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1 PowerPoint Slides English Text Brazilian Portuguese Translation Diet and Exercise in Breast Cancer Video Transcript Transcrição do vídeo “Dieta e exercício no câncer de mama” Professional Oncology Education Diet and Exercise in Breast Cancer Time: 38:16 Educação profissional em oncologia Dieta e exercício no câncer de mama Hora: 38:16 Wendy Demark-Wahnefried Professor, Behavioral Science The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Wendy Demark-Wahnefried Professora, Ciência do Comportamento MD Anderson Cancer Center da Universidade do Texas Diet and Exercise in Breast Cancer Diet and Exercise in Breast Cancer Diet and Exercise in Breast Cancer Diet and Exercise in Breast Cancer M. D. Anderson Cancer Center • Houston, Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center • Houston, Texas Diet and Exercise Diet and Exercise in Breast Cancer in Breast Cancer Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, PhD, RD Professor Behavioral Science Hi, I'm Wendy Demark-Wahnefried and I'm a professor of Behavioral Science at MD Anderson Cancer Center. It's a pleasure to be here today and I'm going to be talking about diet and exercise and the relationship to breast cancer. Olá, sou Wendy Demark-Wahnefried e sou professora de Ciência do Comportamento no MD Anderson Cancer Center. É um prazer estar aqui hoje. Vou falar sobre dieta e exercício e sua relação com o câncer de mama.

PowerPoint - Wahnefried - Diet Exercise in Breast Cancer ... · muitos anos de sobrevida e muito além do primeiro ano de sobrevida ou do tratamento ativo. Além disso, elas estão

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PowerPoint Slides English Text Brazilian Portuguese Translation

Diet and Exercise in Breast Cancer Video Transcript Transcrição do vídeo “Dieta e exercício no câncer de mama”

Professional Oncology Education Diet and Exercise in Breast Cancer Time: 38:16

Educação profissional em oncologia Dieta e exercício no câncer de mama Hora: 38:16

Wendy Demark-Wahnefried Professor, Behavioral Science The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Wendy Demark-Wahnefried Professora, Ciência do Comportamento MD Anderson Cancer Center da Universidade do Texas

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

M. D. Anderson Cancer Center • Houston, TexasM. D. Anderson Cancer Center • Houston, Texas

Diet and Exercise Diet and Exercise

in Breast Cancerin Breast Cancer

Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, PhD, RD

Professor

Behavioral Science

Hi, I'm Wendy Demark-Wahnefried and I'm a professor of Behavioral Science at MD Anderson Cancer Center. It's a pleasure to be here today and I'm going to be talking about diet and exercise and the relationship to breast cancer.

Olá, sou Wendy Demark-Wahnefried e sou professora de Ciência do Comportamento no MD Anderson Cancer Center. É um prazer estar aqui hoje. Vou falar sobre dieta e exercício e sua relação com o câncer de mama.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

• Brief Overview of Worldwide Trends

in Cancer Survivorship

• Cancer Related Sequelae

• Evidence Supporting the Need for Diet

and Exercise Interventions

• World Cancer Fund Diet and Exercise

Recommendations for Cancer Survivors

As far as the objectives of this talk, I'm going to give a brief overview of the worldwide trends in cancer survivorship, talk a little bit about cancer-related sequelae and how diet and exercise may be important for those, evidence supporting the need for diet and exercise interventions, and then also be able to address those within the context of the guidelines that are set forth by the World Cancer Research Fund.

Quanto aos objetivos desta palestra, farei um breve apanhado das tendências mundiais em termos de sobrevida no câncer, falarei um pouco sobre as sequelas relacionadas ao câncer e como elas podem ser afetadas pela dieta e pelo exercício, a evidência que respalda a necessidade de intervenções com dieta e exercícios e, depois, também poder abordar tais intervenções dentro do contexto das diretrizes estipuladas pelo World Cancer Research Fund.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Overall 5Overall 5Overall 5Overall 5----Year Survival for Breast Cancer Year Survival for Breast Cancer Year Survival for Breast Cancer Year Survival for Breast Cancer

CONCORD Study FindingsWorldwide, Population-Based Study of Cancer Survivors

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% surviving

So, if we look at overall 5-year survival for breast cancer, here are the CONCORD study findings that were reported just a few years ago. And we see here that breast cancer survival is almost at around 80 percent, and for most developed nations, over 80 percent. And this is really good news because it shows that we are winning the war on breast cancer.

Então, se observamos o índice global de cinco anos de sobrevida ao câncer de mama, aqui temos as descobertas do estudo CONCORD que foram relatadas há apenas alguns anos. E vemos aqui que a sobrevida ao câncer de mama é de quase 80% e, para a maioria dos países desenvolvidos, supera os 80%. Essas notícias são muito boas porque mostra que estamos ganhando a guerra contra o câncer de mama.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Increasing Survival Increasing Survival Increasing Survival Increasing Survival ---- Good News! Good News! Good News! Good News!

• Evidence that early detection and improvements

in treatment have made an impact

• Number of cancer survivors currently

> 25 million worldwide

• Number of cancer survivors will increase

further with trends toward aging and

continued improvements

And it shows that as far as early detection, our efforts in early detection, our efforts toward improvements and treatment have made an impact, and, indeed, the number of cancer survivors in the world is growing and right now, it's over 25 million, and that's growing really quite rapidly. Breast cancer survivors make up a large portion of that. And as the world increases in age, this is a trend that we're going to see more and more cancer survivors. So, diet and exercise can make a very important impact in this population.

Além disso, mostra que, quanto à detecção precoce, nosso empenho em prol da detecção precoce, das melhoras e dos tratamentos tiveram um impacto, e, de fato, o número de sobreviventes ao câncer no mundo está crescendo e, neste momento, supera os 25 milhões, e cresce realmente de forma bastante rápida. As sobreviventes ao câncer de mama constituem uma porção bastante grande desse total. E à medida que a população envelhece, notaremos uma tendência de aumento do número de sobreviventes ao câncer. Então, a dieta e o exercício podem ter um impacto muito importante nesta população.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Increasing Survival Increasing Survival Increasing Survival Increasing Survival ---- Bad News! Bad News! Bad News! Bad News!

