PPT Basic Morphology1

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The Basics ofMorphology

SupplementaryReadings

MotivatingMorphology

Basic Conceptsand Notation

More SuffixationRules

Prefixes

MorphologicalStructure andAmbiguity

The Basics of Morphology
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Prefixes


Supplementary Readings

The following readings have been posted to the SPARK

course site:

Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 4 (pp. 115-127)
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Prefixes


Supplementary Readings

The following readings have been posted to the SPARK

course site:

Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 4 (pp. 115-127)

The following reading (on SPARK) is not essential, but

you might find it helpful/interesting:

Language Instinct; Chapter 5 (119-152)
http://find/http://goback/


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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


The System Thus Far

The Fundamental Question (for Linguists):

What is the system ofrulesandmental representationsthat underlies our ability to speak and understand a

human language?
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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


The System Thus Far



human language?

The Answer Thus Far:

Mental Representations: A representation stored in memory of the phonemes

making up the word.


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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


The System Thus Far



human language?



making up the word.

The Rules: Rules that alter this phonemic representation, and thus

the way that we ultimately pronounce the word.


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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


The System Thus Far



human language?



making up the word.

The Rules: Rules that alter this phonemic representation, and thus

the way that we ultimately pronounce the word. The Syllabification Rule The Aspiration Rule The V-Lengthening Rule (...and a whole bunch more...)
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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Towards Morphology

Observation:So far, theserulesandrepresentationsall concern thesound

(pronunciation) of the words in the language.
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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Towards Morphology



(Duh, so far all weve studied in this class isphonology).
http://goforward/http://find/


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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Towards Morphology




Fact:These rules and representations also concern the way thatwords are formed (from smaller, meaningful pieces).


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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Towards Morphology




Fact:These rules and representations also concern the way thatwords are formed (from smaller, meaningful pieces).

Vocabulary:The study of word formation (word structure) = Morphology


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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


The Mental Lexicon

Vocabulary:The (Mental) Lexicon= the information about words that you

store in memory.


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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


The Mental Lexicon


store in memory.

When you learn a language, you need to memorize awhole bunch of words.


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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


The Mental Lexicon


store in memory.


Also, for each word, you need to memorize a whole bunch

of stuff about that word

its phonemic representation (how its pronounced) its meaning its part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) what contexts its appropriate in,etc.

f
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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


The Mental Lexicon


store in memory.





Therefore, part of our linguistic knowledge is a bigdatabase of words (mental lexicon).

Th B i fTh M l L i
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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


The Mental Lexicon


store in memory.





Therefore, part of our linguistic knowledge is a bigdatabase of words (mental lexicon).

The word entries are very much like those in a dictionary

The Basics ofPi f h M l L i
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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Picture of the Mental Lexicon

Dog:

Sound: /dAg/

Part of Speech: Noun

Meaning: canis familiaris

Cat:

Sound: /kt/

Part of Speech: Noun

Meaning: felis domesticus

Pwn:

Sound: /pown/

Part of Speech: Verb

Meaning: To thoroughly defeat

The Basics ofW d d R l
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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Key Fact:

The mental lexicon doesnt storeallthe words that we know.

There are words we know (the meaning of) which arenotstoredin our mental lexicon.

The Basics ofW d d R l
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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Key Fact:



Illustration:

Suppose I told you that blorking is some bit of gamerjargon

blorking = joining in a MMORPG while naked and/or drunk

The Basics ofWords and R les
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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Key Fact:



Illustration:



Now suppose I said the following to you: My roommate is a notorious blorker.

The Basics ofWords and Rules


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The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Key Fact:



Illustration:



Now suppose I said the following to you: My roommate is a notorious blorker.

You would know what I meant, even though youd neveractually heard the word blorker before...

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Morphology



The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Key Fact:



Conclusion:

Since youd never heard the word blorker before...

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Morphology



The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Key Fact:



Conclusion:

Since youd never heard the word blorker before... The word blorker was not to be found in your mental lexicon...

http://find/


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Morphology



The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Key Fact:



Conclusion:


So, your knowledge of its meaning had to have come from

somewhere else...



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Morphology



The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Key Fact:



Conclusion:



somewhere else...

Your knowledge of its meaning had to have come from a rule.

The Basics ofM h lWords and Rules
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Morphology



The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Key Fact:



Conclusion:



somewhere else...

Your knowledge of its meaning had to have come from a rule.

