Know-Want-Learn Study Foldable Make this foldable to determine what youalready know, what you want to know, and what you learn about the executivebranch of government.

Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper intothirds from top to bottom.

Reading andWriting Before youread, write down whatyou already know andwhat you want toknow under eachheading. As you readthe chapter, recordwhat you learn.

Step 2 Turn the paperhorizontally, unfold, and label thethree columns as shown.

164President George W. Bush and Vice President DickCheney get ready to go to a government ceremony. ▲

ForeignPolicy

Job Staff &Advisers

President

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Reuters NewMedia Inc./CORBIS

The Constitution says very little about what a president isexpected to do.The nation’s first president, GeorgeWashington, established many traditions that shaped thepresidency. Contact a federal information center to learnabout the various divisions of the Executive Office of thePresident. Create a brochure to present what you find.

To learn more about the presidency, view the Democracyin Action video lesson 8: The Presidency.

Chapter Overview Visit the CivicsToday Web site at civ.glencoe.comand click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 7 to preview chapterinformation.

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http://civ.glencoe.com

GUIDE TO READING

Main IdeaEvery four years, electorsselected by popular votecast their ballots for pres-ident and vice president,whose terms of office areestablished in the UnitedStates Constitution.

Key TermsElectoral College, elector

Reading StrategyCategorizing InformationAs you read, categorizeinformation by complet-ing a chart like the onebelow with informationabout the U.S. presidency.

Read to Learn• What qualifications

are needed to be president?

• How are presidentselected?

• What are the rules of presidential succession?

The President andVice President

SECTION

President Truman

Qualifi-cations

U.S. PresidencyBack-ground

Term ofOffice

Election Salary &Benefits

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166 Chapter 7 The President and the Executive BranchAP/Wide World Photos

“The presidency of the United Statescarries with it a responsibility so personal as to bewithout parallel. . . . No one can make decisionsfor him. . . . Even those closest to him . . . neverknow all the reasons why he does certain thingsand why he comes to certain conclusions. To bePresident of the United States is to be lonely, verylonely at times of great decisions.”

—Harry S Truman

Qualifications for PresidentHarry S Truman was the thirty-third president of the

United States, serving from 1945 to 1953.The president headsthe executive branch of the United States government. Thepresidency is the top political job in the country. Because of thepower and global influence of the United States, the presidentis generally considered to hold the most important job in theworld. Our country’s first president was George Washington.Just as the nation has grown tremendously since that time, sohas the office of the presidency.

The constitutional requirements for the presidency remainthe same as they did when George Washington was president.The U.S. Constitution lists only three rules about who canbecome president of the United States. A person must be (1) atleast 35 years old, (2) a native-born American citizen, and (3) a resident of the United States for at least 14 years. By law,anyone who meets these qualifications can become president.Of course, someone who hopes to become president must havemany more qualifications than those three.

So far, every American president has been a white male. Allbut one have been Protestant Christians. Most have won elec-tions before. Most have had a college education. Many havebeen lawyers. Most came from states with large populations.

Only in the past few decades has the presidency become apossibility for a wider group of Americans. John F. Kennedybecame the first Catholic president in 1960. In 1984 the

Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch 167David J. & Janice L. Frent Collection/CORBIS

Democratic Party nominated GeraldineFerraro as its first female vice-presidentialcandidate. Four years later Jesse Jackson,an African American, ran a close second inthe race to become the Democratic candi-date for president. In 2000 the Democratsnominated Connecticut senator JosephLieberman as the first Jewish candidate forvice president.

Electing a PresidentPresidential elections take place every

four years in years evenly divisible by thenumber 4—for example, 2000, 2004, and2008. The Constitution does not providefor direct popular election of the president.Instead, it set up an indirect method ofelection called the Electoral College. TheConstitution says that each state “shallappoint” electors, who then vote for oneof the major candidates. Although the bal-lot will show the names of the presidentialcandidates, when you vote for a candidate,you are actually voting for a list of presi-dential electors pledged to that candidate.

