Prairie Cultures Plains Indians Savage tribes (were they really?) Hunters/Planters/Nomadic Horses/Guns = efficient hunting Goodbye farms, hello plains hunting Outbreak of war due to trespassing Teepees Men = warriors, Women = cooks, Shamans Westward Expansion Land ownership beliefs differed Natives did not settle down or improve land Traveled along railroad and wagon trails Native American Restrictions Arrival of railroads 1834 Federal Govt passed Act deeming Great Plains area as one big reservation Sand Creek Massacre Indians return to land in winter I want no peace till the Indians suffer more 150 dead More Fighting Bozeman Trail Ran through Sioux hunting grounds in Bighorn Mtns Indian chief tried to end white settlement Crazy Horse led attack 80 soldiers killed Native Americans call this Battle of the Hundred Slain, Settlers called it Fetterman Massacre Trail closed Treaty of Fort Laramie Sioux reservation along Missouri Rvr Even More Fighting Red River War Comanche / Kiowa engaged in 6 yrs of raids Friend N.A. secluded to reservations, others were killed to destroy their villages and ponies, to kill and hang all warriors, and to bring back all women and children. Gold Rush Col. Custer reported gold in Black Hills (appeal from N.A.s was shot down) Fight at Little Big Horn River Custers men flanked and defeated (all dead) Assimilation Different support For N.A.s Assimilation N.A. becoming part of white culture Dawes Act Americanize Indians Broke up reservation (160 acres to individuals married, 80 to ones who werent, rest to settlers) Settlers take 2/3, no money given out Buffalo shot for sport Populist Movement Common Problems Economic cycle P(Crops) + Mortgage of land Couldnt make payments Excessive shipping prices and for storage No more greenbacks (why is this a problem) No railroad competition (boat cheaper?) Oliver Hudson Kelley (Patrons of Husbandry) The Grangers = Farmers Alliance Educated townspeople about troubles Populism Created to help farmers and laborers People would have more say in govt 1) Increase in money supply (increase in prices for crops) 2) Graduated income tax 3) Federal Loan program 4) Election of U.S. senators by popular vote, 5) Single terms for the president and vice-president 6) Secret ballot to end vote fraud 7) 8 hr work day, restrictions on immigration Panic of 1893 Scare of possible stock market failure Decline / bankruptcy of railroads Farmers had debts and loans Govt gold supply ran thin People traded paper money for gold, silver mines closed 15,000 businesses and 500 banks collapsed 3 million people lost their jobs Republican vs. Democrat Industrialized Northeast = Republican Farmers and Laborers of South/West = Democratic What to be used for money? Silverties favored bimetallism = money backed with gold and silver Gold bugs favored gold standard = money backed with gold Goodbye Populism Populism? Should it join other political parties? Republican = William McKinley Democrats chose William Jennings Bryan but gold bug Dems didnt like vice president choice Bryan could not match McKinley's amount of money Tried to make up for this by traveling and doing own campaigning McKinley gets 7 million votes, Bryan 6.5 million East for McKinley, South/Farmers of Midwest Industrial Midwest = McKinley wins Age of Railroads Spanning Time and Space Govt makes huge land grants/loans to railroad companies May 10, 1869 = transcontinental railroad United the nation Brought many immigrants such as Chinese and Irish to work on them Very dangerous work (disease/accidents) Railroad causes invention of time zones (based on position of the sun) Opportunities and Opportunists Businesses began to grow rapidly Iron, coal, steel, lumber, and glass Had to match railroads demand Helped the growth of towns, new markets, and rich opportunities for visionaries and profiteers Promoted trade and interdependence (what does this mean) George Pullman Built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars Town named after him Able to provide all basic needs to its residents Services + Housing Laws established to keep control This and high rent led to a strike in 1894 Credit Mobilier Pullman created town out of desire for control and profit Union Pacific Railroad stock holders Lay down track at 2 3 times the cost Pocketed profits ($23 mil +) The Grange and the Railroads Farmers affected by corruption Grangers (farmers organization) began demanding govt control over railroad industry Misuse of govt land grants (sold to other businesses rather than settlers) Railroads agree to fixed prices Charged different amounts to customers (shorter trips cost more) Munn vs. Illinois -> gave states power to to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers Interstate Commerce Act (between states) Reestablished the right of the federal govt to supervise railroad activities Leads to panic of 1893 (worst depression to that time) Big Business and Labor Andrew Carnegie One of 1 st business men Made own profit and worked way up Entered steel business (Carnegie Steel Corp) Searched for ways to make better products, cheaper Offered workers stock What did this cause? Vertical Integration owning production needs Horizontal Integration buying all steel companies / competition Social Darwinism Survival of fittest Pass knowledge from generation down to others Gods Favor? Rich people are meant to be rich, poor people are lazy or inferior people that deserve it Growth / Consolidation If you cant beat them, join them Actually pursued horizontal integration Monopoly = no competition Buy all stock shares (Holding Company) John D. Rockefeller Trust agreements Sell all stocks run independent companies get some of profit Robber Barons Rockefeller paid employees very little and gave little benefits Drove competitors out of business (oil prices lower