The Rule:For any verb V of English, adding er to the end of V makes anoun that means one who Vs

(blorker = one who blorks)

The Basics ofMorphologyWords and Rules
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Morphology



The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Major Conclusion:

Our knowledge of English includes generalrulesfor

forming words.

The Basics ofMorphologyWords and Rules
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Morphology



The Mental Lexicon

Words and Rules



Prefixes


Words and Rules

Major Conclusion:

Our knowledge of English includes generalrulesfor

forming words.

Vocabulary:

The study of the rules of word formation (word structure) in

language =Morphology

The Basics ofMorphologySome Basic Concepts and Notation
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Morphology




Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes


Some Basic Concepts and Notation

Key Question This Raises:What are some of the rules and principles of word formation(word structure) in English and other languages?

The Basics ofMorphologySome Basic Concepts and Notation
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Morphology




Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes


Some Basic Concepts and Notation

Key Question This Raises:What are some of the rules and principles of word formation(word structure) in English and other languages?

... Before we can explore this question in depth, we need to

learn some additional concepts and formalisms...

The Basics ofMorphologyVocabulary Time!
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Morphology




Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes


Vocabulary Time!

Morpheme:

A sequence of phonemes to which meaning is assigned. /blOk/= to join an MMORPG while naked and/or drunk

/1/= one who performs a given activity

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p gy




Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes


y

Morpheme:



Free Morpheme:

A morpheme that can stand alone as a complete word.

/blOk/ My roommate loves toblork. /plej/ My roommate loves toplay.

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p gy




Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes


y

Morpheme:



Free Morpheme:



Bound Morpheme:

Morpheme that cant stand alone as a complete word. /1/ My roommate is a realblorker/player/*er.

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes


y

Morpheme:



Free Morpheme:



Bound Morpheme:


Affix:

A bound morpheme that can attach to a free morpheme /1/ My roommate is a realblorker/player/*er.

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes


y

Morpheme:



Free Morpheme:



Bound Morpheme:


Suffix:

An affix that attaches to theendof a morpheme. /1/ My roommate is a realblorker/player/*er.

The Basics ofMorphologyTowards Morphological Rules
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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes


Lets now work carefully towards the morphological rule

for the suffix -er in English...

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes




Observation 1:

Clearly, the suffix -er can attach to verbs. blorker, player, baker, dancer,etc.

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes




Observation 1:


The suffix -ercannotattach to other kinds of words

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes




Observation 1:


The suffix -ercannotattach to other kinds of words It cant attach to nouns:

piano *pianoer (one who is a piano?)book *booker (one who is a book?)

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes




Observation 1:




It cant attach to adjectives:

tall *taller (one who is tall?)angry *angrier (one who is angry?)

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes




Observation 1:




It cant attach to adjectives:

tall *taller (one who is tall?)angry *angrier (one who is angry?)

The Generalization, Part 1:

The suffix -er can only attach to verbs.

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes




Observation 2:When -er attaches to a verb, the resulting word is a noun.

blork the blorker (the one who blorks)play the player (the one who plays)dance the dancer (the one who dances)

bake the baker (the one who bakes)shoot the shooter (the one who shoots)

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes








The suffix -er attaches to verbs, and thereby creates nouns.

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes








The suffix -er attaches to verbs, and thereby creates nouns.

Stated as Rule:

A noun can be created by taking a verb and adding er after it.

The Basics ofMorphologyA Formal Notation for Rules
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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes


The Rule (Informally Stated):A noun can be created by taking a verb and adding er after it.

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes



A Formal Notation for Morphological Rules:

N V +/1/

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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes



A Formal Notation for Morphological Rules:

N V +/1/

N = a noun

= can be created from

V = a verb

+ = combined with

The Basics ofMorphologyA Notation for Morphological Structure
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Motivating

Morphology


Some Basic Concepts

Some Basic Notation


Prefixes


The morphological composition of a word can be

diagrammed by a tree structure.

The Morphological Structure of Player

N

V /1/

/plej/

(Player is a noun formed from the V play and the suffix 1)

The Basics ofMorphologyMore Suffixation Rules of English
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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


Lets now look at some more suffixes of English, to get a

flavor for how these rules work...

The Basics ofMorphologyThe Suffix -Ness

C id th f ll i i f d
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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


Consider the following pairs of words...

happy happiness

sad sadnessblue blueness

round roundness


C id th f ll i i f d
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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes



happy happiness


round roundness

Observations:

The words on the left are adjectives.