Each state has as many electoral votesas the total of its U.S. senators and repre-sentatives. The Electoral College includes538 electors. (Washington, D.C., has threeelectoral votes.) This means that the stateswith large populations have many moreelectoral votes than less populated states. Inalmost every state, the Electoral College isa “winner-take-all” system. Even if a candi-date wins the popular vote by just a tinymajority, that candidateusually gets all of thestate’s electoral votes.Candidates thus paymuch more atten-tion to these states

during election campaigns. Even so, theelectoral votes of a few small states candecide the outcome of a close election.

To be elected president or vice presi-dent, a candidate must win at least 270 ofthe 538 electoral votes.The winner-take-allsystem makes it difficult for third-partycandidates—candidates not from the twomajor parties—to win electoral votes.

Although the winning presidential can-didate is usually announced on the sameevening as the popular election, the formalelection by the Electoral College doesn’ttake place until December, when the elec-tors meet in each state capital to cast theirballots. Congress counts the electoral votesand declares the winner as the next presi-dent. You will read more about theElectoral College system in Chapter 10.

Defining What is apresidential elector?

Term of OfficePresidents serve four-year terms.

Originally the Constitution placed no limitson how many terms a president couldserve. The nation’s first president, GeorgeWashington, served for eight years, thenrefused to run for a third term. Presidentsfollowed Washington’s example and nopresident served more than two terms until1940, when Franklin D. Roosevelt ran forand won a third term. In 1944 Rooseveltwon a fourth term. The Twenty-secondAmendment, ratified in 1951, limits each president to two elected terms in office, ora maximum of 10 years if the presidencybegan during another president’s term.

Salary and BenefitsThe president receives a salary of

$400,000 per year, plus money for expensesand travel. The president lives and works

John F. Kennedy won the presidency in 1960.

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in the White House, which contains a pri-vate movie theater, a small gym, a bowlingalley, and a heated pool. A White Housedomestic staff of more than 80 peopletakes care of the president’s family.

In addition, the president has the use ofCamp David, a beautiful estate in theCatoctin Mountains of Maryland, about60 miles north of Washington, D.C. It servesas a retreat and as a place to host foreignleaders.When presidents need to travel, theycommand a fleet of special cars, helicopters,

and airplanes. For long trips, the presidentuses Air Force One, a specially equipped jet.

Identifying What is themaximum number of years that a U.S.president can serve in office?

The Vice PresidentThe vice president is elected with the

president through the Electoral Collegesystem. The qualifications for the office arethe same as those for the presidency. TheConstitution gives little authority to thevice president. Article I states that the vicepresident shall preside over the Senate andvote in that body in case of a tie.

Vice presidents are usually not very vis-ible to the public. Their activities rarelyreceive front-page newspaper coverage.Yet,if the president dies, is removed from office,becomes seriously ill, or resigns, the vicepresident becomes president. Nine vicepresidents have become president due tothe death or resignation of a president. JohnAdams, our nation's first vice president,described the situation well. He said,

“I am Vice President. In this I amnothing, but I may becomeeverything.”

Presidential SuccessionEight presidents have died while in

office. The original wording of the Consti-tution states that if the president dies orleaves office during his term, the vice pres-ident takes on the “powers and duties” ofthe presidency. Early government officialswere not sure what that meant. Should thevice president become president, or shouldhe remain vice president while doing thepresident’s job?

168 Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch

PresidentialSuccession

In 1947 Congress passed a law on the orderof succession to the presidency. Who followsthe Speaker of the House in succession?

Vice President

Speaker of the House

President Pro Temporeof the Senate

Secretary of State

Secretary of the Treasury

Secretary of Defense

Attorney General

Secretary of Homeland Security

Secretary of the Interior

Secretary of Agriculture

Secretary of Commerce

Secretary of Labor

Secretary of Healthand Human Services

Secretary of Housing andUrban Development

Secretary of Transportation

Secretary of Energy

Secretary of Education

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Source: Nelson, Ed. The Presidency A to Z, 3rd ed. (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2003).