Cancer Survivors have…

• higher incidence of depression (some subsets)

• higher incidence of fatigue

• increased risk for functional decline

That was the good news about cancer survivors and now I'm gonna talk a little bit about the bad news about cancer survivorship. First of all, as far as breast cancer survivors go, there is a documented higher incidence of depression. And that may be overall, but definitely, in some subgroups of cancer survivors. Secondly, cancer survivors have a higher incidence of fatigue and that is really a real phenomenon in women that have breast cancer. That fatigue cannot only last during the time that they're on active treatment but well into their survivorship years and well over the year after survivorship or after active treatment. And then they also are at risk for functional decline and I think this is worth showing on a graph here.

Essas foram as boas notícias sobre sobreviventes ao câncer e, agora, vou falar um pouco sobre as más notícias da sobrevida ao câncer. Em primeiro lugar, quanto a sobreviventes ao câncer de mama, há comprovadamente uma maior incidência de depressão. E esse índice talvez seja global, mas, certamente, se aplica a alguns subgrupos de sobreviventes ao câncer. Em segundo lugar, as sobreviventes ao câncer têm uma maior incidência de fadiga e este é um fenômeno verdadeiro em mulheres com câncer de mama. A fadiga pode durar não somente durante o período em que elas estão em tratamento ativo, mas também depois de muitos anos de sobrevida e muito além do primeiro ano de sobrevida ou do tratamento ativo. Além disso, elas estão em risco para um declínio funcional e acredito que isto valha a pena ser mostrado aqui num gráfico.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Limitations: Survivors vs. General PopulationLimitations: Survivors vs. General PopulationLimitations: Survivors vs. General PopulationLimitations: Survivors vs. General Population

Hewitt, Rowland, Yancik. J Gerontol. 58:82, 2003

60

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0Psych. Problems 1+ADL/IADL 1+ functional Work

General

Survivors

This is a graph, a study that was done by Hewitt, Rowland, and Yancik, and it really concentrated on older cancer survivors. Those that were over age 65, but since the mean age of breast cancer is 65, this is very relevant. So this graph shows in green, what the risk would be in the general population for functional decline, and in blue, what breast cancer --- well, excuse me--what survivors risk is. And what you see here is that cancer survivors have significantly more risk across psychological problems, activities of daily living, physical functioning, and also work-related problems. Those problems, as far as physical functioning though, are very prevalent. So people report that they have problems running to catch a bus, lifting groceries, walking a couple of blocks, walking up the stairs, and this is concerning because we would like to return people to their normal activities.

Este é um gráfico, um estudo realizado por Hewitt, Rowland e Yancik, realmente voltado a sobreviventes ao câncer mais idosas. Aquelas com mais de 65 anos de idade, mas já que a idade media para câncer de mama é 65, isto é muito relevante. Este gráfico mostra, em verde, os riscos para o declínio funcional na população em geral e, em azul, o risco para câncer de mama – bem, desculpem - qual o risco para as sobreviventes. E o que vocês vêm aqui é que as sobreviventes ao câncer têm um risco significativamente maior em todos os problemas psicológicos, atividades diárias, capacidade física e, também, em problemas relacionados com o trabalho. Esses problemas, pelo menos quanto à capacidade física, são muito prevalentes. As pessoas relatam que tiveram problemas para pegar o ônibus a tempo, carregar as compras do supermercado, caminhar umas poucas quadras, subir as escadas, e isto é preocupante porque gostaríamos que elas voltassem às suas atividades normais.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Increasing Survival Increasing Survival Increasing Survival Increasing Survival –––– More Bad News! More Bad News! More Bad News! More Bad News!

Cancer Survivors have…

• higher incidence of depression (some subsets

• higher incidence of fatigue

• increased risk for functional decline

• increased risk for 2nd cancers, cardiovascular

disease, diabetes & osteoporosis

• adverse body composition changes

• increased risk of cancer-related death, and other

causes (Hazards Ratio = 1.37)

Continuing down the list of problems that cancer survivors have, picking up after functional decline. You also see that you have --- that survivors have increased risk for other cancers, second cancers. For breast cancer, this could be leukemia, it could be a host of other cancers. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis are major sequelae, major comorbidities. And they also have, are at increased risk for adverse body composition change. This could include osteoporosis, but then also changes in muscle mass versus fat mass, and something that we'll concentrate on a little bit later in this presentation. And lastly, cancer survivors are at increased risk for mortality. And when you compare them against their age and race matched counterparts, they have about a 40 percent greater risk of death than those that are

Continuando com a lista de problemas das sobreviventes ao câncer, retomamos depois do declínio funcional. Vocês também veem que – que as sobreviventes têm um maior risco para outros tipos de câncer, um segundo câncer. Para o câncer de mama, poderia ser a leucemia, poderia ser uma série de outros tipos de câncer. As doenças cardiovasculares, o diabetes, a osteoporose constituem sequelas importantes, comorbidades importantes. E elas também têm, têm um maior risco para alterações adversas na composição corporal. Uma dessas alterações poderia ser a osteoporose, além daquelas que envolvem a massa muscular versus a massa lipídica, algo que abordaremos um pouco mais detalhadamente depois nesta apresentação. E, por último, as

5

matched to them. sobreviventes ao câncer têm um maior risco para mortalidade. E quando vocês as comparam com as suas homólogas, em termos de idade e raça, elas apresentam um risco aproximadamente 40% maior para morte.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Increased Mortality in Breast Cancer PopulationsIncreased Mortality in Breast Cancer PopulationsIncreased Mortality in Breast Cancer PopulationsIncreased Mortality in Breast Cancer Populations

• “The evidence that cancer

patients die of non-cancer

causes at a higher rate

than persons in the general

population is overwhelming”

