INTRODUCTION

• The research article was realized in Iran, in which scientist collected 68 blood samples to identify the presence of Candida in patients with cancer, in order to understand the resistance pattern to Amphotericin B for further investigations and treatments.

• Candida has become in great concern because of the capacity to infect human hosts.

OBJECTIVE

• The candida is a fungus that in the middle of the last few years has given a significant increase since several people in the world are affected by it. In this study we will talk about patients with cancer in which the probability of being infected with the fungus is very high.

Generalidades- Candida

• Candida yeast species are aproximately 196 species but only 20 of them are asociated with human being.

• Size cells of 2-4 µm.

• Cilindric, globose and ovoid.

Generalidades- Candida

Candida overgrowth causes…• Inadecuate use of

antibiotics.• Steroids.• Birth controll pills • Chemotherapy • Radiotherapy • Heavy metals • Stress • Alcohol• Poor diet

Candida non albicans

Candida non albicans causes less virulence candidiasis.

They lack, totally or partially, some virulence factors:• Ability to form hyphae.•Ability to perform phenotypic switching.•Lower adherence to ephitelium

Anfotericina B

• Antibiotics y antifungal.• Streptomyces nodusos.• Amphipathic.• Nephrotoxic.• Intravenous.• Adverse reaction.

Amphotericin B

Candidiasis

ORAL

• Whitish injuries in mouth and tongue.

• Bleeding.• Sore throat

• Diabetes • Age • VIH• AB• Dental prostheses

Candidiasis

Esophageal

• Whitish injuries.• Sore throat.• Sternal pain • Obstruction • Náuseas. • Vómiting.

• Inmunosupressed patient.

Candidiasis

Gastrointestinal

• Abdominal pain• Fatigue• Irritability • Ulcer.

• Patients with neoplasias.

• Malnutrition.• Transplant

surgery.• Stress

Candidiasis

Vaginal

• Stinging or burning sensation.

• itching • Pain while

urinating.• Edema.• Redness .

• Pregnancy • AB• Diabetes

Correlation

Candida

illness

mycotoxins

Lactobacillus acidophilus & bifidobacteria

Stress

Pills

Diet & sugar

Cortisol

chemotherapyradiotherapy

inmunosupressed

MÉTODOS

• Los estudios se realizaron en el instituto nacional de cáncer afiliado a la universidad de ciencias medicas de Tehram y el hospital de kasra.

• Se realizaron muestras de 68 pacientes.

• Se utilizó la extracción de ADN y la PCR múltiple.

MÉTODOS

• EXTRACCIÓN DE ADN1. Lisis de las células – detergentes

2. Separación de la fracción proteica del ADN

MÉTODOS

3. Precipitación de proteínas

4. Precipitación de ADN

5. Almacenamiento

MÉTODOS

• Se hace para obtener un ADN puro y así poder clonarlo, introducir genes en otras especies, estudiarlo. Se puede amplificar.

MÉTODOS

PCR MÚLTIPLE • La PCR es una técnica de

amplificación enzimática de secuencias

específicas de ADN.• Se refiere a múltiple porque amplifica

en un mismo tubo diferentes secuencias lo que permite la distinción de varios genes.

MÉTODOS

PROCESO1. Desnaturalización: se calienta para

separar las 2 hebras de DNA (90-97ºC).

MÉTODOS

2. Alineamiento: hibridación de las hebras con los primer´s y DNTp´s, (37-65ºC).

MÉTODOS

3.Síntesis: amplificación que hace la DNA polimerasa- elonga los primer´s usando las hebras originales.

MÉTODOS

LA PCR SE UTILIZA PARA:

• La PCR se utiliza para clonar fragmentos de ADN.

• Establecimientos de polimorfismos.• Rastreo de mutaciones.• Tipificación de DNA para trasplantes.• Diagnostico de enfermedades genéticas.• Detección de microorganismos infecciosos .

RESULTADOS

• Presencia de células por examinación directa, cultivo y extracción de ADN.

• 68 muestras de sangre.

• Candida spp, cinco (7.35%)

• Candida albicans, dos (40%)

• Candida non albicans, tres (60%)

PCR- PRIMERS

Antibióticos

RESULTADOS

Antibióticos

• Anfotericina B• Nistatina • Ketoconazole • fluconazole

DISCUSSIONSR. CONCLUSION YES OR NOT

(Naghavi, 2003) Although a variety of drugs are now available for the treatment of cancer but in Iran cancer related deaths accounted for 30000 of the 300000 deaths in 2003 .

YES

(Blumberg,2013),(Fridkin,2005)

Usually cancer patients experience a high incidence of a variety of infections particularly blood stream infections and eventually many of these patients die due to infection .

YES

DISCUSSION

Badie et al.,2011

This study demonstrated that C. non - albicans was the predominant species of Candidemia in patients with cancer which is in agreement with other reports from Iran.

YES

Badiee et al., 2011

These isolates showed high amphotricin resistance pattern which is similar Frederick et al. observation and also Badiee et al. study from Iran.

YES

DISCUSSION

Badiee et al, 2009

As other study from Iran observed and believed that the great importance of non -albicans Candida as a pathogen in clinical samples.

YES

CONCLUSIONS

• With the article we could with a PCR method for the other species of Candida albicans, a fungus that seriously affects the patient with cancer, this case the non Candida albicans.

• The people affected by this type of fungus are more than all those who are immunosuppressed, or have any serious illness, in the study we were able to prove that many people die because of the infection.

CONCLUSIONS

• Investigations about Candida would allow people to understand how frecuent and dangerous could be a candidemia if it is not treated correctly and in a short period of time.

• Understanding resistance patterns of antibiotics, will give scientist the opportunity to create new mecanisms in order to avoid resistance.

• https://books.google.com.co/books?id=XJ9k2ioAMm8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=candida&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=XhHhVJrPCIKWNrargcAL&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=candida&f=false

• ftp://tesis.bbtk.ull.es/ccppytec/cp121.pdf