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�BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN�7. Research In the library or on the

Internet, research the gubernato-rial succession in your state. Whatis the line of succession if thegovernor dies or leaves office?

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write complete sen-

tences about the United Statespresidency using each of the fol-lowing terms: Electoral College,elector.

Reviewing Main Ideas2. Describe What three qualifica-

tions for the U.S. presidency arelisted in the Constitution of theUnited States?

3. Identify What are the constitu-tional duties of the vice presi-dent of the United States?

Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences What did

John Adams mean by saying, “I may become everything”?

5. Sequencing Information In agraphic organizer like the onebelow, explain the order of presi-dential succession.

Analyzing Visuals 6. Identify Examine the chart—

Presidential Succession—on page168. Who is fifth in line tobecome president of the UnitedStates?

PresidentDies orLeaves Office

Who replaces the president inorder of succession?

SECTION ASSESSMENT

In 1841 VicePresident JohnTyler settled thequestion whenWilliam HenryHarrison becamethe first presidentto die in office.Tyler declared

himself president, took the oath of office,moved into the White House, and served outthe remainder of Harrison’s term.

In 1947 Congress passed the Presiden-tial Succession Act, which indicates the lineof succession after the vice president.According to this law, if both the presidentand vice president die or leave office, theSpeaker of the House becomes president.Next in line is the president pro tempore ofthe Senate, then the secretary of state andother members of the cabinet.

Twenty-Fifth Amendment Twenty years later, remaining questions

about presidential succession were answeredwith the adoption of a constitutional amend-ment. The Twenty-fifth Amendment saysthat if the president dies or leaves office, the

vice president becomes president. The newpresident then chooses another vice presi-dent. Both the Senate and House ofRepresentatives must approve the choice.This amendment also gives the vice presi-dent a role in determining whether a presi-dent is disabled and unable to do the job.Should that occur, the vice president wouldserve as acting president until the presidentis able to go back to work.

The Twenty-fifth Amendment has beenused only three times. In 1973 VicePresident Spiro Agnew resigned, andPresident Richard Nixon replaced him withGerald Ford, a representative fromMichigan. When Nixon resigned from thepresidency in 1974, Ford became the newpresident and chose Nelson A. Rockefellerto be his vice president. In 1985 PresidentRonald Reagan informed Congress that hewould need to undergo surgery and beunable to carry out his presidential duties.As a result, Vice President George H.W.Bush served as acting president for abouteight hours.

Defining What was thepurpose of the Twenty-fifth Amendment?

Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch 169

Student Web Activity Visitciv.glencoe.com and click onStudent Web Activities—Chapter 7 to learn moreabout the president andforeign policy.

Study Central TM To review this section, go toand click on Study CentralTM.civ.glencoe.com

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Citizenship

Why Learn This Skill?Knowing how to read and understand an election map helps you understand an electionclearly. It can also help you understand pastelections.

Learning the SkillTo read an election map, follow these steps:• Check the year of the election, most likely

noted in the title or the key.• Study the key. See how the different candi-

dates are represented on the map. • Note the number of electoral votes each

state has. Remember that each state’stotal number of senators and representa-tives determines its electoral votes. Its pop-ular vote count is the number of actualvoters.

• Study the entire map. Determine voting pat-terns and trends.

Practicing the SkillOn a separate sheet of paper, answer the fol-lowing questions about the map on this page.

How many electoral votes did the state ofCalifornia have? The state of Texas?Which candidate won the election? Howmany total electoral votes did he win?Which candidate won the popular vote?3

2

1

170 Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch

Practice key skills with Glencoe’sSkillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM, Level 1.

