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Pre-AP Biology Energy Unit Study Guide Part I
• The Law of conservation of matter/mass : matter can not be created or destroyed
• However, matter may be rearranged in space
• In chemical reactions, the mass (and # of atoms) of the reactants must equal the mass (and #of atoms) of the products
1. What is activation energy?
2. Why can heat supply activation energy?
1. What is activation energy? Energy that must be added for bonds to become unstable
2. Why can heat supply activation energy? Heat increases molecular motion (and collisions), which causes bonds to become unstable
During a chemical reaction:1. _______ energy is added2. Bonds become ________3. Bonds __________4. Atoms _____________5. New bonds ________6. Matter is ____________
During a chemical reaction:1. Activation energy is added2. Bonds become unstable3. Bonds break4. Atoms rearrange5. New bonds form6. Matter is conserved
1. Count the number of carbon atomsa. Of the reactantsb. Of the products
2. Count the number of hydrogen atomsa. Of the reactantsb. Of the products
3. Count the number of oxygen atomsa. Of the reactantsb. Of the products
4. How do the number and types of atoms compare between the reactants and products?
5. Why?
C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
1. Count the number of carbon atomsa. Of the reactants 2b. Of the products 2
2. Count the number of hydrogen atomsa. Of the reactants 4b. Of the products 4
3. Count the number of oxygen atomsa. Of the reactants 6b. Of the products 6
4. How do the number and types of atoms compare between the reactants and products? equal
5. Why? Conservation of matter/mass
C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
1. What does thermodynamics mean?2. What does free energy mean?3. State the 1st Law of Thermodynamics:4. State the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics:5. Discuss how the diagram above shows how
the 1st & 2nd Laws combine:
1. What does thermodynamics mean? Energy transformations2. What does free energy mean? Capacity to do work3. State the 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy can not be created
or destroyed (but it may be transferred or transformed)4. State the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Every energy transfer or
transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the system5. Discuss how the diagram above shows how the 1st & 2nd Laws
combine: organized chemical energy → high entropy heat
Metabolic Equilibrium Metabolic Disequilibrium
1 2
1. Which of the systems above is a closed, which is an open system?
2. What eventually happens in a closed system and what is the result?
3. Give an example of matter that you are exchanging with the environment.
4. Give an example of an energy transformation occurring within your body.
5. What would happen if you became a closed system?
Metabolic Equilibrium Metabolic Disequilibrium
1 21. Which of the systems above is a closed, which is an open system? 12. What eventually happens in a closed system and what is the result?
Equilibrium, death for organisms3. Give an example of matter that you are exchanging with the
environment. Oxygen in, carbon dioxide out4. Give an example of an energy transformation occurring within your
body. Chemical potential energy of food to heat (and recharged ATP)5. What would happen if you became a closed system? death
Living organisms must exchange energy and matter with their environment in order to survive.
Draw a picture of a stick-figure person showing:1. One form of energy entering2. One form of energy exiting3. Two forms of matter entering (tied to cellular respiration)4. Two forms of matter exiting (tied to cellular respiration)5. Write a statement for how #1 & #2 connects to the First
Law of Thermodynamics6. Write a statement for how #3 & #4 connect to the Law of
Conservation of Matter/Mass
Chemical potential energy
Heat (kinetic energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O
Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed
Matter may be reorganized but not created or destroyed; it is conserved
Living Organisms are Open Systems
Living organisms must exchange energy and matter with their environment in order to survive.
Catabolic/anabolic reaction
A molecule is built/broken down
Releases/absorbs energy exergonic/endergonic
Ex.: Cellular respiration/photosynthesis
Catabolic/anabolic reaction
A molecule is built/broken down
Releases/absorbs energy exergonic/endergonic
Ex.: Cellular respiration/photosynthesis
Catabolic reaction Anabolic reaction
A molecule is broken down A molecule is built
Releases free energy -Exergonic
Absorbs free energy -Endergonic
Ex.: Cellular respiration Ex.: Photosynthesis
Describe two examples in the diagram of how to build something up you have to first break something down.
Describe two examples in the diagram of how to build something up you have to first break something down.
Glucose must be broken down in order to build ATP
ATP must be broken down in order to build protein
The glucose molecule represents chemical potential energy, which bonds in the molecule represent high-energy bonds?
The glucose molecule represents chemical potential energy, which bonds in the molecule represent high-energy bonds?
The Carbon-Hydrogen bonds
Which part of the molecule represents chemical potential energy? Explain:
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Phosphate tail = potential energy in the repulsion of all the negative charges. It is a chemical equivalent of a loaded spring.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
What is the mitochondrion’s function? And how does its structure (architecture) relate to its function (job)?
The function of the mitochondrion is to synthesize/recycle ATP: ADP + pi → ATPThe double membrane allows for a H+ gradient, when H+ is allowed to diffuse down its [ ] gradient ATP synthase recycles ATP
What structures do plants have that allow them to exchange energy and matter with their environment?
