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Pre-Class: Similarity between Atatürk , Muhammad Ali and Reza Khan. Middle East: Imperialism and Nationalism. Imperialism & Nationalism. Imperialism: control of one country of the political, economic and cultural life of another country - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pre-Class:Pre-Class:Similarity between Atatürk, Similarity between Atatürk,
Muhammad Ali and Reza KhanMuhammad Ali and Reza Khan
Middle East:Middle East:Imperialism and Imperialism and
Nationalism Nationalism
Imperialism & Nationalism Imperialism & Nationalism Imperialism: control of one country of the political, Imperialism: control of one country of the political,
economic and cultural life of another countryeconomic and cultural life of another country
Mandate: Mandate: region ruled by outside power: region ruled by outside power: any territory that was any territory that was placed by the League of Nations under the administration of one of placed by the League of Nations under the administration of one of its European member states after World War Iits European member states after World War I
Nationalism: Nationalism: desire for political independence: desire for political independence: especially by a country under foreign control or especially by a country under foreign control or by a people with a separate identity and culture but no state of by a people with a separate identity and culture but no state of
their owntheir own
Relationship?Relationship? Cause and effectCause and effect
““The Sick Man of Europe”The Sick Man of Europe” In the 18In the 18thth and 19 and 19thth centuries, Ottoman Empire centuries, Ottoman Empire
faces major challenges from the following faces major challenges from the following nations/people:nations/people:
1.1. Austria-Hungary – rival power in EuropeAustria-Hungary – rival power in Europe2.2. Russia – rival power in Europe and AsiaRussia – rival power in Europe and Asia BOTH want territory from the OttomansBOTH want territory from the Ottomans3. Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians 3. Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians
living within Ottoman Empireliving within Ottoman Empire These people wanted INDEPENDENCE from These people wanted INDEPENDENCE from
OttomansOttomans
““The Sick Man of Europe”The Sick Man of Europe”
France and England France and England alarmed by Ottoman alarmed by Ottoman decline; believe it decline; believe it will give Russia too will give Russia too much power in much power in Europe and Middle Europe and Middle EastEast
They call Ottomans They call Ottomans “The Sick Man of “The Sick Man of Europe”Europe”
Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
#1 #1 Challenges to the Ottoman Empire: Challenges to the Ottoman Empire: Imperialism: externalImperialism: external
Russia and Austria-Hungary wanted Ottoman Russia and Austria-Hungary wanted Ottoman provinces in Europe –encouraged revoltsprovinces in Europe –encouraged revolts
Nationalism: internalNationalism: internal National groups within the empire sought National groups within the empire sought
independenceindependence Serbs, Romanians, BulgariansSerbs, Romanians, Bulgarians
#2#2 Sultans try to Sultans try to Reforms of the Ottoman EmpireReforms of the Ottoman Empire
Reforms to modernize the government & the armyReforms to modernize the government & the army Like westLike west
Set up secular schools to teach students western Set up secular schools to teach students western ideas in science and technologyideas in science and technology
SECULAR: nonreligiousSECULAR: nonreligious
WERE REFORMS SUCCESSFUL?WERE REFORMS SUCCESSFUL? Reforms didn’t go smoothly Reforms didn’t go smoothly Many Sultans refused demands Many Sultans refused demands
# 3 # 3 YOUNG TURKSYOUNG TURKS Young army officers who wanted to Young army officers who wanted to
Reform/strengthen the Ottoman Government – Reform/strengthen the Ottoman Government – against the Sultans and put their own Sultan in placeagainst the Sultans and put their own Sultan in place
were nationalists: were nationalists: #4#4
1.1. Set up a puppet government with a new SultanSet up a puppet government with a new Sultan
2.2. Ended Ottoman tolerance of different cultures and Ended Ottoman tolerance of different cultures and religions religions 1.1. Turkification of ethnic minoritiesTurkification of ethnic minorities
3.3. Joined WWI on side of GermansJoined WWI on side of Germans
# 4 # 4 Young Turks support Turkish Young Turks support Turkish NationalismNationalism
Wanted to end western imperialismWanted to end western imperialism Wanted to abandon diversity of culture and Wanted to abandon diversity of culture and
religionsreligions Followed a brutal policy of genocide that Followed a brutal policy of genocide that
cause the death of hundreds of thousands of cause the death of hundreds of thousands of Armenians.Armenians.
Resting after battle during Turkish revolutionResting after battle during Turkish revolution
The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre 1915The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre 1915
Ottomans (Turkey) and Russia fight for control of Armenia in 1916-1917Ottomans (Turkey) and Russia fight for control of Armenia in 1916-1917 After Russians withdraw, Turks seize territory and punish Armenians for their After Russians withdraw, Turks seize territory and punish Armenians for their
support of Russiasupport of Russia Turks institute policy of massacre and famine, known as The Armenian Turks institute policy of massacre and famine, known as The Armenian
GenocideGenocide As many as 1.5 million Armenians are killedAs many as 1.5 million Armenians are killed Armenian Genocide Video 60 Minutes Armenian Genocide 2010 2010
The Last Ottoman Emperor!