• Over half of deaths due

to cardiovascular disease,

however diabetes and 2nd

primaries also are factorsYabroff et al. JNCI 2004

Brown et al. JNCI 1993

70

60

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40

30

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Death due to

Cancer

Progression

Death from

Other

Causes

Total Death

If we look at that mortality, and here's a graph that shows that, perhaps a little bit more completely. Again, cancer survivors are at increased risk of cancer mortality. Here are the data for breast cancer, specifically. And the dark blue bar shows you that overall risk. And then the green bar shows you what the risk is due to their breast cancer progressing. The purple or the light lavender bar shows what the risk is from dying from other causes. And what you see here is that breast cancer survivors are much--are at greater risk from dying of other diseases than their breast cancer --- than the breast cancer itself. So, those other diseases primarily are cardiovascular disease and diabetes. And the first study on this was done in the early 1990’s by an investigator named Brown who was at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda. He concludes that article with stating that the evidence that cancer patients die of non-cancer causes at a higher rate than persons in the general population is overwhelming. So these are people that we cure of their cancer, but then they die of other diseases and we have to be very aware of that happening and be aware of prevention. Again, over half of those deaths are due to cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Se observamos a mortalidade, e temos um gráfico que ilustra esse dado, talvez, um pouco mais completamente. Novamente, as sobreviventes ao câncer têm um maior risco para mortalidade. Aqui estão os dados especificamente para câncer de mama. E a barra azul escura mostra o risco global. E, depois, a barra verde mostra qual o risco associado à progressão do câncer de mama. A barra roxa ou lilás clara mostra o risco para morte por outras causas. E o que vocês veem aqui é que as sobreviventes ao câncer de mama têm um risco muito, muito maior para morte por outras doenças do que o seu próprio câncer de mama. Então, as outras doenças são, principalmente, a cardiovascular e o diabetes. E o primeiro estudo sobre isto foi realizado em inícios de 1990 por um pesquisador chamado Brown, que se encontrava no National Cancer Institute, em Bethesda. Ele concluiu seu artigo declarando que é esmagadora a evidência de que as pacientes com câncer morrem de causas não relacionadas ao câncer em uma taxa maior do que as pessoas da população em geral. Então, nós curamos o câncer dessas pessoas, mas, depois, elas morrem de outras doenças e temos que estar bem alertas para esse fato e estar alertas para a prevenção. Repetindo, mais da metade dos óbitos são causados por doenças cardiovasculares e pelo diabetes.

6

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Possible SolutionsPossible SolutionsPossible SolutionsPossible Solutions

Diet Exercise

Depression ���� ����

Fatigue ���� ��������

Adverse Body Composition Change ���� ������������

Functional Decline ���� ������������

Comorbidity ������������ ������������

Recurrent/Progressive Disease ��������

Growing!

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Growing!

���� Possible benefit ��������Probable benefit ������������ Convincing benefit

So what are some potential solutions to those problems that cancer survivors have? Well, diet and exercise. Lifestyle factors can make a big difference, And here is a chart that shows you what contribution, if you look over the literature, what contribution dietary modification can make, and what sort of impact exercise can make. And the number of checks denotes the level of evidence. So, one check here means possible benefit, two checks means probable benefit, and three checks means convincing benefit. And here, what you see is that for depression, both diet and exercise can be helpful, possible benefit. Fatigue, diet and exercise could be important, exercise perhaps more so; same thing for adverse body composition change, functional decline. And as far as comorbid factors, again, diabetes, heart disease, both diet and exercise are heavy hitters. These can make a big difference in whether people will end up dying from other forms of comorbidity. Evidence is very strong, and the evidence is growing as far as recurrent disease or their progressive cancer. So, I'm going to outline that evidence now in this talk …

Então, quais são algumas possíveis soluções para esses problemas das sobreviventes ao câncer? Bem, dieta e exercício. Os fatores de estilo de vida podem fazer uma grande diferença. E, aqui, temos um gráfico que mostra o benefício – se revisarem a bibliografia – o benefício gerado por uma modificação na dieta e o impacto de fazer exercícios. E o número das marcas de confirmação denota o nível da evidência. Então, uma marca de confirmação significa um possível benefício, duas marcas significam um benefício provável e três, um benefício convincente. E, aqui, o que vocês veem é para a depressão. A dieta e o exercício podem ser úteis e trazer possíveis benefícios. Fadiga. A dieta e o exercício podem ser importantes, o exercício, talvez, um pouco mais; a mesma coisa para as alterações adversas na composição corporal, o declínio funcional. E, quanto a fatores comórbidos, novamente, o diabetes, a doença cardíaca, a dieta e o exercício são medidas de grande impacto. Eles podem fazer uma grande diferença quanto à possibilidade de as pessoas acabarem morrendo de outras formas de comorbidades. A evidência é muito forte e está crescendo, pelo menos quanto à recorrência da doença ou da progressão do câncer. Vou delinear essa evidência agora, nesta palestra…

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

WCF-AICR Diet & Exercise Recommendations

Weight Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight

Physical Activity Be physically active at least 30 minutes/day

Dietary Pattern • Avoid sugary drinks. Limit energy-dense foods

(foods high in sugar & fat, and low in fiber)

• Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits,

whole grains and legumes

• Limit consumption of processed & red meat

Other Limit consumption of salty foods

Supplements Don’t use supplements to protect against cancer

Alcohol If drink, limit to 1 drink/day (women)

WCF-AICR: Second Expert Report, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention

of Cancer: a Global Perspective, http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/

…and frame that within the World Cancer Fund Diet and Exercise Recommendations. So here are the recommendations that are put forth. I'm just going to go over these really quickly and then we're going to be concentrating on each of these a little bit later on. Weight: be as lean as possible without becoming overweight --- underweight. Physical activity: try to get at least 30 minutes of physical activity a day. For breast cancer survivors, we really recommend 150, at least, 150 minutes a week. Dietary patterns: trying to avoid sugary drinks, sources of sugars, sources of fat, and really concentrate on a plant-based diet with little red meat, if any, and whole grains in consumption of at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day. In parts of the world that are less developed, avoidance of salty foods is important for stomach cancers, as well as, aerodigestive types of cancers. Supplements: right now, we are really suggesting that people just get their nutrients from food. And I'll show you the evidence a little bit later on that and why that's important. And then for alcohol: what we recommend particularly for breast cancer is if women do drink, not to drink more than one a day. And really, this is questionable too.