Consider the following pairs of words
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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes



happy happiness


round roundness

Observations:


The words on the right are nouns.


http://find/


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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes



happy happiness


round roundness

Observations:



The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except

that they end with -ness.


http://goforward/http://find/http://goback/


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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes



happy happiness


round roundness

Observations:





For each of these Adj/N pairs, the N means state of being Adj


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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes



happy happiness


round roundness

Observations:





For each of these Adj/N pairs, the N means state of being Adj

Hypothesis:

English morphology contains the following rule:

N A +/nEs/

(A noun can be formed from an adjective, followedbythesuffix/nEs/)


http://find/http://find/


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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes



happy happiness


round roundness

Hypothesized Rule: N A +/nEs/


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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes



happy happiness


round roundness


Confirmation, Part 1:

Suppose I told you gamers have an adjective grug thatmeanslame.


http://find/


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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes



happy happiness


round roundness




The following would probably make sense to you:Thegrugnessof this game is undeniable.


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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes



happy happiness


round roundness




The following would probably make sense to you:Thegrugnessof this game is undeniable.

You could only understand the noun grugness if you hada rule like the one above.




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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


Co s de t e o o g pa s o o ds

happy happiness


round roundness


Confirmation, Part 2:If we try to combine the suffix -ness with something otherthan an adjective, the result is not well-formed or sensible.

Verbs Nouns*walkness *chairness*stealness *treeness*scrapeness *hatness

The Basics ofMorphologyThe Suffix -Able

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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


g p

ride rideable

do doablesee seeable

like likeable


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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


g p

ride rideable


like likeable

Observations:

The words on the left are verbs.


http://find/


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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


g p

ride rideable


like likeable

Observations:

The words on the left are verbs. The words on the right are adjectives.


S l

The Suffix -Able

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Motivating

Morphology



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ride rideable


like likeable

Observations:



that they end with -able.


S l t

The Suffix -Able



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Motivating

MorphologyBasic Conceptsand Notation


The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ride rideable


like likeable

Observations:




For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means able to be V-ed


Supplementary

The Suffix -Able

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Motivating



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ride rideable


like likeable

Observations:




For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means able to be V-ed

Hypothesis:


A V +/@bl"/

(An adjective can be formed from a verb,followedbythesuffix/@bl"/)


Supplementary

The Suffix -Able

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Motivating



The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ride rideable


like likeable

Hypothesized Rule: A V +/@bl"/


Supplementary

The Suffix -Able

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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ride rideable


like likeable



Suppose I told you gamers have a verb croob thatmeansdestroy.


Supplementary

The Suffix -Able

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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ride rideable


like likeable




The following would probably make sense to you:That fortress is totallycroobable.


Supplementary

The Suffix -Able

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Supp e e ta yReadings




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ride rideable


like likeable




The following would probably make sense to you:That fortress is totallycroobable.

You could only understand the adjective croobable if youhad a rule like that above.


Supplementary

The Suffix -Able

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pp yReadings




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ride rideable


like likeable


Confirmation, Part 2:If we try to combine the suffix -able with something other thanan verb, the result is not well-formed or sensible.

Adjectives Nouns

*happyable *chairable*sadable *treeable*blueable *hatable


Supplementary

The Suffix -Ing

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Readings




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring

tire tiringexcite exciting

annoy annoying


Supplementary

The Suffix -Ing

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Readings




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring


annoy annoying

Observations:



SupplementaryR di

The Suffix -Ing

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Readings




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring


annoy annoying

Observations:



SupplementaryR di

The Suffix -Ing

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Readings




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring


annoy annoying

Observations:



that they end with -ing.



The Suffix -IngConsider the following pairs of words...
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Readings




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring


annoy annoying

Observations:




For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means tends to V people





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Readings




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring


annoy annoying

Observations:




For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means tends to V people

Hypothesis:


A V +/iN/(An adjective can be formed from a verb,followedbythesuffix/iN/)




b b i
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Readings




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring

tire tiring

excite exciting

annoy annoying

Hypothesized Rule: A V +/iN/




b b i
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Readings




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring

tire tiring

excite exciting

annoy annoying



Suppose I told you gamers have an adjective drass thatmeansto make angry.




b b i


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ead gs




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring

tire tiring

excite exciting

annoy annoying




The following would probably make sense to you:That part of the game is really drassing.




bore boring
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g




The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring

tire tiring

excite exciting

annoy annoying




The following would probably make sense to you:That part of the game is really drassing.