Reading an Election Map

In a history book or encyclopedia, find an elec-tion map for the election of 1860. Compare itto the map for the election of 2000. Describetwo ways in which the elections were alike andone way in which they were different.

Applying the Skill

10

TX32

NM5

AZ8

NV4

CA54

OR7

WA11

MT3

ID4 WY

3

UT5 CO8 KS6

NE5

SD3

ND3 MN

10

IA7

MO11

AR6

OK8

LA 9

MS7

AL9

GA13

FL 25

SC8

NC 14

VA13

TN 11KY 8

OH21IN

12IL22

MI18

WI 11

AK3

HI4

DC2

NJ 15DE 3

MD10

CT 8RI 4

MA12

VT 3

NH4

PA 23

NY33

ME

WV

*

4

5

Al GoreGeorge W. BushNumber of state electoral votes

Electoral Vote(270 to win)

PopularVote

50,996,16450,456,169

266271

*1 elector from Washington, D.C., abstained.

Presidential Election, 2000

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GUIDE TO READING

Main IdeaIn addition to the powersof the office described inthe Constitution, the pres-ident fills other roles thatare important to the func-tioning of the UnitedStates government.

Key Termsexecutive order, pardon,reprieve, amnesty

Reading StrategySummarizing InformationAs you read, in a graphicorganizer like the onebelow, list the powers ofthe president and give anexample of each.

Read to Learn• What are the powers

assigned to the president by theConstitution?

• What are the variousroles filled by the president?

The President’sJob

SECTION

Fewer than 50 men have been able to say what it feelslike to be president of the United States. Some former presidents’ thoughts are revealing.

“Frankly, being President is rather an unattractivebusiness unless one relishes the exercise ofpower. That is a thing which has never greatlyappealed to me.”

—Warren Harding, 1921

“You know, the President of the UnitedStates is not a magician who can wave awand or sign a paper that will instantly enda war, cure a recession, or make abureaucracy disappear.”

—Gerald Ford, 1976

Constitutional Powers The president is the most powerful public official in the

United States. The U.S. Constitution is the basis of the presi-dent’s power. Article II says “Executive Power shall be investedin a President . . .”Thus, the president’s main job is to execute,or carry out, the laws passed by Congress.

The Constitution also gives the president the power to

• veto, or reject, bills passed in Congress.• call Congress into special session.• serve as commander in chief of the armed forces.• receive leaders and other officials of foreign countries.• make treaties with other countries (with Senate approval).• appoint heads of executive agencies, federal court judges,

ambassadors, and other top government officials (alsosubject to Senate approval).

• pardon or reduce the penalties against people convictedof federal crimes.

Because the Constitution requires the president to giveCongress information about the “state of the union,” the pres-ident gives several speeches to Congress each year. The most

Powers ofPresident

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President WarrenHarding shakes hands

with Babe Ruth.

Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch 171Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Powers and Duties ofthe President

These symbols show the many roles ofthe president of the United States. Whichis the president’s most important role?

Chief Executive

Legislative Leader

VOTE

Party Leader

Head of State

Chief Diplomat

Commander in Chief

Economic Leader

171-174 U2 Ch07 S2 CT-860970 11/28/03 11:14 AM Page 172

172 Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch

important is the State of the Union addressevery year. In this speech the presidentcomes before a gathering of all members ofCongress to discuss the most importantissues facing the nation and describe thenew program of legislation he would likeCongress to take up.

Roles of the President The president fills a number of different

roles. Some of these roles come directlyfrom the Constitution; others are not estab-lished in the Constitution but have devel-oped over the years.

Chief Executive The most important role of the presi-

dent is carrying out the laws passed byCongress. To do this, the president is in

charge of 15 cabinet departments and theapproximately 3 million civilians who workfor the federal government. The presidentappoints the heads of the cabinet depart-ments and of other large government agen-cies, with the Senate’s approval.