…e enquadrá-la nas Recomendações para Dieta e Exercícios do World Cancer Fund. Estas são as recomendações que foram propostas. Eu só vou falar rapidamente sobre elas e, depois, nos aprofundaremos um pouco em cada uma. Peso: manter-se o mais magra possível, sem ganhar nem perder demasiado peso. Atividade física: procurar fazer um mínimo de 30 minutos de atividade física por dia. Para as sobreviventes ao câncer de mama, na realidade, recomendamos que façam 150, pelo menos 150 minutos por semana. Padrões dietéticos: procurar evitar bebidas açucaradas, fontes de açúcar, fontes de gordura e, realmente, se concentrar em uma dieta à base de vegetais com pouca carne vermelha, se for o caso, e grãos integrais e consumir no mínimo cinco porções de frutas e hortaliças por dia. Nas partes do mundo menos desenvolvidas, é importante evitar alimentos salgados nos casos de câncer de estômago, bem como no câncer das vias aerodigestivas. Suplementos: na realidade, neste momento, sugerimos que as pessoas obtenham os nutrientes diretamente dos alimentos. E, um pouco mais adiante, vou mostrar a evidência disso e por que é importante. E, depois, para o álcool: o que recomendamos, especialmente para o câncer de mama, é que se as mulheres beberem, que não bebam muito em um mesmo dia. E, na realidade, isto também é questionável.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Cancer Risk with Overweight & ObesityCancer Risk with Overweight & ObesityCancer Risk with Overweight & ObesityCancer Risk with Overweight & Obesity

WHO: IARC 2002

Breast(post-menopause)

Colon Endometrium Kidney Gallbladder Gastric Cardia

160

140

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40

20

0

So, let's go into overweight and obesity and their contribution to breast cancer. Well, here you see a bar graph. The green bar shows increased risk for those that are overweight, that means a BMI of 25 to 29.9. And then the blue bar is obesity, so BMI of 30 or greater; so, different amounts of over-nutrition that are supplied here. And the various cancers across the X-axis, you have breast cancer, colon, endometrial, kidney, gall bladder, and gastric cardia. For breast cancer, there is a significantly increased risk for both overweight and obesity in women that develop breast cancer during later in life. So for postmenopausal breast cancer, around a 20 percent increased risk. The thing that you must keep in mind is that this risk is only for those women that develop breast cancer later in life and really does not pertain to women that develop breast cancer early in life, during premenopause. Because, indeed, those women --- it's actually women that are lean, that are more at risk for that disease so overweight, is again, a risk factor for breast cancer developing later in life. But you see here, as far as what the --- here we have breast cancer compared in magnitude to other cancers. Yes, it is weight-related but perhaps not as weight-related as other cancers like endometrial cancer here. You see that overweight and obesity plays a huge role, same thing for gastric cardia and kidney cancer, also gall bladder cancer; so, significant role, nonetheless, but not as much as other cancers.

Então, passemos ao sobrepeso e à obesidade e à sua contribuição para o câncer de mama. Bem, aqui podem ver um gráfico de barras. A barra verde mostra um maior risco para aquelas com sobrepeso, e que significa um IMC de 25 a 29,9. E, depois, a barra azul indica obesidade, então, o IMC de 30 ou maior; então, aqui são supridas diferentes quantidades de nutrição em excesso. E os vários tipos de câncer no eixo “x”, vocês têm câncer de mama, cólon, endometrial, renal, de vesícula biliar e cárdia gástrica. Para o câncer de mama, existe um risco significativamente maior para mulheres com sobrepeso e para mulheres obesas que desenvolvem câncer de mama mais tarde na vida. Então, para o câncer de mama na pós-menopausa, o aumento no risco é em torno de 20%. O que vocês devem ter em mente é que este risco é somente para aquelas mulheres que desenvolvem câncer de mama mais tarde na vida e, na realidade, não diz respeito àquelas que o desenvolvem mais cedo, durante a pré-menopausa. Porque, de fato, aquelas mulheres – na verdade, são as mulheres magras que têm um maior risco para a doença, então, novamente, o sobrepeso é um fator de risco para desenvolver câncer de mama mais tarde na vida. Mas, vocês veem aqui, no que diz respeito a – aqui temos o câncer de mama comparado em magnitude com outros tipos de câncer. Sim, está relacionado ao peso, mas, talvez, não tão relacionado ao peso como outros tipos de câncer, como o endometrial, aqui. Vocês veem que o sobrepeso e a obesidade cumprem um papel muito importante. Pode-se dizer o mesmo com relação ao câncer da cárdia gástrica e o renal, também com relação ao câncer da vesícula biliar; mesmo assim, um papel significativo, mas não tanto quanto outros tipos de câncer.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Obesity and CancerObesity and CancerObesity and CancerObesity and Cancer----related Mortality (Women)related Mortality (Women)related Mortality (Women)related Mortality (Women)

Calle EE et al. NEJM.348:1625, 2003

11

Mult. myeloma (> 35)

0 7654321 8 9 10

Colon & rectum (> 35)

Breast (> 40)

Gallbladder (> 30)

Esophagus (> 30)

Pancreas (> 40)

Cervical (> 35)

Kidney (> 40)

Uterus (> 40)

Liver (> 35)

All cancers (> 40)

NHL (> 35)

Ovarian (> 35)

1.44

1.46

1.51

1.68

1.88

1.95

2.12

2.13

2.64

2.76

3.20

4.75

6.25

Relative Risk of Death (95% confidence interval)

Cancers (BMI cutpoint)

Okay, so this graph shows the relationship between obesity at the time of diagnosis and how that may play into increased rate of mortality. And what you see here is for breast cancer. Women who are obese; now, granted a BMI of 40 is pretty obese, but they have a two-fold increase in mortality if, indeed, they are obese at the time of diagnosis.