You could only understand the adjective drassing if youhad a rule like that above.




bore boring
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


bore boring

tire tiring

excite exciting

annoy annoying


Confirmation, Part 2:If we try to combine the suffix -ing with something other thanan verb, the result is not well-formed or sensible.

Adjectives Nouns

*happying *chairing*sadding *treeing*blueing *hatting



Another Suffix -ErConsider the following pairs of words...

happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


happy happier

sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder




happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


happy happier

sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

Observations:





happy happier
http://find/


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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


happy happier

sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

Observations:

The words on the left are adjectives. The words on the right are also adjectives.




happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


happy happier

sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

Observations:



that they end with -er.




happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


happy happier

sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

Observations:




For each of these pairs, Adj+er means more Adj




happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


happy happier

sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

Observations:




For each of these pairs, Adj+er means more Adj

Hypothesis:


A A +/1/(An adjective can be formed from an adjective,followedbysuffix/1/)




happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


happy happier

sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

But Wait!:

Didnt we already see that -er is a suffix that (i) combines withVs, (ii) produces Ns, and (iii) means one who Vs?

play player

dance dancerbake baker

shoot shootercall caller




happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ppy pp

sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

Homophonous Morphemes

There are often pairs of words that (i) sound exactly thesame, but (ii) mean two totally separate things:

red readblue blewshed (hair) shed (a building)

bank (river) bank (financial institution)




happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ppy pp

sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

Homophonous Morphemes

There are often pairs of words that (i) sound exactly thesame, but (ii) mean two totally separate things:

red readblue blewshed (hair) shed (a building)

bank (river) bank (financial institution) The word for such pairs of words ishomophones.



M i i


happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


ppy pp

sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

The Conclusion:

Just as with words (free morphemes), it is possible foraffixes (bound morphemes) to be homophones.



M ti ti


happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

The Conclusion:


There is an -er suffix that combines with Vs to make Ns.(N V +/1/)



Motivating


happy happier
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The Suffix -Ness

The Suffix -Able

The Suffix -Ing

Another Suffix -Er

Prefixes


sad sadder

blue bluer

bad badder

The Conclusion:


There is an -er suffix that combines with Vs to make Ns.(N V +/1/)

There is also a separate, homophonous -er suffix that

combines with As to make As.(A A +/1/)



Motivating

Introducing Prefixes
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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


Suffix:

An affix that attaches to theendof a morpheme.



Motivating

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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


Suffix:


Prefix:

An affix that attaches to thebeginningof a morpheme.



Motivating

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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


Suffix:


Prefix:

An affix that attaches to thebeginningof a morpheme.

Lets take a look at some prefixation rules of English...



Motivating

The Prefix Re-Consider the following pairs of words...

do redo
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ot at gMorphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype

zip rezip

print reprint



Motivating


do redo

t t
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gMorphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype

zip rezip

print reprint

Observations:




Motivating


do redo

t t
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Morphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype

zip rezipprint reprint

Observations:

The words on the left are verbs. The words on the right are verbs.



Motivating


do redo

type retype
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Morphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype


Observations:

The words on the left are verbs. The words on the right are verbs.


that they begin with re-.

The Basics of

Morphology


MotivatingM h l


do redo

type retype
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Morphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype


Observations:


The words on the right are verbs.



For each of these pairs, re+V means to V again

The Basics of

Morphology


MotivatingM h l


do redo

type retype
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Morphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype


Observations:





For each of these pairs, re+V means to V again

Hypothesis:


V /i/+ V(A verb can be formed from a verb, precededbytheprefix/i/)

The Basics of

Morphology




do redo

type retype
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Morphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype


Hypothesized Rule: V /i/+ V

The Basics of

Morphology




do redo

type retype


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Morphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype




Suppose I told you gamers have a verb croob thatmeansto destroy.

The Basics of

Morphology




do redo

type retype
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Morphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype





The following would probably make sense to you:

We need torecroobthat fortress.

The Basics of

Morphology




do redo

type retype
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Morphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype





The following would probably make sense to you:

We need torecroobthat fortress. You could only understand the verb recroob if you had a

rule like that above.

