Practice of Biomedical ResearchClass of 2008

Evaluation: oral report, discussion and hand-out exercise

Format: lecture, discussion and practice

Lecturer: Tang-Yuan Chu, MD, PhD

Time: Sep 22, 2008

Happy Chinese New Year98011918

Presentation and discussion of paper draft (II)98011217

Presentation and discussion of paper draft (I)98010516

Practice of paper writing97122915

Practice of paper writing97122214

Scientific report (II): journal report97121513

Presentation and peer review of the prepared poster (via computer) (II)97120812

Presentation and peer review of the prepared poster (via computer) (I)971120111

Practice of a meeting reports97112410

Scientifc report (I) Meeting reports9711179

Presentation and judgement of proposal (II)9711108

Presentation and judgement of proposal (I)9711037

Practice of proposal writing9710276

Research grants, How to write a research proposal: practical point of view9710205

PBL pactice and discussion: A conginital spotted boy with multiple tumor (III)9710134

PBL pactice and discussion: A conginital spotted boy with multiple tumor (II)9710063

PBL pactice and discussion: A conginital spotted boy with multiple tumor (I)9709292

Introduction: What is biomedical research?9709221

TopicsDate　

A career of research• The philosophy and thinking• The environment

– Place, equipments, core facilities– Infrastructure

• The resource– Grant: man power, running expenses– Study system: materials, techniques, a train.

• Credit– Publications– Intelligence property

• A team work

A worldwide competition

A believe in truth.A life perusing truth

PhD: Doctor of “Philosophy”Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, justice, beauty, validity, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these questions (such as mysticism or mythology) by critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument.

Science

• A system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research.– Natural sciences study natural phenomena

(including biological life)– Social sciences study human behavior and

societies.

Disciplines of Natural Sciences

• Biology • Chemistry • Earth science • Physics • Astronomy• Cross-disciplines

Biology

• The biological fields of botany, zoology, and medicine date back to early periods of civilization.

• Microbiology was introduced in the 17th century with the invention of the microscope.

• In 19th century, biology became a unified science. – The discovery of genetics; – Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection– The germ theory of disease – The application of the techniques of chemistry and

physics at the level of the cell or organic molecule.

Modern Biology

• Modern Biology is divided into sub-disciplines by the type of organism and by the scale being studied. For example,– Molecular biology is the study of the

fundamental chemistry of life, – Cellular biology is the examination of the cell; – Physiology looks at the internal function of

organism, – Ecology looks at how various organisms

interrelated.

Medical Sciences– Anaesthetics – Cardiology – Dentistry

• Dental hygiene and Epidemiology • Dental surgery • Restorative dentistry and Endodontics • Orthodontics • Oral and maxillofacial surgery • Pedodontics (Pediatric dentistry) • Periodontics • Prosthodontics • Implantology

– Emergency Medical Care – Emergency Medicine

• Disaster Medicine • Emergency Toxicology • Observation Medicine • Pre-hospital Care • Tactical Emergency Medicine

– Endocrinology • Diabetology

– Epidemiology – Forensics – Geriatrics – Gynaecology – Hematology – Internal medicine (General medicine) – International and Humanitarian Medicine – Nephrology – Neurology – Neurosurgery – Obstetrics – Oncology

– Ophthalmology – Orthopedic surgery – Otolaryngology – Pathology – Pediatrics – Podiatry – Primary care

• General Practice – Public health – Psychiatry

• Addiction Medicine – Psychology

• Clinical Psychology • Counseling psychology

– Radiology – Rehabilitation Medicine – Respiratory medicine

• Pulmonology • Sleep Medicine

– Rheumatology – Sports Medicine – Surgery

• Bariatric Surgery • Cardiothoracic Surgery • Neurosurgery • Plastic Surgery

– Traumatology – Urology

• Andrology • Pharmaconomy • Pharmacy • Veterinary medicine

Biomedical Research

• Basic and applied research conducted to aid the body of knowledge in medicine. – Application of biology to medicine.

• Translational research: connect basic research to patient care; “bench to bedside”

• Pre-clinical research, • Clinical trials

Medicine: Human health

Genetic

Environmental

Stochastic

TemporalTemporalFunction and Malfunction

System biology

• Systems biology focuses on the systematic study of the complex interactions in biological systems. – Various genome projects produce a large

increase in data from the “omics” – Advances in high-throughput experiments and

bioinformatics.

The “Omics”• Transcriptomics: whole cell or tissue gene expression

measurements by DNA microarrays or SAGE • Proteomics: complete identification of proteins and protein

expression patterns of a cell or tissue through 2-d electrophoresis or other multi-dimensional protein separation techniques and mass spectrometry. – Sub disciplines include phosphoproteomics, glycoproteomics and other

methods to detect chemically modified proteins. • Metabolomics: identification and measurement of all small-

molecules metabolites within a cell or tissue • Glycomics: identification of the entirety of all carbohydrates in a cell

or tissue. • Further techniques analyze the dynamics and interactions within a

cell. – Interactomics: the context of protein-protein interaction, in theory

encompasses interactions between all molecules within a cell. – Fluxomics: dynamic changes of molecules within a cell over time

Study of Human Life: From phenotype to genotype: clinical-orientated

DNA RNA Protein Function

PhenotypesDiseases (multigene, environment)

Human life (outbred)

“OMICS” Expression Profiling

DNA arrays: SNP array, CGH array RNA arrayProtein arrayMethylation array

Proteomics: SELDI-MS; ICAT

Candidate molecular analysis:

MD’s and PhD’s way of thinking

• Getting knowledge vs. thinking why?• Evidence-based• Ways of learning:

– From textbook– From review article– From scientific paper– From your own research

• Believe vs. not believe• Receiving vs. challenging

Scientific Method, the science circle

• Identifying a Problem • Forming a hypothesis • Designing and

Performing Experiments • Collecting and Analyzing

Data • Formulating Conclusions

about the Hypothesis

Try and errorLearn from fails

Vs.

guideline & protocolpratice without error

MD scientist?

Expanding the boundaries of science can lead to new discoveries ... or

just a broken test tube

PBL for next 3 meets

• The same PBL as that of medical student, but focusing on scientific thinking:– What is that?

• What is the observation?• What is the cause?• What are the consequences? ...

– Why ? • Why is this?• Why does it happen?• Why is this way?

– How?• How does it happen? • How can we prove it?

– The hypothesis– The experiment– The evidence

• Not only to solve the problem, but also to know the underline mechanism through a series of science circles.

Problem-based learning:A 15-year-old boy with spotting