Muito bem, este gráfico mostra a relação entre a obesidade no momento do diagnóstico e como isso pode afetar o aumento da taxa de mortalidade. E o que vocês veem aqui é para o câncer de mama. Mulheres obesas. Bem, receber um IMC de 40 [significa] ser bem obesa, mas suas [taxas] de mortalidade serão o dobro se, efetivamente, elas eram obesas no momento do diagnóstico.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

BMI Change & Recurrence/Mortality (n=5204)BMI Change & Recurrence/Mortality (n=5204)BMI Change & Recurrence/Mortality (n=5204)BMI Change & Recurrence/Mortality (n=5204)

Change in BMI

Relative Risk

Kroenke et al. JCO 23: 1370-8, 2005

1.2

1

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

1.6

1.4

1.8

0.8

> 0.5 loss maintain 0.5–2.0 gain >2.0 gain

Recurrence

Breast cancer mortality

All cause mortality

Here is a graph that shows BMI change after diagnosis. And this study was done with a cohort of women that were diagnosed with breast cancer from the Nurses' Health Study, a study that was done by Kroenke and colleagues in 2005. And the second set of bars there, and just let me orient you to the slide. The pink bar is recurrence. The yellow bar is breast cancer mortality. And the blue bar is all cause mortality. The referent bar is or the reference set of bars, is the second set of bars to your left-hand side, and it shows that women that maintain their weight are the referent here. Those that actually lose weight after diagnosis, it may seem that there is a slight rise in all cause mortality 'cause you see that blue bar a little bit higher for people that lose greater than 0.5 kilograms per meter squared. However, that is not significant. In comparison, however, let me orient you to the bars over to the right-hand side, and that shows that women that have an increased of 0.5 to a 2 unit change in BMI, and those that have a greater than 2 unit change in BMI, have significantly greater risk for

Aqui temos um gráfico que mostra a alteração do IMC depois do diagnóstico. E este estudo foi realizado com uma coorte de mulheres que foram diagnosticadas com câncer de mama no Nurses' Health Study, um estudo realizado por Kroenke e colegas, em 2005. E o segundo conjunto de barras ali, e permitam-me orientá-los no slide. A barra cor-de-rosa é a recorrência. A barra amarela é a mortalidade por câncer de mama. E a barra azul é a mortalidade por todas as causas. A barra de referência é, ou a série de barras de referência, é a segunda série de barras à esquerda e mostra que, aqui, o referencial são as mulheres que mantêm o peso. [Para] aquelas que realmente perdem peso depois do diagnóstico, pode parecer que há um pequeno aumento na mortalidade por todas as causas, porque vocês veem que a barra azul é um pouco maior para as pessoas que emagreceram mais de 0,5 quilo por metro quadrado. Contudo, isso não é significativo. Em comparação, no entanto, permitam-me orientá-los às barras à

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all three: recurrence, breast cancer mortality, and all cause mortality. So women should be encouraged after their diagnosis, based on these data, to keep their weight as stable as possible. And just to put this in perspective, as far as what magnitude of change really could impact on their risk, a 0.5 unit change for a woman that's 5 feet tall could be as little as 3 pounds. So we're not talking about a lot of weight change here. Even modest amounts in increase in weight can increase risk for these factors.

direita, e isso mostra que as mulheres que apresentaram um aumento de 0,5 a 2 unidades no IMC, e aquelas que tiveram um aumento maior do que 2 unidades no IMC têm um risco significativamente maior para os três seguintes: recorrência, mortalidade por câncer de mama e mortalidade por todas as causas. Então, devemos motivar as mulheres para que depois do seu diagnóstico, com base nestes dados, mantenham seu peso o mais estável possível. E para que tenham uma ideia, no que respeita à magnitude da alteração que realmente pudesse impactar o seu risco, uma alteração de 0,5 unidade numa mulher de 4,5 metros de altura, poderia se refletir num valor mínimo aproximado de 1,50 quilo. Então, não estamos falando de uma grande mudança de peso. Mesmo valores moderados no aumento de peso podem aumentar o risco para estes fatores.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Weight Gain PostWeight Gain PostWeight Gain PostWeight Gain Post----DiagnosisDiagnosisDiagnosisDiagnosis

• Associated with some forms of hormonal therapy and chemotherapy

• Most research focused on weight gain in patients with

breast cancer treated with chemotherapy

- Early studies show mean gains of 2.5-6.2 kg;

recent studies show mean gains of 1.4-1.7 kg

- Greater gains among black women, & those

who are sedentary & with less education

• Early reports suggested increased dietary intake is

responsible for weight gain – studies were small and

not well-controlled

So let's talk a little about weight gain after diagnosis of breast cancer because it is a fairly common phenomenon. It is associated with some forms of hormonal therapy like tamoxifen and chemotherapy. And most of the research has focused on people that were treated with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy has shifted overtime, and the earlier studies suggested that women were gaining anywhere from a mean weight gain of 2.5 to 6.2 kilos over the time that they were on treatment. The disturbing thing is that during this period of time which is from the 1990’s, 1 out of 4 women gained over 22 pounds or 11 kilos during the time that they were on chemotherapy, which is a lot of weight to gain. The more recent studies, and it could be because oncologists are more aware that weight gain is a problem, and are cautioning their patients to try not, well try to avoid weight gain is 1.4 to 1.7 kilograms during the time of treatment. We see greater gains in women who are African-American or

Então, falemos um pouco sobre aumento de peso após o diagnóstico do câncer de mama, porque é um fato muito comum. Está associado a algumas formas de terapia hormonal, como o tamoxifeno e a quimioterapia. E a maior parte da pesquisa se concentra em pessoas que foram tratadas com quimioterapia. A quimioterapia mudou ao longo do tempo, e estudos anteriores sugeriam que as mulheres aumentavam em média 2,5 a 6,2 quilos de peso durante o período em que estavam em tratamento. O que inquieta é que durante esse período, que é da década de 1990, o aumento de peso de uma em quatro mulheres foi de 22 libras ou 11 quilos durante o tempo que estavam sendo submetidas à quimioterapia, o que é muito aumento de peso. Os estudos mais recentes, e pode ser porque os oncologistas estão cada vez mais conscientizados de que o aumento de peso é um problema e estão alertando as pacientes para

