PowerPoint Presentation

Pre-ClassList three reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire:Government corruption Continuous struggles for successionLost monopoly of trade routes to India and ChinaOttoman Empire failed to industrializehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8Fpu5cb9p0Imperialism and Nationalism

The Sick Man of EuropeIn the 18th and 19th centuries, Ottoman Empire faces major challenges from the following nations/people:Austria-Hungary rival power in EuropeRussia rival power in Europe and AsiaBOTH want territory from the Ottomans3. Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, Armenians, and Bulgarians living within Ottoman EmpireThese people wanted INDEPENDENCE from OttomansRise and Decline of Ottoman Empirehttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073406937/student_view0/chapter28/interactive_map_quiz.htmlThe Sick Man of EuropeFrance and England alarmed by Ottoman decline; believe it will give Russia too much power in Europe and Middle EastThey call Ottomans The Sick Man of Europe

Reform AttemptsSultans in the 1800s attempt to modernize the Ottoman Empire:Overhaul government and armySet up new schools to teach Western science and technologyEfforts are not successful, and in 1908, the Sultan is overthrown by a group that wants more changeThis group was known as The Young TurksYoung TurksYoung Turks were nationalists:Set up a puppet government with a new SultanEnded Ottoman tolerance of different cultures and religionsFought numerous wars in the Balkans against Greeks, Serbs, and Bulgarians

Resting after battle during Turkish revolution

The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre Ottomans (Turkey) and Russia fight for control of Armenia in 1916-1917After Russians withdraw, Turks seize territory and punish Armenians for their support of Russia; seek to expel them from TurkeyTurks institute policy of massacre and famine, known as The Armenian Genocide http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3r35ycecjk&feature=relatedBetween 1915 and 1922, Armenian loss of life estimated to be near 1.5 million

Republic of Turkey1923Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Austria-Hungary during World War I.Turkey loses World War I. ALL of its remaining territories outside Anatolia are lostMustafa Kemal, a Turkish general and war hero, abolishes the Ottoman Empire and sets up a modern, secular stateReforms of AttaturkMustafa Kemal later known as Kemal Attaturk, or father of the TurksBuilds industries to compete with Western powersSeparates religion from governmentReplaces Islamic law with Western lawsWomen given right to vote and hold public officeReplaces Arabic script with Latin alphabetReforms of Attaturk

A woman judge holding court in Turkey A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938.

Turkey Adopting a New Alphabet Atatrk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women.

Rise of Modern EgyptOttomans lose control of Egypt in the late 18th centuryEngland and France (Napoleon) fight for control over Egypt

Rise of Modern EgyptMuhammad Ali1805, Muhammad Ali, an Albanian soldier who fought against the French, became governor of EgyptAli invited French experts to train Egyptians in the latest European military and scientific techniques Established new farming methods, improved irrigation, and promoted the growing of cash crops : cotton, sugar, and tobacco

Muhammad Ali (1769 1849)The Suez CanalEgypt borrows large sums of money from England and France to pay for Alis policiesEngland and France interfere in Egyptian economy and politics French win the right to build Suez Canal; is completed in 1869

British OccupationEgyptians attempt to take back control of their country from Britain and FranceBritain takes control of Egypt in 1882Egypt finally gains independence in 1922, but Suez Canal remains under British control until 1956

Struggle for IranRussia and Britain both compete for influence in Iran (ancient Persia)Both want access to the Persian Gulf (sound familiar?)Iranian leaders (shahs) are weak. By early 1900s, nationalists demand reform

Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878-1944)Struggle for Iran1925; Reza Khan, an army officer, set up the Pahlavi dynasty and made himself shahKhan set out to end foreign control and create a modern industrial state; built roads, factories, modernized the army, and reduced power of Muslim clergyMen and women adopted western clothing, women gained more freedom to move about in public, schools emphasized western courses of study, and government used western models for its law code

Arab NationalismOttomans lose Arab lands after World War IBritain and France gain control of most of these territories, angering the ArabsBritain: receives Iraq, Transjordan, & PalestineFrance: gets Syria and LebanonMandate arrangement granting control, but not ownership, of these territories to Britain and FranceColonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia."British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916. T. E. Lawrence, a British officer, leads them. Is known as Lawrence of ArabiaIs angered when British do not grant Arabs independance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZD4153lubY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZD4153IubYZionismDuring 1920s and 1930s, British mandate of Palestine became the center of conflict between Jewish and Arab nationalistsAnti-Semitism hatred and fear of JewsAnti-Semitism increased in Europe, making many Jews wish to return to their ancient homeland; this movement was known as ZionismAD. 70: Jews dreamed of returning to Palestine since the time of the DiasporaWere encouraged and led by Theodor Herzl

The Balfour Declaration: 1917In 1917, the British government, which controls Palestine through its mandate, issues the Balfour Declaration:His Majestys Government views with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish peopleit being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in PalestineThe Balfour Declaration: 1917

Jewish settlers in Palestine: 1918Theodor Herzl (1860 1904)Imperialism & NationalismGraphic Organizer