting system, tyre cleaning system, garage
and workshop, administration office and laboratory, 4 m high compound wall all along the
property line with barbed wire fencing with 3-5 m wide peripheral greenbelt. The coverage
of greenbelt has been estimated to be about 12% of the total area.
v
28. The physical infrastructure components in the primary and secondary collection and
transportation services include the procurement of tricycles, Household Bins, Community
Bins, Tata Ace tippers and garbage compactors for transportation of MSW from various
wards.
29. With the increase in population the waste generation would also increase which would in
turn require larger number infrastructure components for collection and transport of the
waste.
30. The available landfill area can accommodate additional space for waste storage, if the
rejects fraction of the recyclable wastes in the tune of about 15% is subjected to RDF
technology for manufacture of RDF pellets.
31. The existing dump material in Joda is scattered indiscriminately. As soon as the layout for
the proposed processing and landfilling shall be finalized, an area shall be demarcated to
store the waste already dumped and strewn around the site.
32. It is estimated that about 3000-4000 TPD of waste has been dumped so far in last 10
years in the dumpsite. The ULB has to take initiatives to remove the already dumped
mixed waste and store at a designated area within the facility.
33. The manpower would be ensured for smooth functioning of the activities involved in waste
collection, transportation, processing and land filling operations of designated Contractor
Agencies or BOO-BOOT operators as applicable on a day to day basis.
Site Selection and Social Aspects
34. The site is presently used for dumping of mixed wastes. The site has Authorizations from
OSPCB to set up waste processing facility.
35. Considering Joda and Barbil as cluster towns it would be more convenient if a suitable
land for siting a centralized waste processing and sanitary landfilling facility catering to
both the ULBs could be found out.
36. No central site for waste processing and land filling for Joda and Barbil could be found out
as this would have required about 15 acres land.
37. There are other disadvantages of central processing and landfill site for this cluster
including the significant reason of waste transportation problems due to heavy traffic on
the road connecting Joda and Barbil, the region being an iron-ore deposit zone.
vi
38. Keeping in with the provisions of the siting guidelines, the site at Joda more or less
qualifies with the stated conditions critical of which is nearness to human habitations. The
processing and land filling facility would be 500 m away from nearest human habitations.
39. Living conditions of nearby settlements would be improved by setting up of this project
facility and also facilitate prevention of water borne diseases to significant extent. It is
expected that due to coordinated efforts of municipality, NGOs and SHGs the socio-
economic conditions of rag-pickers’ families would also be significantly improved.
40. The setting up of composting and landfilling project would help in direct employment of
about 20 - 25 persons. Apart from this there would be employment of additional
employment of 200 odd as contractual skilled and semi-skilled workers for primary and
secondary waste collection, road sweeping, drain cleaning etc. due to the proposed
integrated solid waste management operation.
Environmental Protection Measures
41. The proposed project shall abide by the design environmental guidelines as laid down in
CPCB manual and MSW Rules (Mgmt. & Handling), 2000 and 2015 (vetted), GOI and
prevailing environmental quality at the respective sites.
42. Environment Protection measures regarding air, water, solid waste, noise, land use due to
the proposed project during construction and operational phases would be accounted.
Internal roads would be bitumen covered to reduce fugitive dust emissions.
43. Leachate generated at various places in the plant would be in the range of 4-4.5 cum/hr.
This would be collected and properly treated in an ETP. Sanitary landfilling would be
adopted for rejects generated from processing, ETP sludge and evaporation pond settled
particulates.
44. Site clearing or operational activities would not impact the ecology of the area adversely,
since there are no known rare, endangered or ecologically significant animal and plant
species in the area.
45. The proposed project would be developed on the existing waste disposal site. Hence, no
change in the land use of the site due to the proposed project would be anticipated.
46. Monitoring for air quality parameters as per NAAQS 2009 and surface water quality would
be carried out on a six monthly basis. The ground water quality monitoring in 5 permanent
vii
monitoring wells within a perimeter of 50 m from the landfill would be carried out quarterly
once.
Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) Plan
47. Proposed project site in Joda is located in ward No. 6 near Bachuhutting. This land is
under the possession of Joda Municipality and is already being used for open dumping of
mixed municipal solid wastes generated within Joda ULB. There are no settlements within
the acquired site. All R&R issues have been already settled by Joda Municipality.
48. The Joda municipality is in possession of Authorization Order from OSPCB to use the land
as dumping ground for MSW. The Joda Municipality is also in possession of the
authorization to set up a waste processing and disposal facility vide OSPCB letter dated
5th December 2013 with a validity of the authorization up to 31st March 2018.
Project Schedule & Cost Estimates
49. The whole project is estimated to be completed in about 12 months following approval of
DPR and 6.5 months from obtaining environmental clearance whichever is later. It is
envisaged that the proposed facility would be operational from January 2018.
50. The estimated CAPEX for the centralized composting and landfilling plant facility would be
about Rs 6.74 Crores for the year 2015- 2016, although this will be operational from 2018.
The cost for environmental monitoring would be around 8 lakhs per annum. However, the
additional estimated cost of EMP for addressing environmental concerns arising due to
setting up of this project would be in the tune of 60 lakhs comprising of ETP for leachate
treatment and permanent groundwater monitoring wells.
1
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to a systematic process that
comprises of storage, collection, transportation, processing and disposal of solid
refuse residuals in an engineered sanitary landfill.
Effective solid waste management has the following benefits:
- It prevents contamination of water and soil;
- Reduces waste sent to the landfill, which may have negative impacts on
groundwater and air quality;
- Reduce emissions from energy consumption, as waste when recycled
requires less energy than making goods from virgin materials thereby
reducing the energy demand and pressure on non renewable sources;
- Contributes to Climate Change by reducing methane emissions from landfills.
Waste prevention and recycling (including composting) divert organic wastes
from landfills, reducing the methane released when these materials
decompose.
- Reduction in quantum of waste by diverting it to recycling and other
processing unit reduces the landfill costs;
- An effective waste management implies the concept of 3Rs e.g. reduce,
reuse and recycle waste matter leading to introduction of more and more of
waste matter into the value chain leading to economic benefits;
- Waste management being a labour intensive activity, it helps in employment
generation.
The Implementation of Municipal solid Waste (MSW) Management is an important
component of the Government of India's (GoI) "Swachh Bharat Mission" (SBM) -
component IV.
1.1 Odisha Urban Infrastructure Development Fund
The Government of Odisha has set up a Trust namely "Odisha Urban Infrastructure
Development Fund (OUIDF)" in the Housing & Urban Development for the purpose
of developing and financing Infrastructure Projects under taken by Urban Local
Bodies, Statutory Bodies, Public Sector Undertakings and Private Investors and
attract inter alia, investments, professional advice from institutions for financing
Infrastructure Projects.
2
1.2 Project Objectives
The current system of Solid Waste Management (SWM) in most of the ULBs in
Odisha is that door to door collection of waste, collection from market and from
community bins, transportation and disposal at the dump yard is being carried out
without any processing or treatment. This has led to environmental degradation, air
pollution, surface and ground water contamination and poses grave health hazards.
The objective of the project is to implement solid waste management practices into
action in the identified ULBs and offer to the citizens of the state a clean, healthy and
safe environment. As a first step in this direction, OUIDF intends to hire consulting
service providers to design a SWM scheme customized to the requirements of the
identified Clusters. The SWM system would be in line with Integrated Municipal Solid
Waste Management (ISWM) practices and adhering to the local regulations and
professional best practices.
TATA Consulting Engineers Limited (TCE) has been appointed by OUIDF for
preparation of DPR for integrated solid waste management for Cluster VIII
comprising of Joda and Barbil ULBs.
1.3 Authorization
OUIDF with their LoA no. 491/OUIDF (OUIDF - 74/2014) dt. 24-08- 2015 appointed
TCE for preparation of PFR and DPR for integrated solid waste management for
Cluster VIII (Joda and Barbil ULBs). Environmental Clearance for the proposed
projects also needs to be obtained for the respective ULBs from the SEIAA,
Government of Odisha.
1.4 Scope of the Report
This Report presents the present and proposed municipal solid waste management
system at Joda. This Report is prepared for submission of Form-I application to
SEIAA for obtaining Environmental Clearance as per the guidelines of EIA
Notification, 2006 of MoEFCC, GOI.
3
1.5 Structure of the Report
This Report is presented in seven (7) chapters. The structure of this Report is as per
the guidelines of MoEFCC and Technical EIA Guidance Manual for Common
Municipal Solid Waste Management Facilities, ILFS, September, 2010. Following this
Introduction Chapter, Chapter 2 presents the Project Details; Chapter 3 presents
the Proposed Solid Waste Management Facilities; Chapter 4 presents the Site
Selection; Chapter 5 presents the Environmental Mitigation Measures. Chapter-6
and Chapter-7 highlights the R&R aspects and project cost respectively.