than cost to produce it) Raise prices when he controlled market Began to receive criticism for his tactics Both Rockefeller and Carnegie provided millions of dollars to charity Sherman Antitrust Act Illegal to create trust with free trade between states or with other countries Fear that free economic competition would cease to exist Didnt clearly define what trust was Businesses would change ways if pressure felt 7 out of 8 cases thrown out by court Eventually gave up on the act Business Bypasses South Centralized in North South recovering still from Civil War (no $ for investment) 90% stock of railroads held by North South most profitable business South remain primarily agricultural Transportation costs, high tariffs on raw materials Tobacco, textile, mining industry provided hope for capital gains Immigrants The Golden Door Lured by promise of a better life Famine, land shortages, religious/political reasons Earn money then return home Jews driven out of Russia European jobs became scarce Europeans arrive on the East coast at Ellis Island Asians arrive at Angel island on West coast Looking for gold, worked on railroad, farming, mining New Life Traveled by steamship cargo holds One week trip across Atlantic Three weeks across Pacific Ellis Island New York Harbor Inspected (Only about 2% denied) Angel Island San Francisco Bay Similar inspections and questioning as Ellis Island Challenge of finding job, place to live, etc. Hyphenated Americans; often disliked and seen as threat Horrible living conditions + horrible jobs Pg. 256 Quote Restrictions Nativism favoritism toward native-born Americans Anti-Immigrant groups Immigrants from good countries = British, German, Scandinavian Immigrants from bad countries = Slav, Latin, Asiatic Disliked religious beliefs more than culture 1897 = Literacy test leads to the denial of entry Anti-Asian Fear of jobs going to Asians Denis Kearney = Workingmens Party and The Chinese must go! Chinese Exclusion Act no longer allowed Chinese immigration for 10 years Excluded students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and govt officials Law extended and finally repealed in 1943 Segregated Japanese children Japan was unhappy with this Roosevelt signs Gentlemans Agreement = Japans govt agreed to limit immigration of unskilled workers to U.S. in exchange for repeal of segregation Challenges of Urbanization Growth of cities (Northeast and Midwest) Cities = cheapest and most convenient places Steady jobs Americanization Movement Designed to tie people into main culture Farming technology = less labor People moved into the city African Americans left (Detroit, Chicago) Urban Opportunities Housing outskirts of city or cramped inner-city apartment Row houses invented Tenements = overcrowded apartment building Horrible conditions (garbage) Transportation Mass transit invented Struggle to fix old system and to build new ones Water Safe drinking water? Bad water systems Problems Sanitation Extremely dirty city streets Factories releasing smoke into the air Crime Pickpockets / thieves Small police units = no impact on crime Fire Lack of water to combat fire Wooden buildings Burned for over 24+ hours Around 300 people died 100,000 homeless 3 square miles destroyed $200 million in property loss 17,500 building destroyed Great Chicago Fire Social Gospel Movement Salvation through service to the poor Settlement houses = community centers in slum areas for assistance Educational, cultural, and social services Reformers Public Education Expansion Most states had established public schools by the Civil War Many children did not receive formal education Many left within 4 yrs of attendance and did not attend high school 8 14 yr olds required to complete school for 12 to 16 weeks ( ) Reading, writing, and arithmetic Strict rules / physical punishment = miserable Kindergarten = daycare 62% whites, 34% blacks By early > half a million students attended high school Included courses in science, civics, and social studies Vocational courses Blacks left out of secondary education 1% attended high school Immigrants encouraged to go to school Became Americanized Learn English and become a citizen Higher Education Very few Americans had high school diplomas Less actually attended college College attendance quadrupled from After civil war many black pursued higher education Booker T. Washington Believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute Headed by Booker T. Washington Focused on educating blacks W.E.B. Du Bois -> 1 st black to receive doctorate from Harvard Founded the Niagara Movement = insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts educations to become leaders Segregation and Discrimination Fighting Legal Discrimination Voting Restrictions Limited vote to people who could read Administered literacy test Asked more difficult questions Given test in foreign language Poll Tax Had to be paid before qualifying to vote Grandfather Clause If his father or grandfather eligible to vote before Jan. 1, 1867 Jim Crow Laws Segregation laws Schools Hospitals Parks transportation Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court ruled that separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14 th Amendment Separate but equal Permitted racial segregation for almost 60 yrs Turn of the Century Race Relations Customs that belittled blacks Not law but racial etiquette Never shook hands Yield the sidewalk Remove hats Violence Severe punishment or death for not following etiquette Lynching Discrimination in the North Mexican workers Railroads hired more Mexicans than members of any other race Worked for less money Major labor force in the agricultural industries Debt peonage -> slave labor to pay off debt The Chinese Pushed into segregated schools and neighborhoods Fear of job competition