Mehmed VI
#5 #5 What happened to the Ottoman What happened to the Ottoman Empire after WWI? Empire after WWI?
The Ottoman empire sided with Germany against The Ottoman empire sided with Germany against Russia, Britain and France.Russia, Britain and France.
Defeat brought disaster to the Empire. Defeat brought disaster to the Empire. 1919 the Versailles peace conference stripped the 1919 the Versailles peace conference stripped the
Ottoman Empire of its Arab provinces.Ottoman Empire of its Arab provinces.
MANDATE: TERRITORY THAT WAS MANDATE: TERRITORY THAT WAS ADMINISTERED BUT NOT OWNED BY A ADMINISTERED BUT NOT OWNED BY A MEMBER OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS MEMBER OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN)(FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN)
Republic of TurkeyRepublic of Turkey19231923
Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Austria-Hungary during World War I.Austria-Hungary during World War I.
Turkey loses World War I. ALL of its Turkey loses World War I. ALL of its remaining territories outside Anatolia are lostremaining territories outside Anatolia are lost
Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish general and war Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish general and war hero, abolishes the Ottoman Empire and sets hero, abolishes the Ottoman Empire and sets up a modern, secular stateup a modern, secular state
#6 #6 Who was Kemal Atatürk?Who was Kemal Atatürk?
AtatürkAtatürk = = Father of the TurkFather of the Turk Mustafa KMustafa Kemal Atatürk – military heroemal Atatürk – military hero Declared the Republic of Turkey (1923)Declared the Republic of Turkey (1923)
#7 #7 What did Kemal want to do?What did Kemal want to do?
Determined to make Turkey a modern Determined to make Turkey a modern secular state – Program of Westernizationsecular state – Program of Westernization
Reforms of AtatürkReforms of Atatürk
#7 #7 What did Kemal want to do?What did Kemal want to do?
He used government funds to build industryHe used government funds to build industry Insisted on separation of religion and Insisted on separation of religion and
governmentgovernment Women won the right to vote & hold public Women won the right to vote & hold public
officeoffice Adopted many features of western cultureAdopted many features of western culture
Replaced Arabic script with the western Replaced Arabic script with the western alphabet, western calendar, metric systemalphabet, western calendar, metric system
He encouraged western-style clothingHe encouraged western-style clothing
A woman judge holding court in A woman judge holding court in Turkey Turkey
A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938. women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938.
Turkey Adopting a New AlphabetTurkey Adopting a New Alphabet
Atatürk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of Atatürk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women. rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women.
#8 #8 Who opposed Atatürk?Who opposed Atatürk?
Muslims opposed Atatürk’s policiesMuslims opposed Atatürk’s policies Concerned that the western ways would Concerned that the western ways would
destroy their traditions and valuesdestroy their traditions and values Opposed Westernization: Opposed Westernization:
the diffusion and adoption of European and the diffusion and adoption of European and American culturesAmerican cultures
Quick CheckQuick CheckThe peace settlements after World War I angered the The peace settlements after World War I angered the Arabs becauseArabs because
1. the Ottoman Empire was restored to power1. the Ottoman Empire was restored to power
2. Arab nationalism was outlawed2. Arab nationalism was outlawed
3. European nations acquired mandates over various 3. European nations acquired mandates over various Arab landsArab lands
4. Theodore Herzl was made ruler of Palestine4. Theodore Herzl was made ruler of Palestine
Quick CheckQuick CheckAtatürk is best remembered forAtatürk is best remembered for
1. ending European imperialism in Egypt.1. ending European imperialism in Egypt.
2. modernizing Turkey.2. modernizing Turkey.
3. overthrowing the Safavid Empire.3. overthrowing the Safavid Empire.
4. forcing the crusaders to leave Jerusalem.4. forcing the crusaders to leave Jerusalem.