1.6 Acknowledgement
Consultant acknowledges the all round cooperation extended by the authorities of
Joda Municipality in carrying out the basic study. Consultant also acknowledges the
advice and directions provided by OUIDF from time to time for successfully
conducting the study.
4
CHAPTER 2- PROJECT DETAILS
This Chapter describes the existing waste management scenario, details of waste
quantity, composition and waste generation rates in Joda.
2.1 Need for the Project
At present the MSW disposal is carried out in an unscientific manner by open disposal
of mixed waste. The Implementation of MSW Management is also an important
component of the Government of India's (GoI) "Swachh Bharat Mission" (SBM) -
component IV in 2014.
The Government of Odisha thus proposes to strengthen the MSWM system covering
collection, segregation, recycling, transportation processing and disposal in 32 ULBs
so as to comply with the service level Benchmarks of the GoI and also to meet its goal
of maintaining growth rates without jeopardizing the environment and its natural
resources. The setting up of proposed project at Joda, which is one of the 32 ULBs is
aimed at fulfilling the above objectives.
2.2 Profile of Project Area
The project area consists of Joda Municipality in Keonjhar district of Odisha. Joda is
important due to the presence of iron ore deposits and a concentration of small to large
scale mining industries.
2.2.1 Profile of Joda ULB
Joda is a Municipality in Barbil Tehsil of Champua Sub-division in Kendujhar (Keonjhar)
district of Odisha. It has a tribal population of 30%. Joda is famous for its rich iron and
manganese mine deposits. Both minerals are exported to China and Korea through
Haldia port near Kolkata and Paradip port near Bhubaneswar. Joda got municipal
status in 1993. Joda has a population of 46,681 (as per Census 2011) with 10,697
households. Joda is about 15 kms from Barbil. Joda is located at a distance of 260 km
from state capital Bhubaneswar. The nearest railway station is at Banspani at a
distance of about 4 km from the dumpsite and the Barbil railway station is at a distance
of about 7.1 km from Joda. Ranchi Airport at Jharkhand is located at a distance of
about 256 km by road and Bhubaneswar Airport in Odisha is located at a distance of
266 km from Joda by road. Joda municipality has 14 wards. Sona River, the major
surface water stream passes through Ward Nos. 1,3,4,5 6, 7, 10 and 14. There are 31
5
slums and 6 revenue villages under Joda Municipality. The area under the municipality
is about 26.5 sq. km. The population projection would be in the tune of 70,000 in 2030.
2.2.2 Location of Joda Site
Project site in Joda is located in ward no. 6 near Bachuhutting within 22000’00’’ to
22002’30’’ latitude and 85025’00’’ to 85027’30’’ longitude in Barbil Tehsil of Champua
Sub-division in Kendujhar (Keonjhar) district of Odisha.
The area acquired by the Municipality for dumpsite is about 6 acres. A survey of the
land area has been carried out in the present study which indicates an available land
area of about 5.53 acres. The site comes under Seismic Zone-II i.e. low damage risk
zone. Occurrence of flood is not envisaged.
This land is under the possession of Joda Municipality and is already being used for
open dumping of mixed municipal solid wastes generated within Joda ULB.
Railway line in SE railway from Barbil to Banspani is however, adjacent to the landfill
site in the eastern direction. Bhadrasahi airstrip, which is used for occasional small
business flight operations is at a distance of 7 km NW from this site. The waste
dumping site for TSL is near Manmora and the area of the dumping site is around 2
acres. The site has been in use for the past 5 years. The nearest settlement of existing
Joda dump site is Bacchu Hutting in the south direction and is beyond 500 m.
The Ward Map and Site Location Map is as shown in Fig 2-1 and 2-2 on pages 7 and 8
respectively.
2.2.3 Topography of Land
The topography of the land area is moderately undulating. The MSL of the site varies
between 459 - 465 m. The Sona River is flowing in the west at a distance of about 50
metres which is the principal drainage channel for storm water in the adjacent area. The
site is surrounded by hills on the NW which are mainly iron ore deposits. The general
elevation of the study area within 5 km radius is varying from 400-720 m above msl. In
the South is the Baitarani Reserved Forest which is mainly occupied by the mining
industry as the area is rich in iron and manganese deposits. The topographical map of
Joda showing the study area within 5 km radius of proposed project site is presented in
Fig 2-3 on page 9
6
2.2.4 Climatic conditions (Meteorology)
As per the Climatological Normal of IMD of Keonjhar observatory, the highest
temperature recorded is around 41.80C in May and the lowest temperature recorded is
8.20C recorded in the month of January. The average relative humidity is around 70%
and the total annual rainfall is about 1284 mm. The mean wind speed is 4.8 km per hr.
The predominant wind directions are from W and NE.
2.2.5 Area and Population
Joda has a population of 46,681 (as per Census 2011) with 10,697 households. The
Joda ULB is divided into 4 zones. Ward Nos. 1,2,3,4 are in Zone 1, ward Nos. 6, 7, 8
are in Zone 2, ward Nos. 5,9,11 are in Zone 3 and Ward Nos. 12, 13, 14 are in Zone 4.
There are 31 slums and 6 revenue villages under Joda Municipality. As per Census
2011, the slum population is around 33641 with 6728 households. The area under the
municipality is about 26.5 sq. km. The estimated collection of municipal solid waste as
furnished by Joda Municipality is in the tune of 16 TPD from all sources.
2.2.6 Population Projections
The population projection for Joda is as given in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1: Population Projection for Joda
Sl. No. Year Population
1. 2018 52404
2. 2022 55934
3. 2027 60628
4. 2032 65651
2.2.7 Population Density
The population density for Joda is around 1762 per sq km.
7
Fig 2-1: Joda Ward Map
8
Fig 2-2: Joda Site Location Map
9
2.3 Current waste management Scenario
Joda practices waste collection and dumping of same in their respective designated
grounds as stated above on a regular basis. The present estimated collection of
municipal solid waste as furnished by Joda Municipality is in the range of 15-16 TPD
from all sources.
2.3.1 Primary Collection
Primary collection is the practice of waste collection from its very source of generation.
Primary collection includes ‘house to house’ or ‘door to door’ collection, collection of
waste from commercial units like shops, hotels and restaurants. There is no
segregation of waste at source.
PROJECT SITE
22002’30”N
2200’N
85
02
5’E
85
02
7’3
0” E
Fig 2-3: Topographic Land Features within a Radius of 5km from Joda Dump Site
10
There are efforts for door to door waste collection on a daily basis from all households
except the slum areas. In the slum areas door to door collection is not found to be
possible due to inaccessibility of push carts or tricycles in the narrow lanes. The waste
from the road side bins and door to door collection is done through tricycles and push
carts to secondary collection centre from where the same is transported through
tractors.
In Joda, number of wards covered by door to door collection is 13 out of 14 wards.
Wards 1 to 8 are entirely covered under door to door waste collection system and
Wards 9-14 are having 60-70% coverage for door to door collection and there is no
door to door collection in Ward no. 10. Primary collection and transportation of mixed
wastes to separate designated dumping sites is also carried out by the major industrial
establishments like Tata Steel, SE Railway, for their colony households.
The capacity of community bins are 200 litres each and are made of Plastic and Metal.
Street sweeping for 200 km road length is carried out on a basis of 80 km per day. The
waste generated from cleaning drains is around 2-3 TPD and are transported to the
dumpsite in tractors. The equipments required for road cleaning and drain cleaning is
outsourced.
2.3.2 Secondary Collection and Transportation
Tractors are used for transportation of waste from the collection points to disposal site.
The bins are common for both decomposable and non-decomposable waste. The auto
tippers are found to be in breakdown condition. The capacity of Tractor is 1 ton each.
The tractors owned by the municipality are between 7-9 years old. The total distance
travelled for transportation of waste is around 12-16 trips daily.
Table 2-2: Vehicles for Primary Collection and transportation at Joda
Name of the vehicles
No. of vehicles Condition
Tricycle 30 Good
Auto Tippers 02 Breakdown
Push Cart Carriers 28 -
Tractor 3 Good
11
2.4 Details on waste quantity, composition and waste generation rates
The waste generation from Joda, collection of same, existing gaps and waste
characterization is dealt with in the following sub-sections.