The Basics of

Morphology




do redo

type retype
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Morphology



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


type retype



Confirmation, Part 2:If we try to combine the prefix re- with something other thanan verb, the result is not well-formed or sensible.

Adjectives Nouns

*rehappy *rechair*resad *retree*reblue *rehat

The Basics of

Morphology



The Prefix Un-Consider the following pairs of words...

happy unhappy

sound unsound


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p gy



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


sou d u sou d

cool uncool

The Basics of

Morphology




happy unhappy

sound unsound


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p gy



Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


cool uncool

Observations:


The Basics of

Morphology




happy unhappy

sound unsound


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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


cool uncool

Observations:


The words on the right are adjectives.

The Basics of

Morphology




happy unhappy

sound unsound


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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


cool uncool

Observations:




that they begin with un-.

The Basics of

Morphology




happy unhappy

sound unsound
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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


cool uncool

Observations:





For each of these pairs, un+Adj means not Adj

The Basics of

Morphology




happy unhappy

sound unsound


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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


cool uncool

Observations:





For each of these pairs, un+Adj means not Adj

Hypothesis:English morphology contains the following rule:

A /2n/+ A(An adjective can be formed from an adjective, preceded by/2n/)

The Basics of

Morphology



Another Prefix Un-Interesting Fact:

As with -er, there is another, homophonous prefix un-:

do undo


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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-


zip unzipdress undress

The Basics of

Morphology





do undo
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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-



Observations:


The Basics of

Morphology





do undo
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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-



Observations:



The Basics of

Morphology





do undo


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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-



Observations:





The Basics of

Morphology





do undo
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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-



Observations:





For each of these pairs, un+V means to reverse V-ing

The Basics of

Morphology





do undo
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Prefixes

The Prefix Re-

The Prefix Un-

Another Prefix Un-



Observations:





For each of these pairs, un+V means to reverse V-ing

Hypothesis:


V /2n/+ V(A verb can be formed from a verb, precededbytheprefix/2n/)

The Basics of

Morphology



Summary of Our Morphological RulesSo far, weve seen that the following rules serve to create

words in English.
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Prefixes

MorphologicalStructure and

Ambiguity

Morphological Rule Illustrative Word:

N V +/1/ playerN A +/nEs/ happinessA V +/@bl

"/ doable

A V +/iN/ sickeningA A +/1/ tallerV /i/+ V reinvestA /2n/+ A uninteresting

V /2n/+ V unlock

The Basics of

Morphology



Complex Morphological StructuresKey Fact: These morphological rules caniterate!

One rule can output a word, which then can serve as
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Prefixes


Ambiguity

input to another rule.

The Basics of

Morphology



B C


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Prefixes


Ambiguity


Input Rule Output

do A V +/@bl"/ doable (able to be done)

doable A /2n/+ A undoable (not doable)

dress V /2n/+ V undress (to reverse dressing)undress V /i/+ V reundress (to undress again)

The Basics of

Morphology



B i C t



i h l
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Prefixes


Ambiguity


Input Rule Output

do A V +/@bl"/ doable (able to be done)

doable A /2n/+ A undoable (not doable)

dress V /2n/+ V undress (to reverse dressing)undress V /i/+ V reundress (to undress again)

Through the iteration of these rules, we are able tocreate incredibly complex words of English. Antidisestablishmentarianism

(anti-dis-establish-ment-arian-ism)

The Basics of

Morphology



B i C t

Morphological AmbiguityAnother Key Fact:

Some words can created in multiple ways, which has an

effect upon their meaning.
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Prefixes


Ambiguity

The Basics of

Morphology



Basic Concepts



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Prefixes


Ambiguity

Illustration: UnlockableUnlockable is ambiguous; it can have one of two meanings:

able to be unlocked(the door is unlockable; I can open it with my keys)

The Basics of

Morphology



Basic Concepts



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Prefixes


Ambiguity



not able to be locked(the door is unlockable; the lock is broken)

The Basics of

Morphology



Basic Concepts



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Prefixes


Ambiguity




Observation: This is not just simple, arbitrary homophony (like red/read)

The Basics of

Morphology



Basic Concepts



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Prefixes


Ambiguity




Observation: This is not just simple, arbitrary homophony (like red/read)

Instead, our rules give us two ways of creating unlockable

The Basics of

Morphology



Basic Conceptsd N i



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P

Documents

PPT Basic Morphology1