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8/15/2017
Copyright 2017: Hedgecock & Harris 1
SEPTEMBER 16, 2017
AACPDM ANNUAL CONFERENCE –MONTRÉAL, QUÉBEC, CANADA
INCORPORATING RESISTANCE TRAINING INTO EPISODIC CARE IMPROVES FUNCTION AND PARTICIPATION IN YOUTH WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
James B. Hedgecock, PT, DPT, PCS
Nicole Harris, PT, PCS, BOCO
We have no conflicts of interest or relevant financial interests to report.
We will not discuss off label/investigational use.
Objectives
Upon completion, participants will be able to demonstrate understanding of the role of muscular strength in determining functional independence in youth with cerebral palsy.
Upon completion, participants will be able to complete a clinical assessment to select the most ideal training parameters to achieve a patient's specific functional goals.
Upon completion, participants will be able to design a resistance and functional skill training program using appropriate dosing and outcomes assessment to address individualized goals for youth with cerebral palsy.
Upon completion, participants will be able to develop a plan to initiate a resistance training program for youth with cerebral palsy at their institution.
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Motor difficulties in people with CP are related to several factors
CEREBRAL PALSY
IMPAIRMENTS• Selective motor
control• Postural Control• ROM• Spasticity/Tone• Endurance• Strength
FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS
• Sitting• Transitional
movements• Walking• Stair negotiation• Higher level gross
motor tasks
PARTICIPATION RESTRICTIONS
• Environmental access• Peer related activities• Sports /Recreational
Activities• Family Routines
PERSONAL FACTORS• Cognitive, academic,
communication impairments
• Social stigma• Psychological
comorbidity• Equipment/brace use
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• Service availability• Community
accessibility
Jeffries 2016, Jensen 2004, Fowler 2009, Palisano 2017, Moreau 2010/2013
Strength significantly impacts gross motor capability in young children with CP.
Bartlett 2014, Chiarello 2016
Muscular weakness occurs early in development in children with CP
Jeffries 2016
Measure Factor Loading
Tone (Ashworth) 0.68
Coordination (GMPM) 0.77
Balance/Postural Control (ECAB) 0.95
Strength (FST) 0.95
Endurance (EASE) 0.68
Range of Motion (SAROMM) 0.74
SecondaryImpairments
Primary Impairments
Strength and balance/postural control are the impairments that carry the most impact in young children with CP
Secondary impairments that impact function and participation already occur as young as 1.5-5 years
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Strength impacts function in school-aged and adolescents with CP.
Dallmeijer 2011, Eek 2008, Moreau 2012, Ross 2007, Moreau 2010
Spasticity Strength
Measures of strength are more related to performance on measures of gross motor performance and gait measures
Strength is associated with participation across the life span
Moreau 2010, Ross 2007, Ohata 2008
Several measures of participation are significantly associated with measures of strength
These relationships are more common and stronger than relationships to spasticity
Quad Ms Thickness Quad and Hamstring Tone
Ambulatory children with CP exhibit upwards of 50% strength deficit in key muscle for ambulation.
Eek 2008, Ross 2007, Moreau 2010, Nooijen 2017
% A
ge
Exp
ecte
d S
tren
gth
Hamstrings, dorsiflexors, plantar flexors and hip abductors are the most impacted
<50% age expected strength = walking with assistance
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It isn’t all about how much you bench, bro.
Moreau 2012, Nooijen 2014, Yancy 2016
Rate of force development is diminished by upwards of 70% in children with CP compared to those with typical development
Power generation is related to function and participation as is maximal strength
Muscle structure impacts organ function
Muscle structure in
Children with CP is
altered
Decreased: Muscle fascicle length
Speed of contraction
Muscle volume
Muscle belly length
Myofiber number
Diminished physiological cross sectional area
ACTIVITY LIMITATION AND PARTICIPATION RESTRICTION
Barrett 2010, Gao 2011, Moreau 2013
Reduced Force Production Capability
Do you even lift?