2.4.1 Waste Quantity, Composition and Waste Generation Rates in Joda
During the present study, the total municipal solid waste generation at Joda is
estimated to be about 14 tons/day for the year 2015-16. This is estimated that waste
generation would go up to about 21 TPD in 2032. Based on the present waste
collection system, which is lifted manually in ‘Jhuris’ (waste baskets) into the tractor-
trailers, the estimated daily waste collection from all sources by 11 trips of tractor-
trailers of 1 ton capacity each is about 11 tons in Joda including drain silt, roadside
litters etc. Excluding drain silt, construction debris, this indicates that a gap of about 3-5
tons/day exists. This gap is accountable by dedicated waste collection practiced in Joda
by Tata Steel for their Colony households and S.E. Railways for their residential
Quarters and dumping in separate designated grounds.
2.4.2 Gaps in waste collection
During the survey, it has been observed that in many of the slum zones, waste
collection is poor and irregular and wastes are mostly dumped by the community
nearby the hutments. The animals comprising of cattle, goats, dogs are found to be
feeding on the vegetable and fish/mutton/chicken wastes.
2.4.3 Waste Characterization
Physical characterization of municipal solid waste sampling carried out in Joda
indicates a waste composition of 37-45% of compostable matter, recyclables of 12-15%
and inert matter of 40-45%. Chemical characterization indicates C/N ratio ranging from
21-31 and calorific value of mixed dumpsite wastes is found to be in the range of 1180-
1310 Kcal/kg. The presence of toxic elements like lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic,
cadmium etc. are found to be in the range of 0.011-8.4 mg/kg which are well within the
permissible limits of Schedule II Class A and Class B of Hazardous Wastes
(Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 vide MoEFCC,
GOI notification dated 24th September, 2008.
12
2.4.4 SWM organization
The manpower available for primary collection and transportation are labour for Door to
Door Collection, Sweeper & drain cleaners, Drivers, Sanitary Workers, Labourers,
Supervisors.
Table 2-3: Manpower for SWM in Joda
Sl. No.
Manpower Wards managed by Municipality (outsourced to Private Agencies)
1. Door to door collection 16
2. Sweeper & drain cleaners 26
3. Rag Pickers Nil
4. Drivers 18
5. Sanitary Workers 31
6. Labourers 8 (Own)
7. Supervisors 6
2.5 Baseline Study Parameters for Study
EIA study for the Processing Plant and Sanitary landfilling would be carried out by
conducting base line study of one dry month.
The EIA study would include determination of baseline conditions within 5 km radius
study area from the boundary of the project site, assessment of the impacts on the
environment due to the construction and operation of the proposed project and
recommendations on the mitigation measures to be adopted, to minimize the impact
on the environment within acceptable levels. Baseline data would be collected as per
stipulated guidelines within the study area of 5 km radius around the proposed site
which shall include micro-meterology, ambient air environment, surface and ground
water quality, ambient noise quality, land environment, ecological environment and
socio-economic environment.
13
CHAPTER 3- PROPOSED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES
The existing waste management scenario, details of waste quantity, composition and
waste generation rates in Joda has been described in the previous Chapter. This
Chapter presents the proposed solid waste management facilities for Joda ULB.
3.1 Technical Profile
Various activities of the proposed integrated municipal solid waste management in Joda
ULB right from segregated primary collection, secondary collection and transport to the
centralized facility at the respective municipalities, processing technology for waste
composting, landfilling of the rejects generated during secondary segregation and
processing have been described in the sections below.
3.1.1 Integrated Waste Management
A proper and scientific integrated waste management system would upgrade
significantly the living status of the people residing there and also ensure eradication of
some of the major health related problems when combined with 100% compliance to
clean sewerage facilities and pure drinking water supply in all the Wards.
3.1.2 Proposed Scheme for Joda Municipality for Solid Waste Management
The essential steps of an efficient solid waste management system are balanced on
scientific and timely collection both at primary and secondary levels, of waste generated
from each household across all sections of people including the slum areas in each
Ward of the municipality, regular street and drain sweepings, ensuring maximum
segregation at origin followed up by secondary segregation at waste processing facility
and secured land filling of inert and non recyclable waste fraction. Other important
aspect of a sustainable waste processing facility is installing proper monitoring
mechanism from the angle of environmental aspects, economic returns and community
acceptance. The proposed scheme for waste collection, transportation and processing
for Joda Municipality is given in Fig. 3-1 on the next page.
14
Fig.3-1: Proposed Scheme for Waste Collection, Transportation and Processing at Joda Municipality
15
3.2 Waste Collection
A two bin system shall be introduced for waste collection at all levels and sources of
generation. The 2-bin system would essentially comprise of (i) principally wet or
moist waste comprising of kitchen waste, food waste etc. which are bio-degradable
and (ii) principally waste papers, plastics, sanitary napkins, rags, cardboards, etc.
many of which are recyclable. The street sweepings and drain cleaning material and
sludge would not be disposed along with the household municipal waste collected.
The silt collected from the drains would be disposed of in low lying lands. The street
litter collected which would be mixed in nature shall be brought to the processing
facility for waste processing and segregation.
3.2.1 Primary Waste Collection
Primary waste would be collected from all households and slum areas within each
ward of the ULB. Joda ULB having 14 wards would be segregated into 4 zones e.g.
Zone-1 comprising of Ward -1, 2, 5,6, 7 and 8; Zone -2 comprising of Wards – 3,4,10
and 14; Zone -3 comprising of Wards – 9 &11 and Zone-4 comprising of Wards – 12
& 13.
Household Collection
For one first time Municipal Authorities in Joda has to provide two (2) separate bins
of color ‘Blue’ and ‘Green’ to each household. The Blue color bin would be meant for
collection of all recyclable or non-biodegradable items which are basically dry in
nature. The Green color bin would be meant for collection of various wastes as
identified above which are wet in nature. The bin sizes can be of 20 litre each. Two
(2) Tata Ace-tipper with dedicated dry and wet waste containers (capacity -1.8 cum)
of green and blue color would visit the major lanes and by-lanes every day morning
at pre-determined time for waste collection. This system and schedule of arrival in
each Ward would be informed to the households at prior by ULB officials through
respective Ward Councilors and Supervisors. For areas where Tata Ace-tipper
cannot enter due to narrow lane access, the tri-cycle with separate dry and wet waste
containers would enter for waste collection at a pre-determined time. It is estimated
that about 60% of the slum population which is nearly 70% of the total population of
Joda shall be covered with tri-cycle as a part of primary collection system.
16
Balance population would be covered by Tata Ace Tippers for primary collection. In
Slum area the common community bins provided for dry (blue color) and wet waste
(green color) disposal would be 120 litres capacity each.
Collection from Market place and Community Centres
In market place and community centres, a 2-bin collection facility would be
introduced. This shall be based on the size of the market or community Centres. A
3.5 cum bin each for (i) food waste of bio-degradable in nature comprising of fish
chicken and mutton waste, vegetable waste etc. and (ii) for various kinds of non-bio-
degradable and recyclable wastes shall be kept at strategic locations. The vegetarian
and non-vegetarian shops each would be provided with a 120 litres wheeled bins for
storage of wastes and transporting same daily to the centralized 3.5 cum bins located
within the market area. Apart from these, there would be a 2-bin waste of 100 (2x50)
litres located at every 100 metre distance along the lanes within the shopping
centres/shopping plaza. In Melas and festival grounds, two bins with 3.5 cum
capacity each for wet food waste and dry recyclable or inert wastes would be placed
for daily lifting by refuse compactor.
3.2.2 Secondary Collection
Secondary collection includes picking up waste from community bins, waste storage
depots or transfer stations and transporting it to waste processing sites or disposal
wastes. The primary and secondary collection system is essential to avoid
containers’ overflow and waste littering on streets. Separate 3.5 cum bins for dry and
wet waste types shall be provided at a centralized location(s) in each of the four
zones comprising of fourteen (14) Wards of the Joda Municipality. Wastes picked up
by the household collection team would be transported to these intermediate
Centres. The intermediate centre or waste transfer stations are aimed basically for
transfer of primary collected waste into vehicles for transport to the centralized
facility. Here Tata Ace-tippers and tricycles would feed the primary collected material
into separate 3.5 cum metal containers kept for secondary collection of wet bio-
degradable waste and other dry wastes. The metal bins with covers would have
lifting hooks for lifting to refuse compactor trucks and transport same to Central
processing Plant.
17
The waste collected in designated dry and wet bins located in the market area and
market or shopping Centers or Office/Institutions and served by the waste collection
team within respective domain areas would be separately brought to the centralized
processing facility by refuse compactors. The secondary collection area of
dimensions about 10 m x 7 m would be a designated area with proper low height
guard wall and a raised platform at 1.5-2 m height with a proper ramp up and down
from the road for facilitating the Tata Ace-tippers and tricycles to ride over the
platform and unload the material directly into the bins placed on the ground with
minimal spillage and then get down from the opposite end. The refuse compactor
truck would stand near the bins and lift up same for waste feeding into the
compactors and transportation to the centralized processing facility. This would also
minimize manual handling of the waste to the extent possible.