One of the president’s most importanttools for carrying out the laws is the powerto issue executive orders. An executiveorder is a rule or command that has theforce of law. Only Congress has theauthority to make laws. Issuing executiveorders, however, is generally considered tofall under the president’s constitutionalduty to “take care that the laws are faith-fully executed.”

Many executive orders deal with simpleadministrative problems. Some, however,have had a great impact. President Harry STruman, for instance, used an executiveorder in 1948 to integrate the armed

forces. This gave Americans of allraces the opportunity to serve in thearmed forces equally.

The Constitution gives the presi-dent the power to appoint judges to theSupreme Court and other federalcourts. This is an important powerbecause the Supreme Court has thefinal authority to determine whether alaw is acceptable under the Consti-tution. This power to interpret lawsgreatly influences life in the UnitedStates. Most presidents try to appointSupreme Court justices who shareviews similar to their own.

The Constitution also gives thepresident the power to grant pardons. Apardon is a declaration of forgivenessand freedom from punishment. Thepresident may also issue a reprieve, anorder to delay a person’s punishmentuntil a higher court can hear the case, orgrant amnesty, a pardon toward agroup of people.

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Chief Diplomat The president directs the foreign policy

of the United States, making key decisionsabout how the United States acts towardother countries in the world.

Commander in Chief The Constitution makes the president

commander in chief of the nation’s armedforces. This role gives presidents the abilityto back up their foreign policy decisionswith force, if necessary. The president is incharge of the army, navy, air force, marines,and coast guard. The top commanders ofall these branches of service are subordi-nate to the president.

Congress and the president share thepower to make war. The Constitution givesCongress the power to declare war, but onlythe president can order American soldiersinto battle. Congress has declared war onlyfive times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War,the Spanish-American War, World War I,and World War II. Presidents, however, havesent troops into action overseas more than150 times since 1789. These situations maythreaten the system of checks and balances.For example, although Congress neverdeclared war in Korea or in Vietnam,American troops were involved in conflicts inthose countries because they were sent thereby U.S. presidents. In 1973, after theVietnam War, Congress passed the WarPowers Resolution. According to this law, thepresident must notify Congress within 48 hours when troops are sent into battle.These troops must be brought home after 60 days unless Congress gives its approval forthem to remain longer or it declares war.

Legislative Leader Most of the bills Congress considers

each year come from the executive branch.Only members of Congress have the powerto introduce bills for consideration, but in

practice Congress expects the executivebranch to propose the legislation it would liketo see enacted.

Every president has a legislative program.These are new laws that he wants Congressto pass. The president makes speeches tobuild support for this program and meetswith key senators and representatives to tryto persuade them to support the proposedlaws. In addition, the president appoints sev-eral staff members to work closely with mem-bers of Congress on new laws.The presidentmay also influence legislation by appealingdirectly to the American people.

The president and Congress have oftendisagreed over what new laws Congressshould adopt. One reason for this is thatpresidents represent the entire UnitedStates, while members of Congress repre-sent only the people of their state or district.

The difference in the length of time thatpresidents and members of Congress canhold office also contributes to this conflict.While presidents can serve no more thantwo elected terms, members of Congresscan be elected over and over again fordecades. Therefore, many members ofCongress may not want to move as quicklyon programs as the president does.

Head of State The president is the living symbol of the

nation. In this role, the president aids diplo-macy by greeting visiting kings and queens,prime ministers, and other foreign leaders.The president also carries out ceremonialfunctions for Americans, such as lightingthe national Christmas tree and givingmedals to the country’s heroes.

Economic Leader Every president tries to help the coun-

try’s economy prosper. Voters expect thepresident to deal with such problems asunemployment, rising prices, or high taxes.

Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch 173

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Analyzing Visuals Duringthe Great Depression,President Franklin D.Roosevelt transformed therole of the federal govern-ment by spending money onnew programs to improvethe lives of ordinary people.What does the rabbit sym-bolize in this cartoon? Whatcomment is the cartoonistmaking about the impact ofgovernment spending?