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Conflict of Evidence
Taylor 2005, Mockford 2008, Scianni 2009, Kenyon 2010, Verschuren 2011, Scholtes 2011, Scholtes 2012, Novak 2013, Moreau 2013, Hedgecock 2015, Moreau 2016, Gannotti2015, Kirk 2016
Train specifically for function
Moreau 2013, Hedgecock 2015, Kenyon 2010
Velocity dependent (AKA POWER) training positively alters function in children with CP, whereas maximal strength training did not
Individual case reports have demonstrated functional improvements with other strength training focuses, but they were targeted at a specific function
Fundamentals of Strength Training
Functional and Participation
ImprovementsOutcomes
Training Specificity
Individualization
Periodicity
Frequency
Volume
Progression
Pescatello 2014, Sheppard 2015
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Safety Concerns
Patient Selection
• >3 years of age
• Able to follow your instructions
• Volitional control of the selected joint
Precautions
• Communication impairment
• Heat sensitivity
• Cardiac precautions
• Recent, minor musculoskeletal injury
• Joint contracture or skeletal malformation
• Sensory impairment
Contra-inidcations
• Recent orthopedic surgery
• Unable to follow directions or complete action safely
• <3 years of age
• Unhealed wound around moving joint
Weight lifting, under supervision of a trained professional, has been found safe over, and over, and over again in
children as young as 3 years
Lloyd 2014, Faigenbaum 1998, Bauer 1999, Sheppard 2015
Prescription - 1 Repetition Maximum Testing
Continue Adjusting Weight
Child completes 1-5 repetitions, estimate 1RM
Child unable to complete repetition or completes >5 repetitions, then adjust
Adjust Weight
Child completed >5 repetitions of previous weight then increase weight
Child unable to complete a successful attempt then decrease weight
Select weight for movement
Guess a weight that you think a child can successfully complete <5 times
- 1-5 repetitions – http://www.exrx.net/Calculators/OneRepMax.html
Sheppard 2015, Faigenbaum 2012
Complete the Intervention
Guarding/spotting
Assistance?
Verbal cuing
Concentric and Eccentric Control
Encouragement
Rest Periods
Sheppard 2015
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Dose it, do it, progress it
Training Goal Load (%1RM)
Goal Repetitions
Sets Rest Period
Strength >85% <6 2-6 2-5 min
Power 75-85% 3-5 3-5 2-5 min
Hypertrophy 67-85% 6-12 3-6 30 sec-1.5 min
Figure adapted from: Sheppard 2015, Robertson 2015
Our Hospital:CHCO
Large hospital based system in Denver metro area – inpatient and outpatient
6 locations for outpatient neurodevelopmental ~ 90 Miles between sites.
Total PT Staff: ~ 86 (1/3 of our staff participating in intensive programs)
Work closely with rehabilitation and orthopedic physicians
6 years ago added program coordinators in specialty areas Decreased case load to allow for program development
Programs: neuro, foot management, ortho/sports, rehab
To allow for program development and advancing specialty care areas
Department management dedicated to providing exceptional care
New Ideas:
CSM 2013 pre-con Kolobe and Moreau
Therapeutic threshold
Training specificity:
brain, bone, muscle
Kids with CP are WEAK
POWER
MotivationChange emphasis:
Decreased emphasis on movement patterns
Heathcock 2013
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Intensive Programs at CHCO:
HISTORY
Big Ideas• Beth Hutchinson (manager) gives a thumbs
up • Katie Hodapp, DPT is willing co-worker
• Review literature
Establish Program
• 3 times per week x 6 weeks
• Strength (no 1 rep max test) and “power”
• Functional activities
• Outcome measures
RE-evaluate
• Great results!
• Update program in 2015
Intensive Programs at CHCO:
GROWTH
• 2 years with same PTs and only 3-4 kids. Summer only
• Continued good results
• Sharing results with PT department and physicians
Maintain
• 2015 Program updated and included interested PTs at 2 other sites and added a site each summer
• Improving documentation of outcomes and data tracking
• Trialing other diagnoses
Expansion
• Lunch and learns with process and outcome measure updates before summer
• Updates at all staff training days
• On-site assistance
• 2017: 4 hour training for 30 therapists on theory, implementation and outcome measure reliability
Staff Training
Intensive Programs at CHCO:
Current State
Offered throughout the year at 5 out-patient sites
Tracking outcomes
Consistency:
with varied equipment and PTs
Referrals : PT, community, rehab and ortho
departments
AACPDM Transformative Practice Award:
Glenrose Rehab Hospital/University of
Alberta
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Intensive Periods of Treatment
Benedetto et al. 2012
Intensive Programs at CHCO: Options
Individualized episode of care targeting muscular weakness through well dosed resistance training program and intensive functional skill practice.