3.2.3 Construction and Demolition Waste
For Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste in Joda, dedicated metal bins of 3.5
cum capacity with proper markings on them shall be placed at specific locations in
each Zone of the municipality. The C&D waste shall be lifted by hook loaders or
refuse compactors onto the trucks/dumpers and brought to a separate segregation
facility to be identified by the ULB. In this facility after recovery of valuables and re-
useable, the construction wastes shall be utilized for designated low lying land filling
and other construction back filling purpose.
3.2.4 E-Waste
Various electronic wastes belonging to these two categories generated within the
Joda ULB shall be stored separately at the generation place. Such waste can be
arranged to be collected from the sources by the Municipality as a part of special
waste stream or through dedicated e-recycling agencies. For such collection
dedicated bins of adequate capacity may be kept at each zone of the ULB.
18
Fig 3-2: Zone Map for Joda
19
3.3 Processing Plant for Municipal wastes
Processing of waste is necessary for recovery of recyclable materials and disposal to
dedicated Vendors so that balance processed waste is suitable for composting. Due
to non-availability of separate dedicated land, the processing Plant for Joda would be
located within the existing dumping yard. The centralized processing Plant would
receive segregated waste in wet and dry form. Only some part of waste in-spite of
best of efforts for at source segregation may be of mixed nature, which needs to be
segregated in a pre-sorting bay. The wet, dry and mixed wastes would be stored in
separate storage pits ready for onward conveyor loading and segregation.
Processing of waste is necessary for recovery of recyclable materials. The
centralized processing Plant would receive segregated waste in wet, dry and mixed
form. The dry waste processing would utilize manual labour or equipment that
separate material into various streams e.g. fiber, paper, plastic, containers etc. for
disposing same to designated pool of recyclers. The wet waste collected in the
segregated form from primary and secondary collection stations would be pre-
processed before sending for wind row composting. The processing facility would be
complete with pre-sorting material handling equipment, various size reduction
facilities for metal cans, plastic bottles etc. The processing facility would also
comprise of pollution control equipment and other equipments e.g. fixed storage bins,
truck scale, belt scale etc. The recoverable hazardous items would be disposed of to
recycling agencies or sent to secured landfilling after sorting out carefully from the
dry and wet waste segregation lines. All avenues would be explored to utilize the
non-biodegradable and non-recyclable carbonaceous waste for use in manufacturing
of RDF pellets or burning in any nearby cement kilns or smelting furnaces. The
ultimate rejects after processing would be stored in a separate place for placing it in a
secured landfill with proper liner systems.
3.3.1 Segregation of hazardous materials
The hazardous materials would contain toxic elements like lead, mercury, chromium,
arsenic, cadmium etc. These materials would be sorted out carefully from the dry
and wet waste segregation lines so that the recoverable items are disposed of to
recycling agencies to the extent possible and balance sent to secured landfilling.
20
3.3.2 Landfilling
It is estimated that about 40-45% of the total waste generation would be rejects or
wastes in the real term, which if no other use could be found out need to be landfilled
in a proper manner. The secured waste landfill area shall be designed for an initial
period of 10-12 years of storage to be later expanded to 25 years based on land area
availability. The total landfill area would be divided in separate phases of say, 5-7
years life each so that soon after any particular area is filled up the subsequent
phases of land filling can be taken up.
3.4 Process Technology
The processing technology of municipal solid wastes, segregated at source on dry
and wet basis and brought separately to the central facility with an aim so as to utilise
the maximum value of the inherent waste characteristics given the available
processing technologies as discussed below.
3.4.1 Technology Alternatives for Waste Processing
Any technology selected must be in compliance to the basic principles of
sustainability i.e. it should be environmentally compatible, economically feasible and
socially acceptable. Keeping in line with these principles, the various technologies
available for processing, treatment of management of municipal waste are basically
of two natures e.g. (i) technologies based principally on utilization of the organic
value of waste viz. composting, bio-methanation and (ii) technologies which aims at
utilizing the calorific value of waste by extracting energy from waste viz. refuse
derived fuel (RDF) manufacturing, pyrolysis, mass incineration and other waste to
energy options.
Waste Processing Methods Important Waste Parameters Desirable Range
Thermal Processing Technologies
Moisture Content (%) <40%
Volatile Matter (%) >40%
Fixed Carbon (%) <15%
Inert (%) <35%
Net Calorific Value (Kcal/kg) >1700
Biological Processing Technologies
Moisture Content (%) >50
Organic Matter (%) >40
C/N Ratio 25-30
21
3.4.2 Selection of Technology
Looking at the lifestyles of the people after carrying out primary survey in various
Wards, it has been found that major constituent of wastes generated from the
households would be of food wastes, vegetable wastes, fish, chicken and mutton
wastes with a rising proportion of plastics percentage in the higher income groups.
The plastics, paper, metal and other miscellaneous non-organic wastes would be of
26-32%, but all are not fit for recycling. Actual recyclables would not be more than
15% considering only 50% of the material generated in this category is fit for
recycling in other downstream industries. Therefore about another 15% waste would
find its way into the landfill along with the inerts.
The suitability of technologies which are based on some form of burning or
incineration for extracting energy is dependent on the nature of wastes and quantum
of waste generation. For mass incineration and waste to energy options, the MSW
should ideally have moisture content less than 40% and minimum calorific value of
1450 Kcal/kg and an annual average of 1700kcal/kg.
The nature of waste generated in Joda does not comply with the above criteria. The
compostable matter would be in the range of 37-45% and inert matter would be
ranging somewhere between 40-45%. C/N Ratio of the waste is in the range of 21-
31. The balance fraction would be mainly recyclables e.g. paper, plastics, metals,
leather etc. The calorific value of waste would be in the range of 1180-1350 Kcal/kg.
The physical nature of wastes and quantum of generation after field sampling report
suggests that the waste is not rich in calorific value so that it is suitable for waste to
energy option of processing. The waste to energy technologies based on mass
incineration, refuse derived fuel, plasma arc or pyrolysis are highly capital intensive
and would not be suitable for this much quantum of wastes with a lean calorific value
as generated at Joda, even if considered together. The feasible capacity for
consideration of these technologies would not be less than 500 TPD. The
predominance of food waste compounded by horticultural waste would drive the
choice of technology more towards biological processing i.e. composting, bio-
methanation etc. However, bio-methanation is more capital intensive and has its own
complexities of utilization of bio-gas and its distribution network, its demand in the
market and consistency in generation and supply. This probably indicates
composting as the preferred choice of technology for waste processing for Joda.
22
3.4.3 Waste Management by Composting
Based on the draft guidelines of CPHEEO Manual (Draft), 2014, the composting of
municipal wastes can be broadly classified in five (5) categories namely, wind row
composting, aerated static pile composting, in-vessel composting, decentralized
composting and vermi-composting.
3.4.4 Windrow Composting
Windrow composting process consists of placing the pre-sorted feed stock in long
narrow piles called windrows that are turned on a regular basis by turning machines
or pay loaders for boosting passive aeration. The turning operation mixes the
composting materials and enhances passive aeration. Every 7th day a waste pile is
turned. This process is continued for five (5) weeks and high temperatures of 55-
650C within the windrow is maintained to sanitize the material. The Process Scheme
for Windrow Composting is as shown in Fig 3-3 on the next page. The size and
spacing of windrows depend on the equipment used for turning. The optimum
capacity for wind row composting is 500 TPD. However, in India there have been
several ventures where wind row composting of much smaller capacities in the range
of 10-30 TPD have been implemented. Following wind row composting the material
need to be segregated through a series of sieves and the coarser material which is fit
for compost has to be further cured for about two (2) weeks, when low level of
microbial activity would continue. The completely cured material does not emit any
smell and is ready for bagging as product compost. A major disadvantage of wind
row composting is that the system does not operate efficiently during the monsoon
season. During this time the waste is turned more frequently at an interval of 3-4
days. In the last week during monsoon the waste is kept under a monsoon shed with
provisions for mechanical aeration. In general each wind row material is ready for
curing on the 36th day. On this day, the compost is successively screened through
two stage screening stage of 35 mm and 16 mm screens. Screened material coming
out of coarse segregation by curing of same for another 2 weeks when adequate
oxygen supply and 25-30% moisture content would be maintained. The completely
cured well composted material would not release any foul odor and is ready for final
screening below 4 mm in size and packaging of finished product for marketing.
