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Materi 10. Pre- and probiotic functional product. Fransiska Rungkat Zakaria. PREBIOTIK. Serat pangan yang dapat memacu pertumbuhan mikroflora saluran pencernaan yang menyehatkan. Lactobacillus Bifidobakteria dll. Produk fermentasi serat: Asam laktat Asam lemak rantai pendek:(ALRP) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pre- and probiotic functional product
Fransiska Rungkat Zakaria
Materi 10
Fruits Serving sizeTotal fiber (grams)*
Raspberries 1 cup 8.0
Pear, with skin 1 medium 5.1
Apple, with skin 1 medium 4.4
Figs, dried 2 medium 3.7
Blueberries 1 cup 3.5
Strawberries 1 cup 3.3
Banana 1 medium 3.1
Orange 1 medium 3.1
Raisins 1.5-ounce box 1.6
Grains, cereal & pastaServing
sizeTotal fiber
(grams)*
Spaghetti, whole-wheat, cooked
1 cup 6.3
Barley, pearled, cooked 1 cup 6.0
Oat bran muffin1
medium
5.2
Bran flakes 3/4 cup 5.1
Oatmeal, quick, regular or instant, cooked
1 cup 4.0
Popcorn, air-popped 3 cups 3.6
Brown rice, cooked 1 cup 3.5
Bread, rye 1 slice 1.9
Bread, whole-wheat or multigrain
1 slice 1.9
Legumes, nuts & seeds Serving sizeTotal fiber
(grams)*
Split peas, cooked 1 cup 16.3
Lentils, cooked 1 cup 15.6
Black beans, cooked 1 cup 15.0
Lima beans, cooked 1 cup 13.2
Baked beans, vegetarian, canned, cooked
1 cup 10.4
Sunflower seeds, hulled 1/4 cup 3.6
Almonds1 ounce (22
nuts)3.3
Pistachio nuts1 ounce (49
nuts)2.9
Pecans1 ounce (19
halves)2.7
VegetablesServing
sizeTotal fiber
(grams)*
Artichoke, cooked 1 medium 10.3
Peas, cooked 1 cup 8.8
Broccoli, boiled 1 cup 5.1
Turnip greens, boiled 1 cup 5.0
Sweet corn, cooked 1 cup 4.6
Brussels sprouts, cooked
1 cup 4.1
Potato, with skin, baked
1 medium 4.0
Tomato paste 1/4 cup 2.7
Carrot, raw 1 medium 1.7
PREBIOTIK Serat pangan yang dapat memacu pertumbuhanmikroflora saluran pencernaan yang menyehatkan
LactobacillusBifidobakteriadll
Produk fermentasi serat:Asam laktatAsam lemak rantai pendek:(ALRP) (Short chain fatty acid) (SCFA)
asetatpropionatbutiratMenurunkan pH
Oksigen dari air minum
melaluisaluran pencernaan
(sel mucosa difusi pasif)
permukaan: 300-500 m2
Pembuluh darah(oksigen dalam plasma)
Apa yang terjadi dalam saluran Pencernaan sebelum oksigen Berdifusi:
1. Bakteria anaerob: racun2. Bakteria aerob:butuh oksigen3. Sel tumor: tdk tahan oksigen4. Penyerapan zat-zat gizi
membutuhkan oksigen5. Oksigen dapat melakikan
oksidasi dan menghasilkan senyawa radikal/radikal bebas
Belum ditelitiAsumsi : tidak berbahaya bisa bermanfaat
prebiotik
31-Western diet resulted in disappereance of Fusobacterium (10-month study)
Japanese diet in Japanese (1)
American diet in Japanese (1)
2627
1º1+
No change in predominant fecal floraEnglish had 30-fold more Bacteroids and 4-
fold more Bifidobacterium; Ugandans had significantly greater numbers of Streptococci, Enterococi, Lactobacilli, and yeasts
Vegeterian Ugandans(48)
Western English
Ref.Scorea
Fecal Microflora CharacteristicsNon-Western Diet (N)
Western Diet (N)
Tabel 1. Fecal Microflora in Different human Population
Tabel 1 (continued). Fecal Microflora in Different human Population
Western Diet (N)
Non-Western Diet (N)
Fecal Microflora Characteristics Scorea
Ref.
