Aetiology always confused with risk factorse.g. hypertension primary & secondary normally called essential hypertension, aetiology of primary hypertension unknown Risk factors help to lead to the diseaseMicroscopy H&E except MTStaining of fat oil red ORheumatic fever invaded by staph. pharyngitis after treatment, antibody will attack your own body antigen almost the same as the one presented by the bacteriaUsually take 2 or 3 samples, send to histopathology another to microbiologyHistopathology only know it is acid fast bacilli mycobacterium, consistent with tuberculosis cannot 100% sure is MTNon-pharmacological important for diabetes, hypertensionBenign tumour can be above or below BM if below BM, it wont invade above BMDirect spread do not break off (spread to another organ) unlike metastasisNot all malignant are poorly differentiated, well differentiated almost the same as benign e.g. follicular adenoma & follicular carcinoma of the thyroidRecurrence in tumour definition there is no relapse remove completely, something else grow on the same site; remove incompletelyBenign tumour can also cause abnormal per-vaginal bleed (how many pads per day do they use?) quantity and timing; history anything taken or done, any surgery (abortion)done previously? Are they on any medications? Fibroid (benign) smooth and round submucosal, subserosa, intramural in the middlePatient may be pale, pallor (anaemia), vaginal examination, speculum, colposcopy, ultrasoundMesenchymal have spindle cells, if vascular tumour can see blood; smooth muscle cells arranged longitudinally and transversely. In benign it is whorl (round)Bimanual examination large mass in suprapubic, umbilical region. Malignant tumour metastasise to the lymph nodes in inguinal region. Do ultrasound (beside patient bed), CT scanUterus cut open; a bit smooth and lobulated, discolouration may be benign; based on history malignant Mitosis in mesenchymal hardly seen, more in epithelial tissue1) Gall stones malignant, invasive, black area (haemorrhage), yellowish, brown (necrosis), white (fibrosis) gall bladder adenocarcinoma with gall stones (cholelithiasis)2) Trabeculated bone tumour on top malignant invasion into muscle3) Breast tissue tumour pushing up benign fibrous elements, ducts fibroadenoma; big ducts cells are proliferating, pure adenoma4) Ovary teratoma, yellow sebaceous fat, usually has hair, down bony structure; in microscopic eye, lung, liver, brain5) Breast malignant tumour, fibrosis in the middle6) Purple colour bone, dark purple malignant pleomorphic, tumour producing bone osteosarcoma7) Bluish thing in bone gelatinous cartilage tissue, cannot really see the edge chondrosarcoma 8) Two breast left malignant, right benign, lymph node at the axilla?, bluish thing is the dye sentinel node, primary malignant = benign9) Mass in the bone purplish blue cartilage malignant 10) Benign tumour on the bone11) Breast normal histology lobules with acini malignant, everywhere, not arrange in lobules12) Breast malignant 13) Skull benign meningioma, compresses on the brain14) Meninges benign meningioma, less pleomorphic15) Brain cytoplasmic processes of glial tissue, glandular pattern (rossette) malignant medulloblastoma, in childhood usually, blastomas, lymphomas small round blue cells tumour16) Malignant tumour medulloblastoma17) Benign surface is smooth and shiny18) Low grade malignant tumour19) Malignant brain tumour glioblastoma multiphormy, palisade nucleus arrange around necrotic area, dark mitosis 20) Malignant gliolblastoma midline shift of ventricles, obstruct CSF flow21) Skin mole on nevus (normal), 2 different colour atypical becoming malignant22) Skin melanoma23) Malignant epithelial tumour, intercellular bridges, no keratin poorly differentiated, squamous cell carcinoma24) Malignant basal cell carcinoma 25) Malignant basal cell carcinoma, growth very long, margins are quite well-defined26) Malignant basal cell carcinoma, peripheral pellicidin, rarely metastasises27) Benign from thyroid28) Malignant, growth inside the cyst papillary projection, papillary carcinoma of the thyroid29) Malignant (not capsulated)30) Carcinoma of the thyroid brown pleomorphism, pink amyloid deposited in certain organs and tumours, invasive, medullary type31) Amyloid congo red stain put under fluorescence microscopy (polarised microscopy), pic congo blue32) Right malignant (cut open)33) Pituitary enlarged stalk, pituitary adenoma34) Pituitary adenoma benign 35) Adrenal gland benign adrenal adenoma36) Adrenal carcinoma malignant, edges discolourated37) Benign adenoma, background fat38) Benign nucleus almost same size, no pleomorphism39) Intestinal mucosa, left submucosa malignant40) Benign 41) Cartilage tissue chondroma 42) Dysplasia basement membrane intact on the right43) Moderate dysplasia44) Cytology pap smear up normal squamous cell, moderate dysplasia dyskaryosis 45) Hyperplastic pink keratin pearl, well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma46) Uterus tilt over malignant cervix 47) Cervix surface irregular malignant 48) Carcinoma of the cervix49) Cervix50) Endometrium secretary phase of endometrium secrete mucin, proliferative glands enlarged, convulated, round51) Carcinoma of endometrium52) Endometrium malignant, clumps, irregular53) Ovary benign, cystic54) Cystic ovary benign 55) Ovary yellowish fluid56) Benign fibroma of ovary, white, hard57) Benign58) Malignant ovary adenocarcinoma59) Borderline tumour, not invading into stroma60) Papillary tumour, psammoma body papillary carcinoma61) Benign round 62) Nodular pattern63) Ovary teratoma 64) White fat, right nucleus of cartilage small, left thyroid tissue65) Malignant 66) Scope 67) Malignant (barretts change adenocarcinoma) squamous carcinoma cervix 68) Barretts oesophagus69) Same70) Malignant 71) Malignant 72) Malignant 73) Malignant signet ring cell poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma 74) 75) Colonic polyp adenoma, dark coloured glands at top dysplastic 76) Polyps in colon77) Carcinoma in colon78) Malignant? Polypoidal 79) Squamous papilloma benign 80) Malignant pharynx 81) Lymph node metastatic adenomacarcinoma abnormal glands 82) Benign tumour of kidney83) Kidney benign adenoma?84) Malignant 85) Malignant necrotic tumour, around it satellite nodules86) Malignant metastasis on liver, many rounds; single primary 87) Metastasis to liver88) Malignant 89) Brown immunohistochemistry90) Testis malignant seminoma of testis91) Right tumerous, malignant, a lot of lymphoid response in between 92) Malignant 93) Small blue round cell tumour rosette, blastoma94) Lung, trachea malignant, bronchogenic carcinoma95) Bronchogenic carcinoma 96) Pleomorphic 97) Nodule on lung bronchogenic carcinoma98) Lung metastasis 99) 100) Cytic mass101) Bladder cut open malignant 102) Malignant uterus cut open103) Kidney malignant, mass from renal pelvis; from proximal convulated tubule & DT, CD renal cell carcinoma