174 Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Define the following

terms and use them in completesentences related to the presi-dency: executive order, pardon,reprieve, amnesty.

Reviewing Main Ideas2. Identify What duties does the

president carry out as com-mander in chief?

3. Describe What power does thepresident have that carries theforce of law and assists thepresident in enforcing lawspassed by Congress?

Critical Thinking4. Drawing Conclusions Which of

the roles of the president do youthink is the most important?Least important? Why?

5. Organizing Information In a web diagram like the one below,classify the roles filled by thepresident and give an exampleof each.

Analyzing Visuals 6. Identify Review the chart on

page 172. Under which role of thepresident does a new educationbill fall? Tax reform?

SECTION ASSESSMENT

One key task the president must accom-plish each year as economic leader is toplan the federal government’s budget.

Party Leader The president is generally regarded as the

leader of his or her political party. Membersof the president’s party work hard to elect the

president. In turn, the president givesspeeches to help fellow party members whoare running for office as members ofCongress, governors, and mayors.The presi-dent also helps the party raise money.

Defining What is apresident’s legislative program?

The Library of Congress

�BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN�7. Use Primary Sources Just as

the president delivers a State ofthe Union address, most gover-nors give a state of the statespeech. Read a copy of your gov-ernor’s last address and list theroles your governor carries out.

Roles of President

Study Central TM To review this section, go toand click on Study CentralTM.civ.glencoe.com

171-174 U2 Ch07 S2 CT-874574 9/27/05 10:12 PM Page 174

civ.glencoe.com

GUIDE TO READING

Main IdeaIn attempting to achievethe nation’s foreign policygoals, both the presidentand Congress have impor-tant roles to play.

Key Termsforeign policy, nationalsecurity, treaty, execu-tive agreement, ambas-sador, trade sanction,embargo

Reading StrategyComparing andContrasting As you read,complete a chart like theone below to comparethe role of Congress inforeign policy to that ofthe president.

Read to Learn• What are the goals of

U.S. foreign policy?• What are the roles of

Congress and the presi-dent in conducting for-eign policy?

Making ForeignPolicy

SECTION

World events sometimes dictate the nature of the UnitedStates’s foreign policies. At the same time, the president’s views play arole in shaping his administration’s approach to foreign affairs. In 1946,President Harry S Truman summed up hisforeign policy with these words: “We musthave a policy to guide our relations withevery country in every part of the world.No country is so remote from us that itmay not someday be involved in a matterthat threatens the peace. . . . Who knowswhat may happen in the future? Ourforeign policy must be universal.”

The President and Foreign PolicyA nation’s overall plan for dealing with other nations is called

its foreign policy. The basic goal of American foreign policy isnational security, the ability to keep the country safe fromattack or harm.This goal is essential. No government can effec-tively meet other important goals, such as better health care orcleaning up the environment, if the nation is under attack.

Another key goal is international trade. In today’s globaleconomy, trade with other nations is vital to economic pros-perity. Trade can create markets for American products andjobs for American workers.

A third goal is promoting world peace. Even a war far fromthe United States can disrupt trade and endanger U.S. nationalsecurity. When other nations are at peace, the United Statesruns no risk of being drawn into a foreign war.

A fourth goal of foreign policy is to promote democracyaround the world. Promoting democracy and basic humanrights in other countries encourages peace and thus helps pro-tect our own national security.

“I make American foreign policy,” President Harry STruman declared in 1948. The president is indeed a veryimportant foreign-policy decision maker. Americans and oth-ers in the world look to the president to strongly represent ourcountry in foreign affairs.

U.S. Foreign Policy

Congress President

175-178 U2 Ch07 S3 CT-860970 11/28/03 11:20 AM Page 175

Protecting Americaninterests abroad

Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch 175John Elk III/Stock Boston

The President in Action President Bush comforted a New York City Fire Department member (at right) in September 2001 after a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center.The president greeted military troops at the West Virginia National Headquarters inCharleston. What executive agencies help President Bush carry out foreign policy?