British (91), American (34)
Ugandans, South Africa, Indians, Japanese
British and Americans had greater numbers of Bacteroides and a higher ratio of anaerobes
1+ 28
Non-Seventh-Day Adventists
Seventh-Day Adventists
Nonvegetarian-Seventh-Day Adventists
Seventh-Day adventists had higher Lactobacillus and lower Clostridium perfringens than the U.S. population. Clostridium septum, C. tertim, and Fusobacterium were lower in the Adventists group.
Adhering and nonadhering Seventh-Day adventists showed little differences
1+
1º
36
Table 2. Effect of Various Fiber on Fecal Microflora
Diet and Fiber
Amount
Duration
No. of subject
Fecal Microflora Characteristics
Scorea
Ref
Low-Residue Diets
Low-residue diet
- 21-56 days
6 astro-nauts
No significant change in fecal flora; decrease in Enterococci in low-residue diet
1o 41
Chemically defined diet
- 10 days 3 Enterobacteria increased, Enterococci and other lactic acid acid bacteria decreased in number
- 44
Table 2 (Continued). Effect of Various Fiber on Fecal Microflora
Diet and Fiber
Amount
Duration
No. of subject
Fecal Microflora Characteristics
Scorea
Ref
Usual Diet with fiber Supplement
American diet plus
Laminarin Xylan
Guar gum Psyllium
hydro-colloid
----
In vitroIncubation of colon flora
Plant sources cited resulted in introduction of enzymes in Bacteroides species that were capable of degrading the polysaccharides
5o 47
Table 2 (continued). Effect of Various Fiber on Fecal Microflora
Diet and Fiber
Amount
Duration
No. of subject
Fecal Microflora Characteristics
Scorea
Ref.
British diet plus Carrots
200 g,raw
3 weeks 6 No significant defference in quali-tative orquantita-tive count of bacteria; ratio of anaerobes appeared to increased
1o 48
Western diet plus
Bran
Wheat germ
30 g
30 g
1-2 months
4
5
Addition of fiber led to a reduction of fecal 7--dehydroxylase activity
5+ 40
Influence of sources of dietary fiber on luminal and fecal pH
Humans, male
22+ 1 yr old
Fed 4 wk (feces)
Low fiber diet
(16g/d)
6.9+0.1
Medium-fiber diet
(30 g/d)
6.5+0.1
High-fiber diet (42 g/d)
6.6 + 0.1
Fiber appears to have threshold effect on pH
Humans, male
23 + 3 yr old
Fed 3 wk
(feces)
Control
6.83 + 0.19
Inulin
(15 g/d)
6.70 + 0.46
FOS
(15 g/d)
6.88 + 0.23
GOS
(15 g/d)
6.72 + 0.48
Humans, 3 male, 10 female Colon
Distal colon
Feces
Control
6.83 + 0.39
7.08 + 0.47
6.99 + 0.67
Wheat bran
6.59 + 0.48
6.88 + 0.43
6.80 + 0.52
Whet bran may lower pH in mid and distal colon
Human, male
Fed 3 d
Mize porridge
Feces Fresh
6.7
Stale
5.91
> Starch resistance
< fecal pH
Influence of sources of dietary fiber on Short Chain Fatty Acid Production
Senna
138.2
40.3
59.1
Feces
Highly resistance
starch had higher Ac and Bu
High RS
51.6
43.1
35.1
Low R Starch
65.8
24.8
17.6
(mol/g wet)
Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate
(mol/g wet)
Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate
Humans, 10 male, feces
fed 10 d
Wheat bran
81.0
21.9
79.4
Control
72.9
24.0
69.0
(mol/g wet)
Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate
Humans, 3 male, 10 female
Fed 10 d(feces)
FOS
1058 + 444
707 + 297
316 + 105
Inulin
1181 + 355
795 + 300
401 + 179
Control
854+ 541
671+297
313+ 177
Humans,12 male
22+ 1 yr old
Fed 3 w (feces)
(mmol/100g w)AcetatePropionateButyrate
ULTIMATE CARCINOGEN
DNA ADDUCTS
Somatic alteration of oncogenes,tumor suppressor genes and DNA-repair genes
