Non-finite Clauses and Clauses without Verbs

Nurjamilia Romdoniah142122028Utami Mediana Ishak142122009Zaini Aulia Nurbaeti142122027Randi Bagus Santoso122122007Non-finite Clauses and Clauses without VerbsMain TopicsFour Kinds of Non-finite clausesThe Forms of Non-finite ClausesThe Functions of Non-finite ClausesThe Cenative ConstructionVerbless Clauses

IntroductionNon-finite clauses is a dependent clause whose verb is non finite. A non-finite clause cannot stand on its own. It has a secondary verb form that is not marked for person. Secondary verb is not marked for tense, aspect, mood, number and person. It cannot serve as a predicate, nor can it be used in an independent clause. They are not marked for tensesRarely have a subjectThey are not marked for personFour Kinds of Non-finite ClausesConstructionExampleVerb-formTo-infinitivalLiz wants to write a novelPlain formBare InfinitivalLiz might write a novelPlain formGerund-participalLiz dreams of writing a novelGerund participlePast ParticipalLiz has written a novelPast participleInfinitiveInfinitives with to are referred to specifically as to-infinitives, in order to distinguish them from bare infinitives, in which to is absent.

To-infinitiveBare infinitiveHelp me to open the gateHelp me open the gateBare InfinitiveThe bare infinitive is used as the main verb after the dummy auxiliary verb do, or most modal auxiliary verbs.Several common verbs of perception, including see, watch, hear, feel, and sense take a direct object and a bare infinitive.The bare infinitive is also used with several common verbs of permission or causation.The bare inifinitive is also used after had better.The verb help is followed by the bare infinitive.With the word whyGerund ParticipalsGerundial NounGerund participal form of verbPresent participal adjectivePast ParticipleA past participle indicates past or completedaction or time. It is often called the ed form as it is formed by adding d or ed, to the base form of regular verbs, however it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs.It can be used to form a verb phrase as part of the present perfect tense.It can be used to form the passive voice.It can also be used as an adjective.The Form of Non-finite ClausesA predicate has the form of a Verb Phrase headed by a secondary form of the verbDo not have primary tenseThey can never contain a modal auxuliaryAre normally embedded within a larger construction

The Functions of Non-finite ClausesTo InfinitiveAs a subjectAs an extraposed subjectAs an extraposed objectAs an internal compl of verbAs a comp of prepositionAs an adjuct in clauseAs a comp of nounModifier in NP

Bare InfinitivalsComplement of modal auxiliaryComplement of helpComplement of specifyingGerund ParticipleAs a subjectAs an extraposed subjectAs an objectAs an extraposed objectAs an internal comp of verbAs an adjuct in clauseAs a modifier in noun phrasePast ParticipleAs an internal comp of verbAs a modifier in noun phraseThe Cenative ConstractionThe cenative construction is a repeatable construction in a way that enables us to form chains of verb in which all except the last have a non-finite complement.Most cases where a non-finite clause is an internal complement of a verb illustrate the cenative construction.A cenative verb is a verb that can link with other verbs to form a chain or series (seem, keep, etc.)A cenative verb takes anon-finite clause as its complement

Cenative verbs and cenative complementSimple cenative there is never an intervening NP(subject of the non-finite clause)Complex cenative construction there is an intervening NPException ; passive voice.Verbless ClausesVerbless clauses are which contain no verb element, and often also no subject. They are regarded as clauses because they fuction in ways which make them equivalent to finite and non-finite clauses, and because they can be analyzed in terms of one or more clause elements (Geoffroy Leech and Jan Svartvik :1975)Verbless clauses function as complement to prepositionThere is no preposition that licences only a verbless clauses as complement with, without accept non-finite and verbless clauses although, if, once, while accept finite, non-finite and verbless clauses.Verbless clauses functioning directly as adjuctsVerbless clauses with a subject = predicate structure can function as adjucts.Exercise 1Fill the blanks with the correct form either Gerund or Infinitiveof the verb given in bracets.Avoid -----(mix) with bad boys.I dont want her -----(know) my adress.You made the woman -----(show) you how -----(open) the safe.Nicky tried -----(write) a poemStop -----(talk) nowExercise 2Rewrite the following sentences using suitable form ofthe participle of the verbs given in brackets.Everybody worships the -----(rise) sunThe sun -----(rise), the birds began to chirp.-----(place) the books on the table, he ran away.A -----(break) glass cannot hold water-----(hit) by an arrow in chest, he fell down dead.

Exercise 3Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using a Gerund.She laughs. She cannot help it.It was hot. He did not go out.I got ready. I went to the coference.Please move a bit. Would you mind it ?She likes to eat chocolates. It is her weakness.Exercise 4Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using an Infinitive.He has come here. He will see you.He was very weak. He could not go up the stairs.She is coming to Delhi. She will see the Prime Minister.We go to the library. We study there.I shall go to the market. I shall buy some papers.Exercise 5Combine the following sentences using a participle.She felt hungry. She went on eating.They finished their breakfast. They boarded the school-busThe sun had set. We returned home.I do not like this child. He weeps bitterly.I saw a woman. She was crossing the road.