PPTs UNIT I MBA HR02

7/31/2019 PPTs UNIT I MBA HR02

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Industrial Relations

( The Background)

The relations between the master

craftsman & his co-workers

The relations were personal, contactswere close, disputes were settledamicably


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Industrial Relations Change in the relations between management &

workers.

As the years rolled by, this relationship turnedinto a complex problem.

The introduction of limited liability system ofinvestment distinguished the owner of the

companys capital, its management & its workers.


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The personal relations came to a virtual end inmodern industry as a result of dynamism in

economic relationship.

Consequently the old master servant relationshipgave place to an improved version of the same

thing called employer-employee relations

commonly known as Industrial Relations.


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Origins of Industrial Relations

Under feudalism we had a master and serfrelationship

Serfs were bound to the service of the lord orlandowner and remained attached to them

If the ownership of the land changed the serfswere transferred to the new owner

The serfs worked part of the week for the lordand part of the week for themselves


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Origins of IR

In return they received the protection of theland lord

The serfs were not slaves in that they were not

owned by the lord and they had freedom ofmovement

However their economic freedoms were often

limited and they were bound to the land lordeconomically


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Origins of IR

Under there also existed the mastercraftsman, who worked independently andcreated useful items

For example: furniture, ox wagons, boats,and this was sold on the market

Two predominant forms of work underfeudalism: Agriculture/serfdom, craftsman/independent

labourer

Under feudalism there was no industrialrelations


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Origins of IR

The change from feudalism to capitalism saw theemergence of industrial relations as a discipline.

To understand the emergence of industrialrelations we have to understand the evolution ofwork under capitalism.

The change from feudalism to capitalism wasmarked by the industrial revolution.


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Origins of IR

Industrial revolution changed the nature ofwork, forms of work organisation and nature ofproduction.

The first stage of the reorganisation ofproduction was bringing together manycraftsman under one roof.

This is referred to as the stage of cooperation.

The craftsman, for various reasons, weredeprived of their tools and brought together bythe factory owner under one roof.


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Origins of IR

The next stage was the stage of manufacture

This is when work tasks are broken down or

fragmentised and division of labour is

introduced. (E.G. Making a chair) The factory owners attempt to increase

productivity by removing some of the skills of

the craft work by breaking down work into

simpler steps

This process is called deskilling


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Origins of IR

The craftsman is still in charge of the workand has skill but his skill is being erodedand simplified.

The artisan is now being transformed into aworker and this changes the social relationbetween the factory owner and the worker.

Two processes begin to take place at this

stage: The first is de-qualification where the skills

of the artisan is broken down.


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Origins of IR

This takes away control of the work from theworker.

The second is hyper-qualification of a fewindividuals who in turn are in charge of

systematically fragmentizing the work of themasses.

They are also involved in adapting the tools ofthe trade to a narrow focus so as to increase

efficiency.


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Origins of IR Society now becomes divided between the

working class on the one hand and owners andmanagers on the other hand.

Human beings now have to sell their labourpower in order to survive wage labour.

We now enter the era of mass employment andalso soon mass unemployment.


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Origins of IR

In the area of work we find new patterns of workorganisations emerging.

Emergence of the assembly line and dull

repetitive work.

1914 Henry Ford introduced the assembly line(via conveyer belts).


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Origins of IR

Ford fixed the worker at one placeand made the object of work (orproduct) flow.

This meant more control over thelabour of a worker.

This also allowed for control over

the rate with which work wasproduced (productivity).


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Origins of IR

We also see the emergence of Taylorism orscientific management.

What Taylor did was measure the amount of work

done by a worker in a given period of time.

His aim was to scientifically determine the best

way of performing a task.


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Origins of IR

Taylor attempted to do two things:

Increase the amount of work within a specific

period productivity.

Simplify work by breaking it down into simpler

part deskilling.

In order to achieve his tasks Taylor conducted a

series of time and motion studies.


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Origins of IR The aim of Taylor was to fragment work down

to its most basic motion.

His experiments lasted over 26 years.

Taylors work need to be understood within

the context of the great depression, massunemployment, falling profitability and social

upheaval.


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Origins of IR

Reaction to Taylors work came in theform of the Human Relations

Movement.Taylor was criticised for being over-

rational and dehumanising.

Between 1927 1932 a series ofexperiments were conducted at theHawthorne Works of the WesternElectric Company in Chicago.


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Origins of IR

What these experiments established was that

work conditions and monetary incentives did not

have a direct relation to output and behaviour.

What it found instead was that informal work

organisation and work groups had an effect on

output and behaviour.


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Origins of IR

Elton Mayo who conducted the experiments

argued that the worker should be seen as a

human and social being.

This gave rise to the Human Relations school.

Mayo used the Hawthorn experiments toargue that social disorder and conflict rose

from the breakdown of established society


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Origins of IR

He promoted the idea of training managers andadministrators in social skills that would allow forthe maintenance of spontaneous co-operation in

industry. This was the beginning of the Human Relations

School (HRS).

The HRS was criticised for misunderstanding the

causes and nature of industrial conflict.


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Origins of IRThe HRS was also criticised for

ignoring trade unions and industrial

relations.

It was out of the criticism of Mayo

and his HRS that studies into

industrial relations grew.


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Definition

Industrial Relations refers to all types of relationsthat exist in an industrial enterprise, and they areconstituted by employer & employees.

It denotes all types of intra-group relations withinand inter-group relations between theseconstituent group.

By Edwin Flippo


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Definition

Industrial Relations, includes.. individual relations and joint consultations

between employers and work people

.. at the place of work, collective relations

between employers and their organisationsand the trade unions and the part played bythe State in regulating these relations.

J H Richardson 1954


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Definition

Industrial Relations refer to the

multilateral relations betweenemployees,employers and

government.

Jucius in Personnel Management


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These relations can be

Formal

Informal and

mixed


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Formal Relations :- established among individual an an

industry by the rules & regulations

of the enterprise.

- Formal relations are functional and

are determined by the hierarchicalorder.

( supervisor & worker relationship)


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Informal relations:- The Personal & individualized

relations among the members of

the management & employers are

called informal relations.

( Between two workers)


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Mixed Relations- neither formal nor informal

- established between two persons in the course

of the performance of their professional duties.

- partly personal, partly functional

( mutual adjustment for relieving each pother for

tea etc.) sense of belonging

Determinants of Industrial


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Determinants of Industrial

Relations

Interpersonal Relations

Attitudes

Job satisfaction Employees Opinion

Labour Turnover

Industrial Absenteeism

Strikes & Lockouts

Worker Participation

Grievances


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Industrial Relations MachineryComprises of

Conciliation

Arbitration

Adjudication

Documents

PPTs UNIT I MBA HR02