Powers of 10

• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/powersof10/index.html

Interactive H-R Diagram• http://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/labs/

star_life/hr_interactive.html

StarsStars && GalaxiesGalaxies

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TheThe UniverseUniverse

UniverseUniverse isis spacespace andand everythingeverything inin itit..

How do measure distance in space?

•Light Year- the distance that light travels in one year through space.

− 1 light year = 9.5 trillion km or 5.9 trillion miles

• (Speed of light is 300 million m / s, or 186,000 miles / s )

How are stars classified?-Stars are classified by size, temperature, and brightness.

Size: Stars can range from small, medium, giant (huge), and supergiant.

Temperature: It is opposite!Blue White Yellow Red-orange RedHOT-----------------------------------------COLD

Brightness: Absolute Magnitude: The brightness the star would have if it were at a standard distance from earth. The actual brightness of a star.

Apparent Magnitude: The brightness of the star as seen from earth. How bright a star looks.

H-R Diagram

•A graph that shows the relationship between a star’s surface temperature and it’s absolute magnitude (luminosity).

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H-R Diagram

AA starstar isis bornborn AA starstar isis mademade upup ofof aa largelarge amountamount ofof gasgas

inin aa relativelyrelatively smallsmall volumevolume.. AA nebulanebula, , onon thethe otherother handhand, , isis aa largelarge

amountamount ofof gasgas andand dustdust spreadspread outout inin anan immenseimmense volumevolume..

AllAll starsstars beginbegin theirtheir liveslives asas partsparts ofof nebulasnebulas. . GravityGravity cancan pullpull somesome ofof thethe gasgas andand dustdust inin aa nebulanebula togethertogether..

TheThe contractingcontracting cloudcloud isis thenthen calledcalled aa protostarprotostar..

AA starstar isis bornborn whenwhen thethe contractingcontracting gasgas andand dustdust becomebecome soso hothot thatthat nuclearnuclear fusionfusion startsstarts..

LifetimesLifetimes ofof StarsStars HowHow longlong aa starstar liveslives dependsdepends onon howhow

muchmuch massmass itit hashas.. StarsStars withwith moremore massmass havehave shortershorter liveslives

thanthan thosethose withwith lessless massmass.. SmallSmall starsstars useuse upup theirtheir fuelfuel moremore slowlyslowly

thanthan largelarge starsstars, , soso theythey havehave muchmuch longerlonger liveslives..

GenerallyGenerally, , starsstars thatthat havehave lessless massmass thanthan thethe sunsun useuse theirtheir fuelfuel slowlyslowly, , andand cancan livelive forfor aboutabout 200 200 billionbillion yearsyears..

MediumMedium- - massmass starsstars likelike thethe sunsun livelive forfor aboutabout 10 10 billionbillion yearsyears. .

DeathDeath ofof StarsStars WhenWhen aa starstar beginsbegins toto runrun outout ofof fuelfuel, , thethe

centercenter ofof thethe starstar shrinksshrinks andand thethe outerouter partpart ofof thethe starstar expandsexpands. . TheThe starstar becomesbecomes aa redred giantgiant oror supergiantsupergiant..

AllAll mainmain sequencesequence starsstars eventuallyeventually becomebecome redred giantsgiants oror supergiantssupergiants. . HoweverHowever, , whatwhat happenshappens nextnext dependsdepends onon thethe massmass ofof thethe starsstars..

WhenWhen aa starstar runsruns outout ofof fuelfuel, , itit becomesbecomes aa whitewhite dwarfdwarf, , aa neutronneutron starstar, , oror aa blackblack holehole..

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WhiteWhite DwarfDwarf SmallSmall andand mediummedium starsstars becomebecome redred giantsgiants

andand thenthen whitewhite dwarfsdwarfs. . TheirTheir outerouter layerslayers expandexpand toto becomebecome redred

giantsgiants.. EventuallyEventually, , thethe outerouter partsparts growgrow biggerbigger stillstill

andand driftdrift outout intointo spacespace.. TheThe blueblue whitewhite hothot corecore isis leftleft behindbehind

causingcausing aa whitewhite dwarfdwarf. . WhenWhen therethere isis nono moremore energyenergy itit becomesbecomes

aa blackblack dwarfdwarf. .

BlackBlack HolesHoles TheThe mostmost massivemassive starsstars- - thosethose havinghaving moremore thanthan 40 40 timestimes thethe massmass ofof sunsun- - becomebecome blackblack holesholes whenwhen theythey diedie..

