PPT Psycholinguistics

8/16/2019 PPT Psycholinguistics

1/23

Where Does LanguageKnowledge Come From?

Intelligence, Innate,Language Ideas,

Behaviour?

Group 5 (6 A)

• Alvin Nur Al-Fath 2223131227

• Diani Rahmasari 2223131235

• Dini Shafa 222313125


2/23

How do we aqcuire knowledge?Perfect circlehes, God, Language and the

reason for ‘Isms’• The study of the nature and origin ofknowledge is a branch of philosophycalled ‘epistemology’.

•oes the human infant use intelligenceor innate language ideas, or both!

• The "arious philosophical isms,#mpiricism, $ationalism, %eha"iourism,and to e&tent Philosophical 'unctionalism

are types of e&planations that ha"e beeni"en in res onse to the uestion


3/23

Mentalism vs. Materialism

)re you a mentalist or a materialism! Take the (uickself* test+

The mentalist* materialist self test

. o human ha"e bodies!

--- es --- /o

0. o humans ha"e minds!

--- es --- /o

1. oes the mind ha"e some control of the body!

--- es --- /o

2. Is it necessary to study mind in order tounderstand human beings and their beha"iour!

--- es --- /o


4/23

The #ssence of 4aterialism

• 5atson 67028 regarded mind and consciousness asreligious superstitions which were irrele"ant to thestudy of psychology. 'or him, there was thus onlyone kind of stu9 in the uni"erse, the material ormater. The study of physiology is the study ofpsychology

The #ssence of 4entalism• In opposition to the materialism, the mentalist

holds that mind is of a di9erent nature from matter.• Two kinds mind and body relationships with respect

to en"ironmental stimuli and beha"ioural responsesin the world are interactions and idealist.


5/23

Interactionism

%ody and mind are seen as

interacting with one anothersuch that one may cause ofcontrol e"ents in the other.

Idealism)ccording to the radical

mentalist "iew, 6sub:ect8idealism, the body and the rest ofthe physical word are mereconstruction of the mind.


6/23

Behaviourist wars: Materialism vs.Epiphenomenalism vs. Mediationism

• 4aterialism

4aterialism is a form of philosophicalmonism which holds that matter is thefundamental subtance in nature, and thatall phenomena including mentalphenomena and consciousness are resultof material interactions.

• #piphenomenalism

#piphenomenalism is the "iew that mentale"ents are caused by physical e"ents inthe brain, but ha"e no e9ects upon anyphysical e"ents.


7/23

• $eductionism

The concept of reductionism has

become an integral part of our dailyli"es. ;The terms


8/23

Objections tobehaviourism

nti! behaviourism argument no ":insincerit# and l#ing

• =learly the basic for :udgment depend on

something besides the obser"able situationssince that situations is identical in bothcases

• 5ithout considering intentions, which are

states of mind, as the beha"iourists wouldha"e us do, notions such as insincerity,lying, and the like are not meaningful.

• 5ithout the e&istence of intentions, the(uestions of insincerity or lying cannot bee&plained by the beha"iourist.


9/23

nti! Behaviourist rgument $o % : &peech

must not be based on 'reams

• a dream is a phenomenal e&perience in the

mind which occurs while the person is asleep.• To e&plain the beha"iouris relati"ely easy from a

mentalistic point of "iew.

nti behaviourist rgument $o (: )oothacheand 'entist

• This is a mentalistic interpretation where a state

of mind, that of e&periencing pain, is theprecipitating cause of what was spoken and theact of going to the dentist. The e&plaination issimple, if you belie"e in mind and that conscious

e&perience can be acted on


10/23

*hilosophical +unctionalism

• 'unctionalism is foundational for those

cogniti"e sciences that would abstractfrom details of physical implementation inorder to discern principles common to allintelligent processing de"ices 6ennett,

7>?@ 'odor, 7?A@ retske, 7?I8.• 'unctionalism is a 4aterialism. #"en when

'unctionalists do allow for mind andconsciousness, as odes =halmers, fore&ample, they consider mind andconsciouness in physical terms. 5ith theirfocus on beha"iour and brain, and oninaminate machine functions, the

'unctionalists are the natural successors


11/23

Objections to *hilosophical+unctionalism

• Insincerity and Lying.• reams and Bpeech.

• Tootache and entist.

Cther ob:ections to functionalismD• 'unctionalism and Eolism

• 'unctionalism and 4ental =ausation

• 'unctionalism and Introspecti"e %elief

• 'unctionalism and the /orms of $eason• 'unctionalism and the Problem of Fualia

* In"erted and )bsent Fualia

* 'unctionalism, ombies, and the H#&planatory Gap

* 'unctionalism and the Jnowledge )rgument


12/23

Empiricism

•

#mpiricism, in philosophy, the "iew that allconcepts originate in e&perience, that all conceptsare about or applicable to things that can bee&perienced, or that all rationally acceptable

beliefs or propositions are :ustiKable or knowableonly through e&perience.