Rise of Modern EgyptRise of Modern Egypt Ottomans lose control of Egypt in the Ottomans lose control of Egypt in the
late 18late 18thth century century England and France (Napoleon) fight for England and France (Napoleon) fight for
control over Egyptcontrol over Egypt
Rise of Modern EgyptRise of Modern Egypt Rivalry between Britain and France Rivalry between Britain and France (#9)(#9)
Both countries wanted to dominate Egypt Both countries wanted to dominate Egypt and build a canal across the Isthmus of Suezand build a canal across the Isthmus of Suez
Rise of Modern EgyptRise of Modern Egypt (#10) (#10) Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) becomes Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) becomes
governor of Egyptgovernor of Egypt-he was a soldier who fought against the French-he was a soldier who fought against the French
He introduced reforms to modernize EgyptHe introduced reforms to modernize Egypt Brought in French experts to train Egyptians in Brought in French experts to train Egyptians in
latest military & science techniqueslatest military & science techniques Introduced new farming techniques & Introduced new farming techniques &
promoted growing cash crops like cotton, sugar promoted growing cash crops like cotton, sugar & tobacco& tobacco
textile millstextile mills
Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)
#11 #11 Developments encouraging Developments encouraging Nationalism in EgyptNationalism in Egypt
Financial problems allowed imperialists to Financial problems allowed imperialists to interveneintervene Had to borrow money from European banks to Had to borrow money from European banks to
continue policies (debt)continue policies (debt) Lost control of the Suez CanalLost control of the Suez Canal Lost control of own economyLost control of own economy
Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)
Map of the Suez CanalMap of the Suez Canal
The Suez CanalThe Suez Canal Egypt borrows large sums of money from England and Egypt borrows large sums of money from England and
France to pay for Ali’s policiesFrance to pay for Ali’s policies England and France interfere in Egyptian economy and England and France interfere in Egyptian economy and
politicspolitics French win the right to build Suez Canal; is completed in French win the right to build Suez Canal; is completed in
18691869
British OccupationBritish Occupation
Egyptians attempt to take back control of their Egyptians attempt to take back control of their country from Britain and Francecountry from Britain and France
Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 Egypt finally gains independence in 1922, but Egypt finally gains independence in 1922, but
Suez Canal remains under British control until Suez Canal remains under British control until 19561956
Suez CanalSuez Canal
#12#12 Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 Egypt declared their independence from Egypt declared their independence from
Britain in 1922Britain in 1922
Egypt gained control of Egypt gained control of
the Suez Canal in 1956the Suez Canal in 1956
Quick CheckQuick CheckA similarity between Muhammad Ali and A similarity between Muhammad Ali and Atatürk was that bothAtatürk was that both
1. wanted to build the Suez Canal1. wanted to build the Suez Canal
2. encouraged Islamic fundamentalism.2. encouraged Islamic fundamentalism.
3. introduced western technology to their 3. introduced western technology to their countries.countries.
4. fought against the Allies in World War I.4. fought against the Allies in World War I.
#13 #13 Challenges Iran facedChallenges Iran faced
European imperialismEuropean imperialism Russia and Britain both compete for influence in Iran Russia and Britain both compete for influence in Iran
(ancient Persia)(ancient Persia) Both want access to the Persian Gulf (sound familiar?)Both want access to the Persian Gulf (sound familiar?)
spheres of influence - oil controlled by Britainspheres of influence - oil controlled by Britain Shahs (king) were weakShahs (king) were weak Government lacked power to resist European Government lacked power to resist European
expansionexpansion
#14 #14 Pahlavi DynastyPahlavi Dynasty
By early 1900’s, nationalists demand reformBy early 1900’s, nationalists demand reform Reza Khan declared Iran’s independence & set up Reza Khan declared Iran’s independence & set up
Pahlavi DynastyPahlavi Dynasty Military leader Military leader He made himself shahHe made himself shah In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the
last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi dynasty. He established a system of government that revitalized the goals of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran
Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878-1944)
#15 #15 Reza Khan’s GoalsReza Khan’s Goals
He set out to end foreign control and create a He set out to end foreign control and create a modern industrial statemodern industrial state
Reduce Muslim clergy powerReduce Muslim clergy power He pursued these goals by modernizing and He pursued these goals by modernizing and
westernizingwesternizing Improved infrastructure Improved infrastructure Rights for women, western education, government Rights for women, western education, government
and lawsand laws
Arab NationalismArab Nationalism Ottomans lose Arab lands after World War IOttomans lose Arab lands after World War I Britain and France gain control of most of these Britain and France gain control of most of these
territories, angering the Arabsterritories, angering the Arabs Britain: receives Iraq, Transjordan, & PalestineBritain: receives Iraq, Transjordan, & Palestine France: gets Syria and LebanonFrance: gets Syria and Lebanon
MandateMandate – arrangement granting control, but not – arrangement granting control, but not ownership, of these territories to Britain ownership, of these territories to Britain and Franceand France
Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia."legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia."
British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916. British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916. T. E. Lawrence, a British officer, leads them. Is known as Lawrence of ArabiaT. E. Lawrence, a British officer, leads them. Is known as Lawrence of Arabia Is angered when British do not grant Arabs independenceIs angered when British do not grant Arabs independence
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZD4153lubYv=4ZD4153lubY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZD4153IubY
#16 #16 Causes of Arab NationalismCauses of Arab Nationalism
WWIWWI Felt betrayed because provinces now became Felt betrayed because provinces now became
mandatesmandates Britain and France unwilling to withdrawl Britain and France unwilling to withdrawl
because of oilbecause of oil Some independence for Arabs Some independence for Arabs
#17 #17 Similarity between Atatürk, Similarity between Atatürk, Muhammad Ali and Reza KhanMuhammad Ali and Reza Khan
they all tried to create modern industrialized they all tried to create modern industrialized nations and end foreign influence nations and end foreign influence
Nationalist LeadersNationalist Leaders