23
Fig 3-3-: Process Scheme for Windrow Composting
24
Table 3-1: Regulatory Guidelines of Compost Quality
Parameters Organic Compost Phosphate Rich
Organic Manure MSW Rules, 2000 FCO Rules, 2009
Arsenic (mg/kg) 10 10 10
Cadmium (mg/kg) 5 5 5
Chromium (mg/kg) 50 50 50
Copper (mg/kg) 300 300 300
Lead (mg/kg) 100 100 100
Mercury (mg/kg) 0.15 0.15 0.15
Nickel (mg/kg) 50 50 50
Zinc (mg/kg) 1000 1000 1000
C/N Ratio 20-40 < 20 < 20:1
pH 5.5-8.5 6.5-7.5 Max 6.7
Moisture % by weight (max)
15-25 25
Bulk density (gm/cm3)
<1 <1.6
TOC 12 7.9
T Nitrogen 0.8 0.4
T Phosphate 0.4 10.4
Total Potassium 0.4 -
Color Dark brown to black -
Odor Absence of foul odor -
Particle size Min. 90% should pass through 4 mm IS seive
Min. 90% should pass through 4 mm IS seive
Conductivity 4.0 8.2
The sum total of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium nutrients shall not be less than
1.5%.
3.4.5 Aerated Static Pile Composting
Aerated static pile composting is a technology that requires the composting mixture
of pre-processed material to be placed in piles that are mechanically aerated. The
piles are placed over a network of pipes connected to a blower, which supplies the
25
air for composting. Unlike aerobic windrow composting, the aerated static pile has
direct control over aeration. This is the strength of this system, which can be used to
reduce the fermentation time and also save fuel used by the turning equipment.
Producing compost using this technology usually takes 6 to 12 weeks depending on
preprocessing of feedstock, air movement and temperature control. A controlled air
supply enables construction of large piles, which decreases the need for land.
3.4.6 In-Vessel Composting
In-vessel composting systems enclose the feedstock in a chamber or vessel that
provides adequate mixing, aeration, and moisture. There are several types of in-
vessel systems available - drums, silos, digester bins and tunnels. These vessels can
be single- or multi-compartment units. In some cases the vessel rotates, in others the
vessel is stationary and a mixing or agitating mechanism moves the material around.
Most in-vessel systems are continuous-feed systems, although some operate in a
batch mode. All in-vessel systems require further curing after the material has been
discharged from the vessel. The detention time in the vessel varies from 1 to 2
weeks. A 3 week curing period after the active composting period is required.
3.4.7 Decentralized Composting
Decentralized composting is the composting of source separated organic waste in
limited quantities from households, apartments, neighborhoods, markets, gardens or
from the entire ward. The decentralized composting approach reduces transportation
costs, makes use of low-cost technologies based mainly on manual labour.
Decentralized composting facilities generally handle from very small waste quantities
up to 20 tons per day depending on the size of the community and volume of
compostable waste materials in the waste stream.
3.4.8 Vermi Composting
Vermi-compost is the castings of earthworms. Vermi-composting is the process of
composting the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste with the help of
earthworms, resulting in the production of vermi-compost which can be used in
agricultural fields as a soil conditioner and nutrient supply. Vermi-composting is
typically suited for managing smaller waste quantities. It is an ideal technology for
towns which generate up to 50 tonnes of mixed municipal solid waste per day. The
worm species that are commonly considered are Pheretimasp, Eiseniasp & Perionyx
sp. These worms are known to survive in the moisture range of 20-80% and the
temperature range of 20-40°C.
26
3.4.9 Optimization of Windrow Composting Processing Facility
Considering all the above technologies for composting, it appears that the suitable
technology of choice for composting of processed waste in Joda would be windrow
composting due to lower capital investment and operational costs as compared to
other composting technologies combined with large scale success of this technology
across India.
Distinct Advantage:
Wind row composting systems although involve larger area for building up the waste
piles for 4-5 weeks followed by maturation period of about 2 weeks, but is less
mechanically intensive and robust in approach and reliability. No special processing
equipment or rotating parts is involved. This technology can be conveniently scaled-
up as the waste generation builds up. The land required would be higher but capital
investment and operational costs in terms of energy would be moderate and lower
than other composting options especially in-vessel mechanical composting.
Disadvantages:
The windrow composting system is dependent on temperature of 55-600C and
sensitive to low and high moisture conditions (moisture content is maintained 55-
65%), hence a strict maintenance of conditions would be necessary. Land required
would be higher compared to most of other composting technologies. The process
would be slower in the winter season and little difficult to operate in the rainy season.
Odor would be an issue if turning is inadequate.
3.4.10 Broad Specification for the Sanitary Landfilling Facility
The broad specification of sanitary landfill for scientific dumping of rejects and non-
recyclable materials are provided in the following sections.
3.4.10.1 Liner System
The liner system would essentially comprise of HDPE geo-membrane and geo textile
layers to be laid over compacted clay layer of 900 mm thickness. The clay layer
would be of bentonite clay to be laid over native compacted soil to 95% procter
density. The base area would have sufficient slope to guarantee draining of leachate
and storm water. The composition of the base sealing system has to be in
compliance with the MSW Rules 2000. The permeability of the base layer would be
27
less than 1 x 10-7 cm/s. In case adequate bentonite clay is not found in the nearby
areas, then geo-synthetic clay liner (GCL), which is bentonite sandwiched between
two layers of geo-textiles would be used as a base layer. The GCL may be further
reinforced with an additional layer of HDPE liner. Above the clay liner or GCL liner a
HDPE geo-membrane liner with standardized thickness of 2 mm and conforming to
ASTM standards would be laid. Above this a protection layer of geo-textile liner with
2000 gm/m2 weight would be laid. Above these layers a drainage layer of 300 mm
thick with filter gravel and ensuring a permeability of greater than 10-2 cm/sec would
be laid. The drainage layer would comprise of 25-50 mm round shaped gravel and
pipes of 200-250 mm diameter with sloping towards the leachate collection sump. A
non-woven geo-textile layer would be laid above the drainage layer as a protection to
the drainage layer and this also helps in maintaining high filtering capacity of the
underlying drainage layer. A typical Sectional Profile of Liner Systems and Leachate
Collection of Sanitary Landfill is shown in Fig 3-4 below.
Fig 3-4: Typical Sectional Profile of Liner Systems & Leachate Collection of Sanitary Landfill
28
3.4.10.2 Leachate Collection
The basic objective of the leachate collection system is that all the leachate would be
collected and removed from the landfill area into the leachate collection pit through
the underlying drainage layer. The leachate collection system would be designed so
that it can take care of water generated from a storm resulting in maximum rainfall in
24 hours continuously for 72 hours based on a 50 years historical storm data. It is
estimated that total leachate generation from the proposed waste processing and
landfilling facility would be in the range of 4.0-4.5 cum/hr.
3.4.10.3 Leachate pond
This would be essentially a 2-chamber pond with liner system in the bottom and side
walls to hold the leachate without percolating into the soil underneath for treatment of
same.
3.4.10.4 Leachate Treatment
The leachate collected need to assessed with chemical characterization or TCLP test
of leachate. Based on the chemical characteristics of leachate, treatment process
may include biological processes such as activated sludge, aeration,
nitrification/denitirification, chemical processes such as oxidation, neutralization and
other physical processes such as activated carbon adsorption, ultra-filtration etc. One
alternative of treatment would be evaporation of leachate water in shallow ponds for
which large area would be required. The residual salts may be disposed of to the
secured landfill. This alternative would be further explored during the DPR stage and
engineering of the landfill system.
3.4.11 Infrastructure of Processing and Land filling
The processing and land filling facility at Joda would be complete with the following
infrastructure:
i) Peripheral access roads within the site with single lane of 3.5 m width.
Approach road to the landfill site up to the processing Plant would be of
7.0 m width.
ii) Security Office
iii) Weigh bridge & control building
iv) Water Supply facilities
v) Power and lighting system
29
vi) Communication systemSewage system
vii) Fire-fighting system
viii) Tyre cleaning system
ix) Garage and Workshop
x) Administration Office and Laboratory
xi) 4 m high compound wall all along the property line with barbed wire
Fencing.
3.4.12 Option for Additional Technology Intervention
The available landfill area can accommodate additional space for waste storage, if
the rejects fraction of the recyclable wastes in the tune of about 15% is subjected to
RDF technology for manufacture of RDF pellets. This RDF product pellets can then
be sold out as supplementary fuel in cement kilns, bio-mass based power Plant
boilers, bituminous road construction etc.
3.4.13 Reclamation of Existing Dump yard
The existing dump material in Joda site are scattered indiscriminately. As soon as the
layout for the proposed processing and landfilling for each ULB shall be finalized, an
area shall be demarcated to store the waste already dumped and strewn around the
site. It is estimated that about 3000-4000 TPD of waste has been dumped so far in
last 10 years in the dumpsite. This waste due to degradation over this long period
has been reduced in volume and weight. Considering 60% loss in overall weight of
the dumped wastes, it is estimated that about 2500 tons of degraded waste is lying at
each of the respective sites. The ULB has to take initiatives to remove the already
dumped mixed waste and store at a designated area within the facility. This is
required for undertaking the design & engineering and construction activities of the
proposed processing Plant and landfill facility.