• )ccording to the conception of most 4entalists, aperson is regarded as ha"ing a mind. This mind is

related to body but is not synonymous with it sincea mind has consciousness and consciousness canuse mind to control beha"iour. In order tounderstand a person


13/23

• #mpiricist "iew /o. D intelligence is deri"ed frome&perience.

The #mpiricist "iew is that ideas are deri"edentirely through e&perience 6empeir is Greek for;e&perience


14/23

• #mpiricist "iew /o. 0D intelligence or itsbasis is innate.

The contemporary philosopher Putnam67M>8 has held that humans are bornwith intelligence, an innate intelligencethat has de"eloped through e"olution.%eyond this, Putnam o9ers little that isspeciKc as to the nature of inate

intelligence. Piaget took a middle positionbetween Locke and Putnam. Ee did notargue, as did Locke. /or did he argue, as

does Putnam. In any case Piaget


15/23

• Cur own "iew is that children are bornwith the essence of propositions and theentities which they in"ol"e, as well as the

essence of the analytical operations ofinducti"e and deducti"e logic. It isthrough the operations of these analytical

logicalprocedures on the data which theye&perience that children ac(uire their

knowledge of the world and then thelanguage with which they may deal withthe world and the people in it.


16/23

=onfusion in terminology for‘#mpiricism’ and ‘#mpiricist’

• The word


17/23

Particular "s. uni"ersalist ideas

•

)nother issue which di"ides #mpiricists is the(uestion of whether the mind which representknowledge are uni"ersal 6general8 or particular.Cne Particularist, Oames 4ill 6?078, held that

there is no such thing as a uni"ersal ideaD onlyparticular ideas.

• 5hile some theorists, like Oames 4ill 6?078 andEume 6>2?8, do not allow for the ac(uisition of

principles which are not themsel"es sense data6sense data can combine to form comple& ideasbut these ideas contain only the original sensedata8, other theorists, like Locke and Oohn Btuart

4ill 6?218 and more recent ones like Putnam, do


18/23

,ationalism

• =homsky has greatly modiKed ‘escartes’original conception, howe"er. =homsky takesthe "iew that many basic ideas are already inthe mind at birth, he further claims that there

are ideas of a distinct language nature.• Cther modern $ationalists, like %e"er 67>A8,

howe"er, do not separate language from othertypes of ideas. $ather, %e"er says that innate

ideas are of a general nature. Buch general andbasic ideas in this "iew ser"e to yieldlanguage as well as other types of knowledgesuch as mathematics. This is tenable point of

"iew.


19/23

• despite these di"ergences, all $ationalistsagree on the essential principle thatsome

knowledge is innate in humans. i9erent$ationalists, for e&ample, ha"e positedthat concepts such as ‘:ustice


20/23

-homsk#s +aculties o/ the Mindand 0niversal 1rammar

• )ccording to =homsky, humans are born withminds that contain innate knowledge concerning anumber of di9erent areas. Cne such area or facultyof the mind concerns language. =homsky currently

refers to the set of innate language ideas thatcomprises the language faculty as Hni"ersalGrammar, or G, for short. This G is uni"ersalbecause e"ery human being is born with it@ it is

further uni"ersal because with it any particularlanguage of the world can be ac(uired. Thus, G isnot a grammar of any particular language but itcontains the essentials with which any particular

grammar can be ac(uired.

h k /


21/23

-homsk#s rguments /or0niversal 1rammar

=homsky’s four main arguments for the necessityof G are D

• egenerate, 4eagre, and 4inute Language Input.

• Impro"ished Btimulus Input.

• #ase and Bpeed of =hild Language )c(uisition.

• The Irrele"ance of Intellegence in LanguageLearning.

%esides these four ob:ection, there is also oneadditional ob:ection@ The Bimultaneous4ultilingual and the Problem of 4ultiple Bettings

on a Bingle Parameter.


22/23

-onclusion regarding -homsk#srguments /or 0niversal 1rammar

• If ni"ersal Grammar e&ists, as =homskyclaims, as yet there is no credible

e"idance which supports it. )ll of=homsky’s arguments for ni"ersalGrammar ha"e been shown to be

inade(uate.

2 i )i / E i


23/23

2t is )ime /or Emergentism to,e!emerge

•

)n #mpiricism which was popular in the early part of thetwentieth century and has returned in a reformulated "ersionis one called #mergentism 64cLaughlin, 770@ Bperry, 7M7@4organ, 7018. It is a form of the 4ind Interactionism "iewthat was discussed earlier in this chapter. #ssen

%ody #mergentism is based on the "iew that certain higher*le"el properties, in particular consciousness andintentionality, are emergent in the sense that although theyappear only when certain physical conditions occur, suchproperties are neither e&plainable nor predictable in terms oftheir underlying physical properties. The properties of mindare genuinely no"el bring into the world their own causalpowers. Thus, mind may ha"e some control o"er beha"iour,which is in accord with the most commonplace of human

obser"ations.

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