AfterAfter thisthis kindkind ofof starstar becomesbecomes aa supernovasupernova, , moremore thanthan fivefive timestimes thethe massmass ofof thethe sunsun maymay bebe leftleft..

TheThe gravitygravity ofof thisthis massmass isis soso strongstrong thatthat thethe gasgas isis pulledpulled inwardinward, , packingpacking itit intointo aa smallersmaller andand smallersmaller spacespace..

NeutronNeutron StarsStars AA dyingdying giantgiant oror supergiantsupergiant starstar cancan suddenlysuddenly

explodeexplode. . WithinWithin hourshours, , thethe starstar blazesblazes millionsmillions ofof timestimes brighterbrighter..

TheThe explosionexplosion isis calledcalled aa supernovasupernova..

AfterAfter aa starstar explodesexplodes, , somesome materialmaterial fromfrom thethe starstar isis leftleft behindbehind. . ThisThis materialmaterial maymay becomebecome partpart ofof aa nebulanebula..

ThisThis materialmaterial maymay formform aa neutronneutron starstar..

NeutronNeutron starsstars areare eveneven smallersmaller andand denserdenser thanthan whitewhite dwarfsdwarfs..

Galaxies

• A large grouping of stars in space• Currently over 50 million galaxies

in the universe• 3 Types

• Spiral• Irregular• Elliptical

Spiral Galaxy

• Spiral arms w/ a bulge in the center.• Milky Way is a spiral galaxy

Elliptical Galaxy• Elongated shape• Very bright centers w/ very little

dust or gas• Contain mostly old stars

Irregular Galaxy

•Irregular shape

•Located close to spiral galaxies

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““Main Sequence”Main Sequence”SunSun--likelike andand SmallerSmaller StarsStars

DueDue toto thethe massmass ofof thethe starstar, , fusionfusion occursoccurs ( (hydrogenhydrogen isis fusedfused togethertogether releasingreleasing lightlight andand heatheat))

StarsStars thethe sizesize ofof ourour sunsun cancan undergoundergo fusionfusion forfor 10 10 billionbillion yearsyears..

AfterAfter allall ofof thethe heliumhelium undergoesundergoes fusionfusion, , itit becomesbecomes aa whitewhite dwarfdwarf..

AsAs thethe fuelfuel continuescontinues toto dwindledwindle thethe starstar eventuallyeventually becomesbecomes aa blackblack dwarfdwarf..

AsAs thethe hydrogenhydrogen runsruns outout andand heliumhelium undergoesundergoes fusionfusion, , thethe starstar turnsturns intointo aa redred giantgiant..

““Giants”Giants”HugeHuge StarsStars

(1.5-3(1.5-3XX thethe massmass ofof thethe sunsun))

• TheThe remnantsremnants ofof thethe explosionexplosion couldcould becomebecome aa neutronneutron starstar

• StarsStars thisthis sizesize usuallyusually undergoundergo fusionfusion forfor lessless timetime thanthan thethe sunsun--likelike starsstars..

• AsAs aa supergiantsupergiant cancan suddenlysuddenly explodeexplode intointo aa supernovasupernova..

• AsAs thethe hydrogenhydrogen runsruns outout andand heliumhelium undergoesundergoes fusionfusion, , thethe starstar turnsturns intointo aa supersuper giantgiant..

““Super Giants”Super Giants”GiantGiant StarsStars

((overover 3 3XX thethe massmass ofof thethe sunsun))

AA dyingdying supergiantsupergiant cancan explodeexplode intointo aa supernovasupernova..

AsAs thethe hydrogenhydrogen runsruns outout heliumhelium andand undergoesundergoes fusionfusion, , thethe starstar turnsturns intointo aa supergiantsupergiant..

DueDue toto thethe immenseimmense massmass, , thethe materialmaterial maymay bebe pulledpulled byby gravitygravity inwardinward, , packingpacking thethe gasgas soso tightlytightly aa blackblack holehole isis formedformed..

QuasarsQuasars QuasarQuasar isis aa distantdistant

galaxygalaxy withwith aa blackblack holehole atat itsits centercenter..

AsAs enormousenormous amountsamounts ofof gasgas revolverevolve aroundaround suchsuch objectsobjects asas aa blackblack holehole, , thethe gasgas heatsheats upup andand shinesshines brightlybrightly..