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black women, those who are sedentary to begin with, and those with less education. And the very early reports suggested that this weight gain was because women were eating more, and that increase dietary intake was really responsible for this weight gain. But those studies were anecdotal and they weren't well controlled.

procurar, bem, procurar evitar um aumento de peso, entre 1,4 a 1,7 quilos, durante o período de tratamento. Vemos aumentos maiores em mulheres afro-americanas ou mulheres negras, aquelas que, para começar, são sedentárias e aquelas com menor nível de escolaridade. E uns dos primeiros relatos sugeriu que o aumento de peso ocorria porque as mulheres comiam mais e que, na realidade, a causa desse aumento de peso era o aumento do consumo alimentar. Mas, esses estudos eram constituídos por relatos e não eram bem controlados.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Metabolic Study of 36 Patients on Adjuvant Chemotherapy and 17 Localized Treatment (Surgery + XRT) Only

- No difference in intake or RMR

- Significant decrease in PA among

women receiving adj. chemo

• Dietary Intake (3-day recalls)

• Physical Activity (Stanford 5 City)

• Metabolic Rate (Indirect Calorimetry)

• Body Composition (DXA)

Why do Breast Cancer Patients Gain Weight PostWhy do Breast Cancer Patients Gain Weight PostWhy do Breast Cancer Patients Gain Weight PostWhy do Breast Cancer Patients Gain Weight Post----Diagnosis?Diagnosis?Diagnosis?Diagnosis?

And in fact, one of the earlier investigations that my research team did back in the 1990’s and the early 2000’s was to try to determine what was the cause of that weight gain. And our largest study in this area was a study, it doesn't seem that large, but it is the largest metabolic study to date, is a study on 36 women that got adjuvant chemotherapy, and 17 women that just got localized treatments, surgery plus or minus radiation. And we compared those two groups of women. And what we did is- we looked at dietary intake, we looked at physical activity, we measured metabolic rate. And you see here there's a picture of a woman that is underneath a hood and that's how we measured metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry and we also measured body composition using DXA. And what did we find with these studies? Well, we found that there was no difference in dietary intake, and we found that, in fact, really, the culprit might be decreased physical activity. And that's why we see some of the weight gain that we do, we do see.

E, efetivamente, uma das primeiras pesquisas que a minha equipe realizou na década de 1990 e em inícios de 2000 foi para procurar determinar a causa do aumento de peso. E o nosso maior estudo nessa área foi um estudo, não parece tão grande, mas até hoje é o maior estudo metabólico já realizado, um estudo com 36 mulheres que receberam quimioterapia adjuvante e 17 mulheres que receberam apenas tratamentos localizados, cirurgia com ou sem radiação. E comparamos ambos os grupos de mulheres. E o que fizemos foi – observámos o consumo alimentar, observámos a atividade física e medimos a taxa metabólica. E aqui vocês veem uma fotografia de uma mulher que está debaixo de um capuz, e é assim que medimos a taxa metabólica, por calorimetria indireta, e também medimos a composição corporal utilizando DXA. E o que descobrimos por meio desses estudos? Bem, descobrimos que não houve diferença no consumo alimentar e que, na realidade, o culpado pode ter sido a redução da atividade física. E é por isso que efetivamente vemos algum aumento de peso.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Demark-Wahnefried, et al. JCO 2001

Changes in Body Composition PostChanges in Body Composition PostChanges in Body Composition PostChanges in Body Composition Post----DiagnosisDiagnosisDiagnosisDiagnosis

Baseline 6-mth 12-mth

The other culprit is this… We see changes in body composition that occur post- diagnosis. And this graph shows in the solid lines, the changes that occur in women that got the adjuvant chemotherapy versus the changes that occurred in the dashed lines of women that just got the localized treatment. And you see the women that got just surgery and radiation, their body composition changes are of far less magnitude. So I would like you to orient yourself to the solid lines. And the green line shows weight gains in fat mass over the one year period post diagnosis. The blue line shows decreases in muscle mass one year past diagnosis. And what you see here is that these women are gaining significant amounts of fat while they're losing muscle. Now, that's a very unique pattern of weight gain and it's called sarcopenic obesity. I am going to go into that in just a second, but I just wanted to say while the slide is on the roster here, is that the changes that occur in these women one year after diagnosis are equivalent to 10 years of normal aging. So these women, in fact, are experiencing accelerated aging.

O outro culpado é este… Vemos alterações na composição corporal que acontecem após o diagnóstico. E este gráfico mostra nas linhas contínuas as alterações que ocorrem nas mulheres que receberam a quimioterapia adjuvante versus as alterações que ocorreram nas linhas tracejadas, que correspondem às mulheres que receberam apenas o tratamento localizado. E vocês veem que a magnitude das alterações na composição corporal das mulheres que acabaram de ser submetidas à cirurgia e à radiação é bem menor. Então, gostaria que vocês acompanhassem as linhas contínuas. E a linha verde mostra os aumentos de peso em massa lipídica ocorridos durante o período de um ano após o diagnóstico. A linha azul mostra a diminuição na massa muscular um ano após o diagnóstico. E o que vocês veem aqui é que nessas mulheres há um aumento significativo na quantidade de gordura e uma perda simultânea de músculo. Bem, esse é um padrão muito particular de aumento de peso e é denominado obesidade sarcopênica. Vou falar sobre isso em um minuto, mas o que eu queria dizer enquanto o slide está na tela aqui é que as alterações que ocorrem nessas mulheres um ano após o diagnóstico são equivalentes a 10 anos de envelhecimento normal. Então, essas mulheres, na realidade, experimentam um envelhecimento acelerado.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Sarcopenic Obesity

• Unique pattern of weight gain characterized by gains in body fat without concurrent gains in lean tissue

• Occurs with a variety of medical conditions, prolonged physical inactivity, and menopause/aging

• Recommended treatment: exercise (especially resistance training)

Okay, so what about sarcopenic obesity? It's a unique pattern of weight gain. Usually when people gain weight, they gain not only fat but they gain muscle. So when women gain weight when they're on chemotherapy, they gain fat, they lose muscle. And so that is very unusual and it does, this sarcopenic obesity, does occur with other sorts of conditions. Again, it does occur with normal aging but the changes that these women are experiencing are far accelerated above any sort of normal aging pattern. It also --- these changes also can occur with prolonged physical activity and certain forms of medical conditions like Cushing's syndrome. So the recommend --- what's the recommended therapy? Exercise, strength training exercise to increase that muscle mass, because metabolic rate tracks directly with muscle mass. And hence, if these women are losing lean body mass, they are reducing their energy requirements. And so, over time, they are going to need less energy. And if they are not exercising to bring their muscle mass back up, they will definitely need to eat less than they ever did pre-diagnosis.