175-178 U2 Ch07 S3 CT-860970 11/28/03 11:20 AM Page 176

The president and various White Houseassistants work with a large foreign-policybureaucracy in the executive branch. Thisbureaucracy includes the State Department,the Defense Department, the CentralIntelligence Agency, and the NationalSecurity Council. These agencies havehelped make the president very powerful inforeign affairs. They give the president valu-able information. They can carry out presi-dential decisions around the world. At thesame time, presidents must often chooseamong conflicting advice from these agen-cies. President Lyndon Johnson complained,

“The State Department wants tosolve everything with words, andthe generals, with guns.”

The Constitution divides the power toconduct foreign and military affairsbetween the president and Congress. Thepresident is chief diplomat and commander

in chief, but Congress has the power todeclare war, to prohibit certain militaryactions, and to spend—or withhold—money for defense. The Constitution doesnot clearly spell out how the legislative andthe executive branches can use their powers.As a result, there has always been competi-tion between Congress and the presidentover who controls foreign policy.

In this struggle, one branch or the otherhas dominated at various times. After WorldWar II, Congress lost much of its controlover foreign policy to the president.Then, inthe late 1960s and early 1970s, widespread dislike of the Vietnam War led Congress totry to regain some of its war powers. In start-ing the American war on global terrorism in2001, President George W. Bush tipped thebalance back toward the presidency.

Tools of Foreign PolicyThe president and Congress have sev-

eral methods they can use to influence othernations and carry out American foreign

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Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, & YouTable of ContentsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntNational Geographic Reference AtlasUnited States: PoliticalWorld: PoliticalUnited States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment

Reading Skills HandbookIdentifying Words and Building VocabularyReading for a ReasonUnderstanding What You ReadThinking About Your ReadingUnderstanding Text StructureReading for Research

Be an Active ReaderBe an Active CitizenWhy Study Civics?Unit 1: Foundations of American CitizenshipChapter 1: Citizenship and Government in a DemocracySection 1: Government of the People, by the People, for the PeopleSection 2: The Path to Citizenship

Chapter 2: Roots of American DemocracySection 1: Our English HeritageSection 2: The Birth of a Democratic Nation

Chapter 3: The ConstitutionSection 1: The Road to the ConstitutionSection 2: Creating and Ratifying the ConstitutionThe Constitution of the United States

Chapter 4: The Bill of RightsSection 1: The First AmendmentSection 2: Other Guarantees in the Bill of Rights

Chapter 5: The Citizen and the CommunitySection 1: The Duties and Responsibilities of CitizenshipSection 2: Volunteering in Your Community

Unit 2: The National GovernmentChapter 6: CongressSection 1: How Congress Is OrganizedSection 2: The Powers of Congress

Chapter 7: The President and the Executive BranchSection 1: The President and Vice PresidentSection 2: The President's JobSection 3: Making Foreign Policy

Chapter 8: The Judicial BranchSection 1: The Federal Court SystemSection 2: How Federal Courts Are OrganizedSection 3: The United States Supreme Court

Unit 3: Political Parties and Interest GroupsChapter 9: Political Parties and PoliticsSection 1: Development of American Political PartiesSection 2: Organization of American Political Parties

Chapter 10: Voting and ElectionsSection 1: Who Can Vote?Section 2: Election CampaignsSection 3: Paying for Election Campaigns

Chapter 11: Influencing GovernmentSection 1: Public OpinionSection 2: The Mass Media

Unit 4: State and Local GovernmentChapter 12: State GovernmentSection 1: The Federal SystemSection 2: The State Legislative Branch

Chapter 13: Local GovernmentSection 1: City GovernmentSection 2: County GovernmentsSection 3: Towns, Townships, and Villages

Chapter 14: Dealing With Community IssuesSection 1: How a Community Handles IssuesSection 2: Education and Social IssuesSection 3: Environmental Issues