3 times per week for 8-10 weeks
Resistance Training
(RTI)
Brief and intense episode of ambulatory and balance skill practice, targeted strengthening, and gait training (FES, TM, OG, Lite-gait) 3 times per week for 3 -4 weeks
Gait and Balance
Intensive episode of care specifically targeting a small number of goals and tasks with a high degree of focus on skill transfer to patients and caregivers. 3 times per week for 3 weeks, 3 week break, 3 times per week for 3 weeks
Neurofunctional (NFTI)
Intensive episode of care using mixed discipline individual and co-treatment focusing on a small number of functionally based goals and caregiver practice using NDT based treatment principles.
NDT Based Mixed Discipline
Intensive Programs at CHCO:
No recipe for program design
Individualized to patient goals and situation
DosingWhat impairment needs
improvement?
Is it the beginning or the
end?Avoid Burnout
Patient and Family Characteristics
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Resistance Training Intensive (RTI):
What are we doing?
Model:• Brief episodes of intense
intervention• Periodic follow-up for progress
monitoring, orthotic/contracture management
Patients:
• Children with neurological impairments with ability to volitionally contract LE muscles
• Able to maintain attention and follow directions for safety
Muscle Groups:
• gastrocnemius, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, quadriceps, hip flexor, dorsiflexion
Time Frame:
• 8-12 weeks, 2-3 sessions per week
Dosing:
• Typically power training: 6 sets, 6 repetitions, 40-80% 1 rep max
• Occasionally strength training: 3 sets of 6-10 reps, 85% 1 rep max
• Intensive functional skill practice
Outcomes:
Functional Strength Test, 10 meter gait speed (SS and fast), 1 minute walk, GMFM 66, Muscle Power Sprint Test, Patient Specific Functional Scale
• Optional: 4-square step test, functional reach, timed up and down stairs
Verschuren 2008, Verschuren 2011, Chrysagis 2014,Avery 2013, Fairbaim 2012; Sheppard 2015, Moreau 2013, Verschuren 2011
Who Else?
Andersen 2016, Baque 2016, Bye 2017, Harvey 2016, Madsen 2015, Lewelt 2015, de Groot 2011
Individualization &Assessment :
How do we do it?
Set collaborative goals with the patient and
family
Measure current performance
Trial intervention before committing to
it if unsure
Determine Targeted muscles:
How are they used?
Pick your lifting movement(s)
Single joint or closed chain
Plan specific functional skill practice
and progress that too!
Sheppard 2015
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RTI Evaluation
Schedule an RTI evaluation separate from the first treatment session
Interview and establish goals (PSFS)
Outcome measures: with or without orthotics?
30” Functional Strength Tests (Verschuren ) Sit-to-stand
Lateral step-ups
½ kneel to stand
10 meter gait speed (SS and fast)
1 minute walk
GMFM 66
Muscle Power Sprint Test (MPST)
Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS)
1 rep max testing: can do at first intensive session if you run out of time
Qualitative gait assessment (if that is a goal)
RTI:Complete the Intervention
Your first session wasn’t perfect or the child had an adverse reaction?
Adjustment
Progressive resistance exercise means there needs to be change.
Progression
Vary the order and environment in which you do things
Variability
Increased strength/power generation is needed AND the skill must be practiced!
Functional Skill Practice
Resistance training is hard and sometimes involves failure.
Frustration
Post-Intervention:
Assessment
Periodicity
Further Planning
Re-assess the child/family goals
Re-assess the outcome measures
Transition to community based
activities, if possible
New model of therapy?
Address ongoing needs through consultative
periodic visits
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Resistance Training - It’s working
p=0.12
*
p<0.0001
* *
*
p<0.0001
*Change greater than MDC
Hedgecock & Harris 2016
Resistance Training - It’s working
p=0.0001
D p=0.0003
E p=0.0006
**
*Change greater than MDC
Hedgecock & Harris 2016
RTIProgram evaluation
Strengths
• Consistently good outcomes!