Muito bem, e o que dizer sobre a obesidade sarcopênica? É um padrão de aumento de peso muito especial. Geralmente, quando as pessoas aumentam de peso, além de ganharem gordura, ganham músculo. Ao aumentarem de peso durante a quimioterapia, as mulheres ganham gordura e perdem músculo. Isso é bastante raro e ocorre, esta obesidade sarcopênica, ocorre com outros tipos de afecções. De novo, ocorre com o envelhecimento normal, mas as mudanças que essas mulheres experimentam são muito mais aceleradas do que qualquer tipo de padrão normal de envelhecimento. Além do mais, essas alterações também podem ocorrer com uma atividade física prolongada e algumas formas de afecções, como a síndrome de Cushing. Então, o que se recomenda – qual é a terapia recomendada? Exercício, treinamento de força para aumentar a massa muscular, porque a taxa metabólica acompanha diretamente a massa muscular. E daí, se estas mulheres estiverem perdendo massa muscular magra, suas necessidades energéticas serão menores. Então, com o tempo irão precisar de menos energia. E se não fizerem exercícios para recuperar a massa muscular, certamente não precisarão comer tanto quanto comiam antes do diagnóstico.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Can Interventions Prevent Adverse Body Composition Change?Can Interventions Prevent Adverse Body Composition Change?Can Interventions Prevent Adverse Body Composition Change?Can Interventions Prevent Adverse Body Composition Change?

Pilot Study

(n=10) To explore if an exercise (strength training + aerobic activity)+

diet (< 20% fat, plant-based, calcium-rich diet) is feasible & may prevent

chemotherapy-induced body composition change

So we did a pilot study to determine: Are these adverse body composition changes, a proof of principle study, are they --- can we actually hinder them, or are they something that is just going to be a natural phenomenon that occurs with adjuvant chemotherapy? So we did a very small study of 10 women. And we explored if on a strength training, aerobic exercise, lifestyle behavior program, that also included dietary change. So, decreased fat, increased fruits and vegetables, and also, a calcium-rich diet, because these women have osteoporotic concerns. Is that beneficial for them? And these slides show women that are pursuing physical --- aerobic physical activity, as well as strength training. Let me say that the most of the muscle mass loss that has occurred is in the lower body region. So this is where we really concentrate our strength training exercises.

Então, realizamos um estudo piloto para determinar: são estas alterações adversas na composição corporal um estudo para comprovar os princípios, são elas – podemos realmente bloqueá-las ou são simplesmente um fenômeno natural que ocorre com a quimioterapia adjuvante? Então, realizámos um estudo bem pequeno com 10 mulheres. E explorámos um programa de treinamento de força, exercício aeróbico, estilo de vida e comportamento que também incluísse modificações na dieta. Então, reduzimos a gordura, aumentamos as frutas e as hortaliças e, também, [incluímos] uma dieta rica em cálcio, porque estas mulheres têm problemas de osteoporose. Isso é benéfico para elas? E estes slides mostram mulheres que procuram atividades físicas – atividades físicas aeróbicas, bem como treinamento de força. Permitam-me dizer que a maior parte da perda de massa muscular ocorreu na região inferior do corpo. Então, é nesta parte que concentramos os exercícios para o treinamento de força.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Pilot Study Results Pilot Study Results Pilot Study Results Pilot Study Results ---- Lifestyle Change can Make a Difference!Lifestyle Change can Make a Difference!Lifestyle Change can Make a Difference!Lifestyle Change can Make a Difference!

Demark-Wahnefried, et al. JCO 2001; Demark-Wahnefried, et al. Clin Exerc Physiol 2001

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5lean mass CT

fat mass CT

at Dx 6M

This is the graph that I showed you before, the solid line with the green line going up and the blue line going down. The green line being fat mass, the blue line being muscle mass, and what we see when we start intervening with diet and exercise intervention. The dashed line, the dashed green line shows that we actually can have women start to lose fat mass while we're intervening with this intervention. And the dashed line there that's increasing shows that we actually see some increases in muscle mass. So these body composition changes that women that are on adjuvant chemotherapy are experiencing can be hindered; and actually, their body composition can be improved through lifestyle change. So this is really some good news here.

Este é o gráfico que tinha mostrado antes, a linha contínua com a linha verde para cima e a linha azul para baixo. A linha verde significa a massa lipídica; a linha azul significa a massa muscular, e o que vemos quando começamos a intervir com a dieta e o exercício. A linha tracejada, a linha tracejada verde mostra que realmente é possível as mulheres perderem massa lipídica quando utilizamos esta intervenção. E a linha tracejada para cima mostra que, na realidade, vemos alguns aumentos na massa muscular. Então essas alterações na composição corporal das mulheres que recebem quimioterapia adjuvante podem ser bloqueadas; e, na verdade, a sua composição corporal pode ser melhorada ao mudar o estilo de vida. Então, estas são notícias muito boas.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

• Possible Survival Advantage

• Data from several studies

suggest reductions in fatigue

and improvements in quality-of-life

• Recent RCT (n=242) Chemotherapy

completion rates significantly higher

with resistance training vs. usual care

89.8% vs. 84.1% (p=.03)

Figure: Kaplan-Meier Survival Curves Holmes et al. JAMA 293: 2479-2486, 2005

Exercise and Breast CancerExercise and Breast CancerExercise and Breast CancerExercise and Breast Cancer