Unit 5: The Individual, the Law, and the InternetChapter 15: Legal Rights and ResponsibilitiesSection 1: The Sources of Our LawsSection 2: Types of LawsSection 3: The American Legal System

Chapter 16: Civil and Criminal LawSection 1: Civil CasesSection 2: Criminal Cases

Chapter 17: Citizenship and the InternetSection 1: Civic ParticipationSection 2: Challenges for Democracy

Unit 6: The Economy and the IndividualChapter 18: What Is Economics?Section 1: The Fundamental Economic ProblemSection 2: Making Economic Decisions

Chapter 19: The American EconomySection 1: Economic ResourcesSection 2: Economic Activity and ProductivitySection 3: Capitalism and Free Enterprise

Chapter 20: DemandSection 1: What Is Demand?Section 2: Factors Affecting DemandChapter 20 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 21: SupplySection 1: What Is Supply?Section 2: Factors Affecting SupplySection 3: Markets and Prices

Chapter 22: Business and LaborSection 1: Types of BusinessesSection 2: Labor Unions

Unit 7: The Free Enterprise SystemChapter 23: Government and the EconomySection 1: The Role of GovernmentSection 2: Measuring the Economy

Chapter 24: Money and BankingSection 1: What Is Money?Section 2: The Federal Reserve SystemSection 3: How Banks Operate

Chapter 25: Government FinancesSection 1: The Federal GovernmentSection 2: State and Local Governments

Unit 8: The United States and the WorldChapter 26: Comparing Economic SystemsSection 1: International Trade and Its BenefitsSection 2: Economic Systems

Chapter 27: Comparing Systems of GovernmentSection 1: Types of GovernmentSection 2: A Profile of Great Britain

Chapter 28: An Interdependent WorldSection 1: Global DevelopmentsSection 2: The United Nations

AppendixWhat Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?Honoring AmericaCareers HandbookGovernment and Economics Data BankUnited States FactsPresidents of the United StatesDocuments of American HistorySupreme Court Case SummariesGlossarySpanish GlossaryIndexAcknowledgments

Feature ContentsTIMETIME Political CartoonsTIME Teens in ActionTIME An Inside Look At...

Fact Fiction FolkloreStreet Law™: The Law and YouAmerican BiographiesSkillbuilderCritical ThinkingCitizenshipTechnology

Issues to DebateEconomics and YouDocuments of American HistoryLandmark Supreme Court Case StudiesCharts, Graphs, and MapsCharts and GraphsMaps

Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: Citizenship and Government in a DemocracySection 1: Government of the People, by the People, for the People

Haitian Creole SummariesChapit 1: Sitwayènte ak Gouvènman nan yon DemokrasiChapit 2: Rasin Demokrasi Ameriken anChapit 3: Konstitisyon anChapit 4: "Bill of Rights" laChapit 5: Sitwayen an ak Kominote aChapit 6: Kongrè aChapit 7: Prezidan an ak Branch Egzekitif laChapit 8: Branch Jidisyè aChapit 9: Pati Politik ak PolitikChapit 10: Vòt ak EleksyonChapit 11: Enfliyans Gouvènman an

Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: Citizenship and Government in a DemocracySection 1: Government of the People, by the People, for the PeopleSection 2: The Path to Citizenship

Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionCapítulo 1: La ciudadanía y el gobierno en una democraciaSección 1: Gobierno del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el puebloSección 2: El camino a la ciudadanía

Spanish SummariesCapítulo 1: La ciudadanía y el gobierno en una democraciaCapítulo 2: Las raíces de la democracia estadounidensesCapítulo 3: La ConstituciónCapítulo 4: La Declaración de DerechosCapítulo 5: El ciudadano y la comunidad

Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student EditionActivity 1: Interpreting Charts and Tables Activity 2: Using Time LinesActivity 3: Interpreting Diagrams

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