30
This can be preferably done within the area designated for second phase of land
filling. The soil over which this waste has been dumped so long is also prone to
contamination and this soil need to be excavated out from various depths and
analysed at laboratory for presence of hazardous toxic elements e.g. mercury, lead,
chromium, cadmium etc. Based on the contamination levels a proper soil
management plan need to be drawn up. The waste generated within the ULB during
the construction period of one year or so shall be also stored in the same designated
area. After the processing Plant and landfill facility is made ready and commissioned,
the dumped mixed wastes which could be utilized for recovery of recyclables and
other hazardous materials. The hazardous material of biological nature e.g. syringes
etc. could be disposed of through incinerators located in hospitals for management of
bio-medical wastes. Other wastes which are hazardous in nature but does not have
suitable disposal option would be considered for sending to a centralized RDF facility
within the state or the last preferred option of disposal in a designated area of the
proposed secured landfill in the ULB with adequate additional protection and properly
covered with soil. The organic matter of the balance waste would have been already
degraded significantly under open atmospheric conditions and with exposure to
precipitation and heat of sun. Therefore same can sieved in 16 mm trommels and
mixed with soil for use as manure in the landscaping and greenbelt within the
complex of processing and landfilling facility.
3.4.14 Alternatives for Management of Medical Waste
No bio-medical waste generated in hospitals, primary health centres or medicine
shops shall be accepted in the processing and landfilling facility. Medical wastes
generated in the Joda Municipality is in the tune of 20 tons per month. The
generation of higher bio-medical wastes in Joda is mainly due to presence of Tata
Steel Hospital, where a large number of patients from its employees’ family and
distant areas also turn up for treatment. All these wastes need to be managed
exclusively in dedicated centres of bio-medical waste management facilities
comprising of incinerators. In Joda, the TSL hospital is having facility for bio-medical
waste management. Joda ULB needs to take up this issue with TSL management, so
that this facility is extended to include the management of bio-medical waste
generation from all other health centres within Joda.
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Fig 3-5: A Comparison of Waste Management System in Existing and Proposed Scenario
32
3.5 Resources
The manpower resource for overall supervision of the proposed integrated solid
waste management system at municipal level has been outlined below. The principal
objective of these staff would be to ensure smooth functioning of the activities
involved in waste collection, transportation, processing and landfilling operations of
designated Contractor Agencies or BOO-BOOT operators as applicable on a day to
day basis.
3.5.1 Manpower
For planning an efficient and advanced MSWM system, it is essential to have an
efficient institutional structure besides having adequate infrastructure and equipment.
An effective institutional set-up capable of designing, implementing and monitoring
the MSWM system needs to be established within the local authority. It is therefore
necessary for the urban local body in Joda to have a SWM cell or SWM department
having staff with technical and managerial skills. Solid waste management needs to
be handled by environmental engineers or public health engineers with the support of
mechanical/automobile engineers to handle the workshop facilities. Qualified
engineers would, therefore, be inducted for Joda. The manpower required would be
one (1) sanitation diploma holder as Sanitary officer (S.O.), one (1) Sanitary
Inspector (S.I.), two (2) Sanitary Sub-Inspector (S.S.I) and four (4) Sanitary
Supervisor (S.S.).
3.5.2 Equipments for handling Waste, Transportation Vehicles, Infrastructure
Development
The physical infrastructure components in the primary and secondary collection and
transportation services include the procurement of the following
tools/equipments/vehicles:
- Tricycles
- Household Bins
- Community Bins
- Tata Ace tippers
- Garbage compactors for transportation of MSW from various wards
33
With the increase in population the waste generation would also increase which would
in turn require larger number infrastructure components for collection and transport of
the waste.
For the primary collection of solid waste, number of tricycles required are 24 and
number of Tata Ace Tippers with containers required are 6.
The number of garbage compactors required for secondary collection are 2.
3.5.2.1 Construction material
The estimated construction materials required are:
Major Items Unit Estimated Quantity
Required
Piling (600mm dia) nos 30
RCC cum 2000
Structural Steelwork ton 70
Sheeting sqm 800
These are to be sourced locally.
3.5.2.2 Power
Power : 100 KVA
Fuel: HSD for DG Set power back-up for Admin Bldg.
3.5.2.3 Source of water for utilities, domestic
There is no major use of water except during construction period of abt. 50 KLD is
envisaged. During operation phase, about 20-30 KLD water would be required for
composting process, drinking, sanitary and miscellaneous purpose.
During construction period tanker water would be sourced from authorized vendors. During
operation phase, water would be sourced from nearby Borewell owned by municipality and
PHED supply.
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CHAPTER 4 - SITE SELECTION
This chapter gives an outline of the site selection for the proposed expansion project.
4.1 Land details
There is a land at Joda which has an area of about 6 acres and is presently being used
for open dumping of mixed municipal solid wastes generated within Joda ULB. The
Joda municipality is in possession of Consent to operate from OSPCB as dumping
ground for MSW. The Joda Municipality is also in possession of the authorization to set
up a waste processing and disposal facility vide OSPCB letter dated 5th December
2013 with a validity of the authorization up to 31st March 2018.
4.2 Major techno-economic feasibility considerations
The major considerations for selection site for Joda ULB for waste processing and
landfilling have been discussed below.
4.2.1 Joda Site for Dedicated Processing and Landfilling Facility
In Joda, it may be found that the estimated waste generation in 2015-16 would be in the
tune of 14 TPD. With a timeline of 15 years duration, the total generation of waste in
Joda would be 20 TPD in the year 2030 and 26 TPD in the year 2040. It may be
observed that with an estimated 37-39% compostable waste, 12-14% recyclables and
about 45% inert or non-recyclable material, the waste generation for land filling in 2030
would be about 9 TPD. Topographic survey and Geo technical survey has been carried
out for the acquired site of Joda Municipality. From survey it may be observed that the
land available at Joda is not of regular shape and it would be difficult to set up the Plant
facility ensuring best utilization of land. The landfill area requirement for 15 years would
be about 3.25 acres based on an average 7.7 TPD rejects generation during this
period. Including the processing Plant and other facilities an estimated 6.55 acres land
would be required. The land available in Joda as evident from the survey carried out at
site is 5.53 acres which would be sufficient to build up an integrated processing facility
with all auxiliaries and a secured waste landfilling for 10-12 years only. For another 5
years of waste storage an additional 1 acre of land would be required. But there is
limited scope of expansion of the present land in any direction due to several natural or
man-made constraints. Hence another site with provisions of additional waste storage
for landfilling has to be found out for use after 10 years.
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4.3 Option for Centralized Processing and Landfilling for Joda-Barbil Cluster
Considering Joda and Barbil as cluster towns, combined waste generation in the two
ULBs in the base year (2016) would be in the tune of 34 TPD. In the following 15 years,
this waste generation would go up to as high as up to 51 TPD progressively. In 2040
the total estimated waste generation from Joda and Barbil would be in the tune of 70
TPD. Joda and Barbil is separated by road distance of 15 km and it would be more
convenient if a suitable land for siting a centralized waste processing and sanitary
landfilling facility catering to both the ULBs could be found out. The various factors of
setting up a common waste processing and landfilling facility is explored in the following
sections.
4.3.1 Land Area Required
The land area required for setting up such a centralized facility would be about 15 acres
of which about 10 acres would have been used for landfilling of inert wastes or rejects.
Presently, no such vacant land free for use of setting up such a centralized processing
and landfilling facility is available.
4.3.2 Traffic Problems
The Joda-Barbil region being mineralized zone containing iron ore, there is heavy traffic
on this road. Due to economic downturn the mineral based industries is not performing
well at this point of time. But these mineral based industries especially the mining
industry, which is the driving force of all economic activities in this region, in the future
would again witness an upsurge in business activity as the Nation’s economy recovers
from a slump. This would lead to a significant spurt in traffic load on this busy road once
more and may affect adversely the daily waste transportation from the two (2) ULBs to
this centralized facility located somewhere in between or within any one of the two
towns.
4.3.3 Public Resistance
During operational phase, there could be public objection within the Municipality or
outside where the common facility is set up about accepting this nuisance stating
reasons that ‘this waste is generated somewhere else and why should we accept’. This
is called ‘NIMBY’ or Not in My Backyard syndrome. Therefore long-term sustainable
operation would be difficult.