1. List 4 such structures:
2. And describe the function of each:
What structures do plants have that allow them to exchange energy and matter with their environment?Chloroplasts – absorb light for photosynthesisRoots – absorb water and mineralsXylem – transport water from roots to leavesStomata – exchange gases and transpiration of water
1. Energy enters Earth’s ecosystems as ____.
2. Photosynthesis converts CO2 and H2O into _____, a form of _______ energy
3. Respiration breaks down _____ to recharge ATP and releases energy as _____.
1. Energy enters Earth’s ecosystems as light.
2. Photosynthesis converts CO2 and H2O into organic molecules, a form of chemical potential energy
3. Respiration breaks down organic molecules to recharge ATP and releases energy as heat.
1. Energy enters Earth’s ecosystems as _____ and exits as ____.
2. Describe 2 energy transformations shown in the diagram above:
3. Describe and explain the path of matter shown:
1. Energy enters ecosystems as light and exits as heat.2. Describe 2 energy transformations shown in the diagram
above: Light → chemical potential (glucose)→ ATP & heat3. Describe and explain the path of matter shown: matter
cycles due to the Law of conservation of matter/mass
Draw and label a diagram that shows the flow of carbon through an ecosystem as a result of the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and name the organelles in cells that perform each of these reactions.
Organic Molecules
CarbonDioxide
Cellular Respiration (mitochondria)
Photosynthesis (chloroplasts)
1. List three similarities between the two reactions:
2. Describe two differences:
enzymes
enzymes
1. List three similarities between the two reactions: both use glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, enzymes are used, energy is transformed
2. Describe two differences: The reactants and products are switched, photosynthesis is endergonic while respiration is exergonic
enzymes
enzymes
Discuss the role of process I and II in the cycling of carbon:
Process I: Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere and uses light energy to convert it into organic molecules (chemical potential energy of glucose).
Process II: Cellular respiration breaks down organic molecules, releasing energy to recycle ATP and releasing CO2 back into the atmosphere
1. Where does the mass come from for: acorn → mature oak tree?
2. Where does the mass go when a person loses weight?
1. Where does the mass come from for: acorn → mature oak tree? Most of the mass comes from CO2, a smaller amount comes from the H that were removed from H2O
2. Where does the mass go when a person loses weight? Most of the mas is exhaled as CO2 gas and some is excreted as H2O
If plants are placed in an environment without sun and animals are not provided with food for 48 hours, predict what will occur to the organisms’ mass and justify your answer:
If plants are placed in an environment without sun and animals are not provided with food, predict what will occur to the organisms’ mass and justify your answer:
Without sunlight to drive photosynthesis, plants will not gain mass but they still need to perform cellular respiration to recycle ATP, they will use stored glucose (starch) to do so and thus lose mass by releasing CO2 and H2O.
Similarly, animals will breakdown stored fuel and lose mass by exhaling CO2 & excreting H2O.
1. Identify two processes that break-down organic molecules and return CO2 to the atmosphere:
2. Identify one process that removes CO2 from the atmosphere and locks it up into organic molecules :
1. Identify two processes that break-down organic molecules and return CO2 to the atmosphere: cellular respiration and burning of fossil fuels
2. Identify one process that removes CO2 from the atmosphere and locks it up into organic molecules : photosynthesis
1. What is the trend in [CO2] from 1960 to 2010?2. Why does [CO2] decline in the spring and summer?3. Why does [CO2] increase in the fall and winter?
1. What is the trend in [CO2] from 1960 to 2010? increase2. Why does [CO2] decline in the spring and summer? ↑ photo. takes up CO23. Why does [CO2] increase in the fall and winter? ↓ photo., resp. continues
1. What is the relationship between [CO2] and average global temperature?
1. What is the relationship between [CO2] and average global temperature? As [CO2] ↑ so does temp
How can the abundance of food affect the survival and reproduction of a species?
If the food resource (in this case caterpillars) abundance peak does not match the timing when chicks need to be fed, chicks are less likely to survive. The population of the bird species is thus likely to decline.
Carbon & Organic Molecules• 96% of the matter of your body is composed of:____, ____, ____, ____
• 98+% includes: ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, _____
• Organic molecules have a ____-based skeleton
• Carbon forms ____ - covalent bonds
Carbon & Organic Molecules• 96% of the matter of your body is composed of:
C, H, N, O
• 98+% includes: CHNOPS
• Organic molecules have a C-based skeleton
• Carbon forms 4 - covalent bonds
1. Describe what is being shown in the diagram:2. Name the process
1. Describe what is being shown in the diagram: A molecule of water is lost as a monomer is added to a polymer
2. Name the process dehydration synthesis
1. Describe what is being shown in the diagram:2. Name the process
1. Describe what is being shown in the diagram: A molecule of water is added to break a monomer from a polymer
2. Name the process hydrolysis
1. Which reactant do the C atoms of glucose come from?
2. Which reactant do the O atoms of glucose come from?
3. Which reactant do the H atoms of glucose come from?
4. Which reactant does O2 gas come from?
1. Which reactant do the C atoms of glucose come from? CO2
2. Which reactant do the O atoms of glucose come from? CO2
3. Which reactant do the H atoms of glucose come from? H2O
4. Which reactant does O2 gas come from? H2O
An acorn grows into a massive oak tree. There is a massive increase in biomass. Where, exactly, did all that matter (mass) come from?