Dietary fibersBioactive dietary constituents,eg. isothiocyanates
Phase II metabolizingenzymess
Genes
EXCRETION
Fecal mutagen: N-nitroso, nitrite, nitrate, fecapentaen
Somatic alteration of oncogenes,tumor suppressor genes and DNA-repair genes
Abnormal DNA and cell replication
GenesDNA repair
Physical activityObesity
Energy intakeDietary factors
NORMAL DNA
HormonesGrowth factors
REDIFFERENTIATION
Specific nutrients eg. Carotenoids, retinols
Precancerous lesion/dysplasia
APOPTOSIS
Fiber,colonic bacteria, Short chain fatty acid(pre/probiotics)
Genes
Dysplasia
(Promotion stage)
Suppressed by SCFA
Kanker kolon
Epidemiologi: (Giovannuci et al, 1992)7248 priaHasil: signifikan korelasi negative dengan lemak tinggi,
dan rendah serat
Mekanisme: Short chain fatty acid (SCFA)/ asam lemak rantai pendek /asam butirat tinggi:
apoptosis (kematian sel terprogram) Menurunkan kadar amonia Mengikat/memperkecil konsentrasi karsinogen Asidifikasi lingkungan kolon/
Kanker payu dara
Intervensi (Woods et al, 1996):
Hubungan dengan kadar estrogen plasma dan urin (estron, estradiol, etc)Kombinasi dengan kadar lemak rendahMenurnkan kadar estrogen
Berpotensi mencegah
Bersifat hormonal
Mekanisme: mengikat unconjugated estrogen pada saluran pencernaan mikroflora memperlambat dekonjugasi/penyerapan menurunkan lemak abdominal menekan sintesis mengadsorp karsinogen (mis: heterosilik amin)
Improvement of intestinal mechanism of defense through immunomodulation
BAL sekresi antibodi imunoglobulin A terhadap bakteri patogen pada hewan maupun manusia
IFN (resistance to cell infections)
allergy
Efek immunoadjuvant
Mempunyai antigenik epotop yang sama dengan mukosa intestinal imunotoleran
Largest percentage of body’s immune system(80%)
Stimulasi fungsi makrofag
Tdak oleh semua LABCorynobacterum parvum +Lb casei +
Diabetes
Intervensi:33 dari 50 hasil penelitian (66%) serat viscous:: penurunan kebutuhan insulin oleh subjek diabetes tipe 2
3 dari 14 studi (21%): non vocous
Mekanisme: pelambatan waktu pengosongan lambung, penyerapan glukosa dan zat gizi lain
Epidemiologi (Salmeron et al 1997)
42.759 cohort study pada pria: high glycemic diet and low fiber are associated with risk of type diabetes
65.173 perempuan: the same
Pengendalian berat badan
Studi epidemiologi (Appleby et al, 1998):Konsumsi serat obese berat ideal
pria 20.9 + 1.8 g 26.9 + 1.8 g perempuan 15.7 + 1.1g 22..7 + 2.1g
Intervensi (Birketvedt et al 2000)Perempuan ahagak gemuk; 1200 kkal/hrDengan serat: turun 8.0kg Tanpa serat: turun 5.8 kg
Serat: menurunkan nafsu makan Serat vicous/gel: memperpanjang waktu pengosongan lambung
merasa kenyang lebih lamamemperlambat penyerapan glukosa dan zat gizi lainny
Kecukupan Asupan (Adequate Intake/AI)
Anak-anak Umur (tahun) gram1-3 19 4-8 25
Remaja pria 9-13 31 14-18 38
perempuan 9-13 26 14-18 26
Dewasa pria 19-30 3831-50 3850-70 30>70 30
perempuan 19-30 2531-50 2550-70 21>70 21
Dampak kelebihan konsumsi:
Paling banyak diteliti Penyerapan mineral: Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn
Flatulence
Tidak signifikan pada individu sehat
Health product industries:• Nutraceuticals/
supplements• Functional foods• Important business
Chitin: from shrimp shell Chitin powder
Probiotik
• Food Trend functional food probiotik
• Penelitian-penelitian terakhir banyak yang difokuskan dan diarahkan pada aplikasi berbagai strain bakteri asam laktat (BAL) dalam berbagai jenis makanan.