• Slow controlled growth ~ consistent quality, increased referrals from physicians
• Incorporating ortho and neuro based PTs, and PTAs has created a well-rounded program
• Increased ownership and decision making from families
• Increased motivation from patients as they see results for themselves
Weaknesses
• GROUPS: improved motivation and community
• Community transition resources
• Participation outcome measures:
• Better equipment/ consistency across sites
• How can it be more fun?
• Increase referrals form community physicians, PTs, schools
• Increased education needed on appropriate referrals to different intensive programs
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Take Home
Weakness has significant impact of function for children with CP
Specificity of training is the key to functional goal achievement
RTI is a specific evidence based model of therapy to increase strength in children with CP
FOCUS: Intensive programs are designed to help the clinician, patient, and family focus on a narrow set of impairments and goals
Avoid underestimating capabilities: Surprised by what these young people can accomplish and achieve
Don’t water down your intervention!
Don’t strive for perfection, but for progression!
Be Confident!
Case Discussions and Troubleshooting:
20 minutes
Review case examples. (10 minutes) Get in small groups (2-4 people)
Review 1-2 case presentations, patient goals, initial outcome assessment and intervention choices
Discuss why you may agree or disagree with the prescription, what might you have done differently?
Jim and Nickie will be available for questions
We will re-group to discuss next steps/barriers to implementation of an RTI at your site (10 minutes)
General questions
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References
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41. Chrysagis N, Skordilis EK, Koutsouki D. Validity and clinical utility of functional assessments in children with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(2):369-374. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.10.025.42. Avery LM, Russell DJ, Rosenbaum PL. Criterion validity of the GMFM-66 item set and the GMFM-66 basal and ceiling approaches for estimating GMFM-66 scores. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(6):534-538. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12120.43. Fairbairn K, May K, Yang Y, Balasundar S, Hefford C, Abbott JH. Mapping Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) Items to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Phys Ther. 2012;92(2):310-317. doi:10.2522/ptj.20090382.44. Verschuren O, Takken T, Ketelaar M, Gorter JW, Helders PJM. Reliability for running tests for measuring agility and anaerobic muscle power in children and adolescents with cerebal palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2007;19:108-115. doi:10.1097/pep.0b013e318036bfce.45. Andersen JL, Jørgensen JR, Zeeman P, et al. Effects of high-intensity physical training on muscle fiber characteristics in post-stroke patients. Muscle Nerve. 2016:1-9. doi:10.1002/mus.25514. 46. Baque E, SakzewskiL, Barber L, Boyd RN. Systematic review of physiotherapy interventions to improve gross motor capacity and performance in children and adolescents with an acquired brain injury. Brain Inj. 2016;30(8):948-959. doi:10.3109/02699052.2016.1147079.47. Bye EA, Harvey LA, Gambhir A, et al. Strength training for partially paralysed muscles in people with recent spinal cord injury: a within-participant randomised controlled trial. Spinal Cord. 2016;55(5):460-465. doi:10.1038/sc.2016.162.48. Harvey LA, Glinsky J V, Bowden JL. The effectiveness of 22 commonly administered physiotherapy interventions for people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(11):914-923. doi:10.1038/sc.2016.95.49. Madsen KL, Hansen RS, Preisler N, Thøgersen F, Berthelsen MP, VissingJ. Training improves oxidative capacity, but not function, in spinal muscular atrophy type III. Muscle Nerve. 2015;52(2):240-244. doi:10.1002/mus.24527.50. Lewelt A, Krosschell KJ, Stoddard GJ, et al. Resistance strength training exercise in children with spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2015;52(4):559-567. doi:10.1002/mus.24568.51. de Groot JF, Takken T, Gooskens RHJM, et al. Reproducibility of Maximal and Submaximal Exercise Testing in “Normal Ambulatory” and “Community Ambulatory” Children and Adolescents With Spina Bifida: Which Is Best for the Evaluation and Application of Exercise Training? Phys Ther. 2011;91(2):267-276. doi:10.2522/ptj.20100069.52. Hedgecock JB, Harris N. Resistance training improves function and participation in children with cerebral palsy. 2016.