4 g
235,000 kg (235 million grams)
An acorn grows into a massive oak tree. There is a massive increase in biomass. Where, exactly, did all that matter (mass) come from?
4 g
235,000 kg (235 million grams)
C = 12x6=72O = 16x6=96CO2: 168 amu
H = 1x12=12H2O: 12 amu
Most of the biomass comes from CO2, a small amount also comes from the Hydrogen atoms split from H2O
CALVIN CYCLE/CARBON FIXATION
STROMATHYLAKOID
co2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
Light
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
PCHLOROPHYLL
LIGHT REACTIONS
1. Which organelle is shown?
2. What process is diagrammed?
3. Where do the light reactions occur?
4. Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
CALVIN CYCLE/CARBON FIXATION
STROMATHYLAKOID
co2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
Light
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
PCHLOROPHYLL
LIGHT REACTIONS
1. Which organelle is shown? chloroplast
2. What process is diagrammed? photosynthesis
3. Where do the light reactions occur? thylakoid
4. Where does the Calvin cycle occur? stroma
CALVIN CYCLE/CARBON FIXATION
STROMATHYLAKOID
co2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
Light
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
PCHLOROPHYLL
LIGHT REACTIONS
For the light reactions:1. Which reactant
enters?2. Which product
leaves?3. What happens to
the hydrogen atoms?
4. What is light energy transformed into?
CALVIN CYCLE/CARBON FIXATION
STROMATHYLAKOID
co2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
Light
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
PCHLOROPHYLL
LIGHT REACTIONSFor the light reactions:1. Which reactant
enters? H2O2. Which product
leaves? O2
3. What happens to the hydrogen atoms? Carried by NADPH
4. What is light energy transformed into? Chemical energy: NADPH and ATP
CALVIN CYCLE/CARBON FIXATION
STROMATHYLAKOID
co2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
Light
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
PCHLOROPHYLL
LIGHT REACTIONS
For the Calvin cycle:1. Which reactant
enters?2. Which product
leaves?3. Where does the
ATP and NADPH come from?
4. What is ATP and NADPH used for?
CALVIN CYCLE/CARBON FIXATION
STROMATHYLAKOID
co2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
Light
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
PCHLOROPHYLL
LIGHT REACTIONSFor the Calvin cycle:1. Which reactant
enters? CO2
2. Which product leaves? C6H12O6
3. Where does the ATP and NADPH come from? The light reactions
4. What is ATP and NADPH used for? Energy to build glucose
When a person loses 5 lbs. of fat, where exactly does it go?
Cellular respiration:
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen gas: 6-C sugar (glucose) is split into two 3-C pyruvate molecules, yielding 2 net ATP
6-C 3-C 3-C
2 pyruvate molecules
2
Cellular Respiration1. 6-C sugar (glucose) split into two 3-C pyruvate
2. If O2 is present, pyruvate moves into the mitochondrion where it is fully broken down
3. High energy carbon-hydrogen bonds in fuel molecules are broken – this energy is used to pump H+ ions across the mitochondrion’s inner membrane
4. When the H+ ions diffuse through ATP synthase: ADP + Pi → ATP (ATP is recycled)
5. C in organic molecule C6H12O6 → CO2
6. H from glucose + O2 → H2O
Fermentation 1. What determines the route of pyruvate after glycolysis?
2. What are two possible products of fermentation?
3. Where does fermentation occur?
4. Where does respiration occur?
5. How does ATP production fermentation vs. cellular respiration compare:
6. How does fermentation relate to NADH?
Fermentation:2 ATP
Respiration:36 ATP
Fermentation1. What determines the route of
pyruvate after glycolysis? + or -oxygen
2. What are two possible products of fermentation? Alcohol and lactic acid
3. Where does fermentation occur? cytoplasm
4. Where does respiration occur? mitochondrion
5. How does ATP production fermentation vs. cellular respiration compare: About 18 times more with resp.
Fermentation:2 ATP
Respiration:36 ATP
Alcoholic Fermentation
Glucose Ethanol (alcohol)
Carbon dioxide gas
Enzymes
Alcoholic fermentation used in brewing and wine-making
In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic)
+ 2 ATP recycled
Represents a lot of calories
Energy and Exercise3 sources of energy:
1. Use ATP already in muscles (only enough for a few seconds)
2. Use new ATP made from lactic acid fermentation (only for about 90 seconds)
3. Use new ATP made from cellular respiration relies on glycogen (animal-starch) stored in muscles and the liver
Living Organisms are Open SystemsOrganic molecules (food) provides the chemical building blocks living things need to grow and reproduce
1. Digestive system breaks food down2. Cell metabolism may further break down molecules3. Cells use ATP energy to build new polymers from monomers