• Selain berperan sebagai pembentuk tekstur dan citrarasa, BAL maupun produk metabolitnya (asam laktat, senyawa antimikroba) menurut penelitian dapat memberi efek positif terhadap kesehatan
• BAL dapat diisolasi dari produk susu fermentasi seperti dadih
Tabel 1. Probiotik dan efek terhadap imunitas
Meningkatkan IgM & IgE anti E. coliTikusL. acidophilus + Peptostreptococcus
Menurunkan durasi diare rotavirus, meningkatkan IgG dan IgA spesifik terhadap Salmonella typhi secara signifikan (Kaila et al., 1992).
ManusiaLactobacillus GG
Meningkatkan fagositosis makrofag, Meningkatkan IgG anti influenza, menurunkan infeksi saluran pernapasanMeningkatkan sIgA
Tikus
Manusia
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Meningkatkan sIgA, menurunkan infeksi usus, meningkatkan fagositosis makrofag
TikusLactobacillus casei Shirota
EfekSpesiesProbiotik
Sumber : Erickson dan Hubbard (2000)
• Dadih produk olahan susu fermentasi tradisional
daerah Sumatera Barat
Pengolahan sederhana
susu kerbau yang difermentasi secara tradisional di dalam tabung bambu yang ditutup daun pisang (Akuzawa dan Surono, 2002).
BAL Probiotik
Penelitian sebelumnya (Surono, 2001) telah dapat mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi BAL dari dadih
BAL dadih IS-27526in vitro bersifat tahan asam, garam empedu, dan lysozime
(Surono, 2001).memiliki kemampuan adhesi dan membentuk koloni pada epitel saluran pencernaan (Surono, 2003)aktivitas antimutagenik juga mampu menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah
In vivotikus meningkatkan sekresi IgA (Riewpassa, 2003)
Manusia ?
Probiotik
• makanan suplemen mikroba hidup yang memberi efek menguntungkan terhadap inangnya (host) dengan meningkatkan keseimbangan mikroflora intestinal (usus)
Fuller (1997)
Kriteria Probiotik yang efektif
• Human origin (idealnya)• Tahan asam, garam empedu & lysozime• Mampu menempel (adhesi) pada epitel sal
pencernaan• Dapat membentuk koloni pada usus manusia• Bersifat antagonis terhadap bakteri patogen• Dapat meningkatkan sistem imun• Memproduksi senyawa antimikroba• secara klinis terbukti efeknya terhadap
kesehatan, dan aman untuk dikonsumsi (Brassart dan Schiffrin, 2000)
Manfaat kesehatan probiotik • memelihara keseimbangan mikroflora
normal usus
• memperbaiki daya cerna laktosa pada penderita lactose intolerance
• menurunkan kolesterol
• menghambat bakteri patogen
• merangsang sistem imun
• mempunyai aktivitas anti karsinogenik dan anti mutagenik
Pola Makan yang dapat memenuhi Kebutuhan Gizi dan Serat (prebiotik)
TERIMAKASIH