36
4.3.4 Ownership Issues
Ownership of the Common Facility would also be a concern area even if the facility is
operated by a Private Party. For any problem during the operational phase, the
respective ULBs can always say, that it is not their ‘baby’ and the responsibility lies with
the Municipality where the Facility is located, which may or may not be willing to take
the responsibility on a long-term basis.
Discussions held with the respective ULB officials have also revealed reluctance on
their part citing reasons of operational constraints apart from availability of suitable land.
Under the above circumstances, it would be a better approach if dedicated waste
processing Facility is set up at Joda and Barbil separately to manage their own wastes
at least for the first 10-15 years.
4.4 Boundary Wall with Greenbelt and Landscaping
The processing and sanitary landfill facility at Joda would have a secured compound
wall of 4 metres height with 2 meter barbed wire fencing on top of the wall along the
boundary with peripheral greenbelt of about 3-5 metres width just inside the compound
wall. The nature of the trees to be planted shall be of local species and non-edible type.
The trees should not have roots penetrating more than 30 cms and trees would have
wide leaves. The basic purpose of plantation is to obscure the facility from the
surroundings. The coverage of greenbelt has been estimated to be about 15% of the
total area.
4.5 Suitability of Landfill Site
The set guidelines for assessing the suitability of landfill site are outlined below:
a. Lake or Pond: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of any lake or pond.
Because of concerns regarding runoff of waste water contact, a surface water
monitoring program should be established if a landfill is sited less than 200m from a
lake or pond.
b. River: No landfill should be constructed within 100 m of a navigable river or stream.
The distance may be reduced in some instances for non-meandering rivers but a
minimum of 30 m should be maintained in all cases.
c. Flood Plain: No landfill should be constructed within a 100 year flood plain. A
landfill may be built within the flood plains of secondary streams if an embankment
is built along the stream side to avoid flooding of the area. However, landfills must
37
not be built within the flood plains of major rivers unless properly designed
protection embankments are constructed around the landfills.
d. Railway lines – No landfill facility shall be constructed within 300 metres of
centerline of the facility.
e. Highway: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of the right of way of any
state or national highway. This restriction is mainly for aesthetic reasons. A landfill
may be built within the restricted distance, but no closer than 50 m, if trees and
berms are used to screen the landfill site.
f. Habitation: A landfill site should be at least 500 m from a notified habitated area. A
zone of 500 m around a landfill boundary should be declared a No-Development
Buffer Zone after the landfill location is finalised.
g. Public parks: No landfill should be constructed within 300 m of a public park. A
landfill may be constructed within the restricted distance if some kind of screening is
used with a high fence around the landfill and a secured gate.
h. Critical Habitat Area: No landfill should be constructed within critical habitat areas.
A critical habitat area is defined as the area in which one or more endangered
species live. It is sometimes difficult to define a critical habitat area. If there is any
doubt then the regulatory agency should be contacted.
i. Wetlands: No landfill should be constructed within wetlands. It is often difficult to
define a wetland area. Maps may be available for some wetlands, but in many
cases such maps are absent or are incorrect. If there is any doubt, then the
regulatory agency should be contacted.
j. Ground Water Table: A landfill should not be constructed in areas where water
table is less than 2m below ground surface. Special design measures have to be
adopted, if this cannot be adhered to.
k. Airports: No landfill should be constructed within the limits prescribed by regulatory
agencies (MOEF/ CPCB/ Aviation Authorities) from time to time. Minimum distance
of landfill facility from any Airport shall be 20 km away. However, for airstrips of
occasional use no such stipulation is provided.
l. Water Supply Well: No landfill should be constructed within 500 m of any water
supply well. It is strongly suggested that this locational restriction be abided by at
least for down gradient wells. Permission from the regulatory agency may be
needed if a landfill is to be sited within the restricted area.
m. Coastal Regulation Zone: A landfill should not be sited in a coastal regulation
zone.
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n. Unstable Zone : A landfill should not be located in potentially unstable zones such
as landslide prone areas, fault zone etc.
o. Buffer Zone : A landfill should have a buffer zone around it, up to a distance
prescribed by regulatory agencies.
Keeping in line with the above referred guidelines, the existing dumping site at Joda of
about 6 acres more or less comply to the applicable siting criteria, the most critical of
them being nearness to any human settlements. Nearest civilian airport at Ranchi or
Bhubaneswar for regular flight operations is more than 240 km away.
4.6 Suitability of Joda Landfill Site
The nearest settlement of existing Joda dump site is Bacchu Hutting in the south
direction and is beyond 500 m. The Sona river is flowing in the west at a distance of
about 50 metres. There is no critical or endangered habitat of any flora or fauna near
the Joda site. Railway line in SE railway from Barbil to Banspani is however, adjacent to
the landfill site in the eastern direction. Bhadrasahi airstrip, which is used for occasional
small business flight operations is at a distance of 7 km NW from this site. Ground
water table is varying from 3.2-5.5 m below ground level.
4.7 Social Aspects
The proposed project would be developed on the existing waste disposal site. Hence,
no change in the landuse of the site due to the proposed project would be anticipated.
However, during field survey it has been reported in nearby settlements of dumping site
that water is getting contaminated and water borne diseases are prevalent diseases.
This is due to untreated and uncollected solid waste. These also obstruct storm water
runoff, resulting in the forming of stagnant water bodies that become the breeding
ground of disease. From the proposed project the degraded environment would be
improved by establishing a scientific Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management
Facility.
The project would provide employment opportunities to the local people. About 15- 20
people would get opportunities to earn their livelihood through this project due to setting
up of the proposed project facility. Apart from this there would be employment
generation of additional 120-130 people for primary and secondary waste collection and
transportation to the centralized facility. Due to proposed project the physical
infrastructure facilities would improve and social infrastructure facilities would come up
in nearby areas. It also would promote sustainable agriculture by producing compost.
39
Safe working practices also would be followed by Rag Pickers and NGOs or SHGs
would be found to be actively involved with this issue. For improving the solid waste
management services it is essential to adopt modern methods of waste management
having a proper selection of technology which can work in the area successfully.
Simultaneously, measures would be taken for institutional strengthening and internal
capacity building.
Effective provision of MSW management services would require coordinated efforts by
various stakeholders. The main stakeholders comprise ULBs, citizens, private operators
and NGOs. The roles of each stakeholder are presented in the matrix below.
Stakeholder Role
Citizens
- Carry out segregation of waste at household level - Handover the segregated waste to the primary collection crew at
the pre-notified time - Pay user fee for the door-to-door collection service offered - Discontinue throwing waste into the streets
Regulating Authorities
- Inform the residents about the proposed MSW Management Plan - Ensure that the residents co-operate and follow all the principles - Appoint primary collection crew for door-to-door collection service - Monitor performance of service providers, wherever required
Private Operator
- Carry out their roles and responsibilities as per the contractual arrangement
- Ensure that the MSW is handled in the manner set out in the contractual arrangement and is not disposed in any other manner whatsoever.
- Obtain compliance certificate from the authorities concerned
Municipality
- Set out MSW Management Plan - Monitor the works being performed by the private operator - Ensure compliance by citizens - Make payments to the private operator
NGOs
- Print pamphlets/hand-slips announcing the project scheme - Conduct awareness campaigns in the community ward-wise in
each ULB of the proposed SWM system and benefits thereof - Conduct safety awareness with respect to safe handling and work
practices of MSW management amongst rag-pickers and waste collection workers.
40
CHAPTER 5 - ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES
In consideration to the prevailing site features and the proposed Integrated Municipal Solid
Waste Management Facilities, outlined in earlier Chapters, it is necessary to ensure that
the proposed plant and facilities would be adequately designed with necessary
environment protection measures. This Chapter accordingly outlines the environment
protection measures for the proposed Integrated Municipal Solid Waste management at
Joda site comprising of Compost Plant and Sanitary Landfill. During project implementation
period special emphasis would be made on measures to minimize leachate or effluent
generation and dust control at source. The sources and types of pollution with broad level
mitigation measures has been outlined in the following sections.
5.1. Air pollution control measures
Air environment including Ambient Air Quality and odour generation due to the proposed
project during construction and operational phases would be accounted. The principal
sources of air pollution are construction activities, truck movement with construction
materials and municipal solid waste, loading and unloading of materials, vehicular exhaust.
The impact is generally confined to the project area and is expected to be negligible
outside the project site boundaries. The pollutants their sources and mitigation measures to
be adopted are presented in Table 5-1 on page 50.
5.2. Water pollution control measures
The water demand for the project which would be in the range of 20-30 KLD. No surface
water would be tapped. The source of water would be the adjacent existing borewell owned
by the Municipality, alternatively from the nearby PHED supply in the case of Joda.
The main wastewater generation sources during construction phases would be equipment
washed water and other surface run-off with suspended solids loading and sewage from
temporary sanitary facilities with BOD loading.
41
During construction activity the surface run-off would be diverted to working pit to arrest the
suspended solids if any and the settled water would be reused for construction purposes,
and for sprinkling on roads to control the dust emission, etc.
During operation phase, the wastewater would be from drinking and sanitary use, leachate
from compost plant and secured land fill area. The domestic wastewater would be treated
in septic tank followed by soak pit. Maximum leachate generation from the operating cell of
landfill pit and other areas including compost pads would be in the range of 4 – 4.5 cum/hr.
Leachate generated at various places in the plant would be collected in a pond and
properly treated in an ETP. The treated leachate would be sprayed on windrow to maintain
suitable temperature and moisture. Leachate generated during precipitation period would
be stored in evaporation pond.
Based on the rainfall intensity of the plant area, seperate storm water drainage system
would be properly designed. Storm water would be collected in a centralized pit to arrest
the silt particulates and clear water would be used locally for landscaping and fountains.
Surplus water would be released into public drains or adjacent nala. The pollutants their
sources and mitigation measures to be adopted are presented in Table 5-1 on page 50.
5.3. Solid waste disposal
During the construction phase, the solid waste would be different types of raw materials
such as coarse aggregate, fines aggregate, bricks, steel etc being used during construction
stage. The solid waste generated during this period would be predominantly inert in
nature.
During operation phase no solid waste would be generated as such except ETP sludge or
particulates settled in evaporation ponds of nominal quantity. Appropriate management of
solid rejects from different processing activity would be undertaken. Sanitary landfilling
would be adopted for rejects generated from processing, ETP sludge and evaporation
pond settled particulates. The total generation of solid waste would be in the range of 8-10
TPD. The pollutants their sources and mitigation measures to be adopted are presented in
Table 5-1 on page 50.
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Table 5-1: Environmental Mitigation Measures
Sl. No.
Pollution Sources Pollutants Emitted Mitigation Measures
Air Pollution Mitigation Measures
1. Construction activities
SO2, NOX, Particulates, Odour etc.
- Dust suppression by water sprinkling.
- Bitumen covered internal roads.
- Wheel Washing Bay at the entry
point.
- Vehicles carrying of construction
materials and waste to be covered
with tarpaulin / plastic sheet.
- Proper ventilation and moisture in
the compost plant and windrow area
to be maintained and herbal
insecticides to be sprayed around
odour generation areas at regular
intervals.
- Secured landfill except the current
waste handling area rest to be
covered by polyethylene sheets
- Green belt would be provided along
the internal roads and plant
boundary
2. Vehicular Movement
3. Loading and unloading
of Trucks
4. DG Set
5. Processing of waste
Water Pollution Mitigation Measures
6 Domestic Waste
Suspended Solids, BOD etc
- Septic Tank/Soak Pit.
- ETP for recycling.
- Impermeable liner in the landfill pit.
- Storm water drainage system for
recycling
7 Leachate from Windrow Compost Plant
8 Leachate from landfill
Solid Waste Management
9. Construction
Construction materials e.g. coarse aggregate, fines aggregate, bricks, steel etc
- Recycled or used for filing/ levelling of low-lying areas within the site or transported outside.
10.
ETP sludge or evaporation pond
ETP sludge or
evaporation pond
settled particulates
- Sanitary Landfilling
43
5.4. Noise
Noise pollution would be resulted from transportation and during construction phase. To
reduce noise pollution, high-grade machinery would be used. There would not be any
major noise-causing activity during operational phase. DG set operation would have
proper in-built noise control measures.
5.5. Ecology of the Area
Site clearing or operational activities would not impact the ecology of the area adversely,
since there are no known rare, endangered or ecologically significant animal and plant
species in the area. There is no wildlife sanctuary located within 10km radius of the
project site. In fact the scientific processing and landfilling would have a beneficial impact
on the surrounding terrestrial and aquatic ecology.
5.6. Green belt development
In order to arrest wind borne fugitive dusts around the plant boundary with about 3-5 m
wide green coverage based on locally available plant species. An area of 10-12% would
be earmarked for development of greenbelt/greenery along the boundary, roads, and in
open places available. The green belt developed would help to capture the fugitive
emissions, attenuate the noise generation and improve the aesthetics. All open spaces,
where tree plantation may not be possible, would be covered with shrubs and grass to
prevent erosion of topsoil. Apart from green belt all around the site, also on the top of
capped landfills greenery would be developed.
5.7. Land use
The proposed project would be developed on the existing waste disposal site. Hence, no
change in the landuse of the site due to the proposed project would be anticipated. With
the site development for the proposed plant, green belt would be developed and other
aesthetic changes would be made at the plant site, thereby creating overall positive
impact on the aesthetics of the site.
Joda Municipality has obtained authorization from OSPCB for setting up waste
processing and landfilling facility in the respective lands.
44
5.8. Design Environmental Targets
The proposed project shall abide by the following design environmental norms and
prevailing environmental quality.
Ambient Air Quality
Sulphur dioxide : 80 μg/m3 (24 hours)
Particulate Matter : 100 μg/m3 (24 hours)
Noise Level
Residential Area : Within 55 dBA at the boundary from the noise source
Ambient (Outside the plant) same as of pre-project level
Water Quality
The disposal of treated leachate shall follow the following standards, namely: -
S.No Parameters Standards (mode of
disposal) Inland Surface water
i pH 5.5-9
ii Suspended Solids mg/l (max) 100
iii Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/l, max. 2100
iv Biochemical oxygen demand mg/l Max. 30
v Chemical oxygen demand, mg/l Max. 250
vi Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/l, max. 50
vii Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N),mg/l, max. 100
viii Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max 0.2
ix Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max 0.01
x Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max 0.1
xi Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max 2
xii Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l, max. 2
xiii Hexavalent chromium (as Cr+6), mg/l, Max. 0.1
xiv Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 3
xv Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 5
45
S.No Parameters Standards (mode of
disposal) Inland Surface water
xvi Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, max 3
xvii Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, max. 0.2
xviii Chloride (as Cl), mg/l, max. 1000
xix Fluoride (as F), mg/l, max 2
xx Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/l, max. 1
xxi Dissolved phosphates (as P), mg/l Max. 5
xxii Nitrate Nitrogen mg/l 10
xxiii Iron (as Fe) mg/l 3
5.9. Environmental Monitoring
Monitoring for air quality parameters as per NAAQS 2009 and surface water quality
would be carried out on a six monthly basis. The ground water quality monitoring in 5
permanent monitoring wells within an area of 50m from periphery would be carried out
quarterly once. Programs would be conducted on a regular basis for monitoring safety
and health protection of workers with specific reference to improving rag pickers quality
of life, health concerns, etc.
46
CHAPTER 6- REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT (R&R) PLAN
This Chapter presents the R&R Plan for Joda ULB.
6.1 Joda Site
Proposed project site in Joda is located in ward No. 6 near Bachuhutting. The land area
is around 5.53 acres. This land is under the possession of Joda Municipality and is
already being used for open dumping of mixed municipal solid wastes generated within
Joda ULB. There are no settlements within the acquired site. All R&R issues have been
already settled by Joda Municipality.
The Joda municipality is in possession of Authorization Order from OSPCB to use the
land as dumping ground for MSW. The Joda Municipality is also in possession of the
authorization to set up a waste processing and disposal facility vide OSPCB letter dated
5th December 2013 with a validity of the authorization up to 31st March 2018.
47
CHAPTER 7- PROJECT SCHEDULE & COST ESTIMATES
This Chapter presents the project implementation schedule and cost estimates for
Joda ULB.
7.1 Project Implementation Schedule
The whole project is estimated to be completed in about 12 months following approval of
DPR and 6.5 months from obtaining environmental clearance whichever is later. It is
envisaged that the proposed facility would be operational from January 2018.
7.2 Project Cost
The estimated CAPEX for the centralized composting and landfilling plant facility would be
about Rs 6.74 Crores for the year 2015- 2016, although this will be operational from 2018.
The capital investment of primary and secondary waste collection and transportation from
the whole of Joda municipality limits is not included in same. Land filling costs have been
estimated for about first 10 years only. The cost for environmental monitoring would be
around 8 lakhs per annum. The proposed project is entirely a capital investment for
environmental improvement of the status of municipal waste management of Joda town.
However, the additional estimated cost of EMP for addressing environmental concerns
arising due to setting up of this project would be in the tune of 60 lakhs comprising of ETP
for leachate treatment and permanent groundwater monitoring wells.
The estimated cost is inclusive of the following:
- Composting plant & secured land filling facilities
- Greenbelt
- Boundary wall
- Other civil works and
- Miscellaneous Expenses.
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