Schmitz et al. CEBP14:1588, 2005

Courneya et al. JCO 25:4396, 2007

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0

Pro

ba

bilit

y o

f M

ort

ality

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Follow-up, y

I'm going to now kind of go into exercise and how important that is. The observational study, and here's a graph, a Kaplan-Meier curve that came from the work that Michelle Holmes did, again, on the cohort of people that participated --- or the women that participated in the Nurses' Health Study that developed breast cancer. And what you see here is that the very bottom curve are the women that were --- reported more physical activity. And you can see here they have far lesser mortality than those who are only --- who are sedentary. There are also several other studies that have shown that fatigue can be abated with physical activity, walking interventions primarily.52 And then, also, there was a very interesting study that was done by Kerry Courneya and colleagues on 242 women that were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. And he found that an exercise program actually increased the proportion of women that were able to stay on schedule and stay on their original treatment. So this is very good news

Agora vou me referir à prática de exercícios e da sua importância. O estudo observacional, e aqui há um gráfico, a curva de Kaplan-Meier que se originou do trabalho realizado por Michelle Holmes, novamente, na coorte das pessoas que participaram – ou as mulheres que participaram no Nurses' Health Study que desenvolveram câncer de mama. E o que vocês veem aqui é que a parte bem inferior da curva representa as mulheres que estavam – que relataram mais atividades físicas. E vocês podem ver aqui que a mortalidade neste grupo é bem menor do que a daquelas que somente – que são sedentárias. Existem vários outros estudos em que também se demonstrou que a fadiga pode ser debelada com atividade física, principalmente, intervenções com caminhadas. E, depois, também, houve um estudo muito interessante realizado por Kerry Courneya e colegas com 242 mulheres que receberam quimioterapia adjuvante. Ele descobriu que, na

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and really points to how important physical activity may be.

verdade, um programa de exercícios aumentou a proporção de mulheres que podiam seguir o cronograma e permanecer no seu tratamento original. Estas são notícias muito boas e indicam como a atividade física pode ser importante.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Progressive Weight Training Progressive Weight Training Progressive Weight Training Progressive Weight Training

• RCT by Schmitz et al. (2009) – 141 BC pts w/ stable

lymphedema assigned to twice weekly progressive

weight training w/ compression sleeve vs. control

• No difference in arm swelling 11% vs. 12%

• Significant improvements in self-reported lymphedema

symptoms (p=.03) and upper & lower body strength

(p<.0001)

• Significantly fewer lymphedema flares 14% vs. 29%

(p=.04) Schmitz KH et al. N Engl J Med 2009;361:664-73

In addition, there have been some recent findings by Kathryn Schmitz. And one of the big concerns with the breast cancer population is the concern of lymphedema. For years, we've been telling women not to lift weight, to be very careful about how much weight they lift, and that they should avoid it at all costs. Well, what Kathryn Schmitz did, is she took a group of high-risk women, women that actually had been treated for lymphedema and were being followed for lymphedema, and randomized these to a group that got progressive resistance training with a compression garment, and those that were on the control group. And what did she find? Well, she found that there was no difference in arm swelling between the two groups. She also found that the group that received the progressive resistance training had far less self-reported lymphedema. They had far greater lower and upper body strength, and probably most importantly, they had far fewer lymphedema flares. So, this is very encouraging news and points to the fact that we really should be pursuing progressive resistance training in this population.

Além disso, recentemente, Kathryn Schmitz fez algumas descobertas. Uma das grandes preocupações com a população acometida por câncer de mama é o linfedema. Durante anos viemos dizendo às mulheres que não levantassem peso, que tivessem muito cuidado com a quantidade de peso que levantavam e que elas deveriam evitar levantar peso a todo custo. Bem, o que Kathryn Schmitz fez foi pegar um grupo de mulheres com alto risco, mulheres que realmente haviam sido tratadas para linfedema e haviam tido acompanhamento para linfedema, e foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em um grupo que recebeu um treinamento de resistência progressivo com uma vestimenta de compressão e num grupo controle. E o que ela descobriu? Bem, ela descobriu que não houve diferença no inchaço dos braços entre os dois grupos. Ela também descobriu que o grupo que recebeu o treinamento de resistência progressivo tinha muito menos linfedema. Elas tinham muito mais força na parte superior e inferior do corpo e, provavelmente, o mais importante, tiveram menos surtos de linfedemas. Estas notícias são muito estimulantes e chamam a atenção para o fato de que nós realmente deveríamos estar insistindo para que esta população recebesse o treinamento de resistência progressivo.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

WCF-AICR Diet & Exercise Recommendations

Weight Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight

Physical Activity Be physically active at least 30 minutes/day

Dietary Pattern • Avoid sugary drinks. Limit energy-dense foods

(foods high in sugar & fat, and low in fiber)

• Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits,

whole grains and legumes

• Limit consumption of processed & red meat

Other Limit consumption of salty foods

Supplements Don’t use supplements to protect against cancer

Alcohol If drink, limit to 1 drink/day (women)

WCF-AICR: Second Expert Report, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention

of Cancer: a Global Perspective, http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/

Okay, dietary pattern: getting into the data regarding the need for a plant-based diet, watching fat, those types of things.

Muito bem, padrões dietéticos: entraremos nos dados referentes à necessidade de uma dieta à base de vegetais, de cuidar a gordura, esse tipo de coisas.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Dietary Patterns: Western vs. Prudent

* Uppermost vs. lowest quintile Kroenke et al. JCO 23:9295, 2005

1 5432

Cancer Specific Mortality

Other Cause

Mortality

Other Cause Mortality

Cancer Specific Mortality

Prudent Diet

0

Breast Cancer Survivors within the Nurse’s Health Study (n=2619)

Here are some observational data, again, looking at the cohort of women in the Nurses' Health Study. And here, you see women that eat a western diet, the risk-- the point estimates and the 95 percent confidence intervals for women that eat a western diet versus a prudent diet and what impact that may have on cancer-related mortality. What you see is that for cancer-specific mortality, the top graph --- the top line under western diet, and the top line under prudent diet, shows that it really doesn't matter if you eat a western diet or you eat a prudent diet as far as breast cancer-specific mortality. However, if you are looking at other cause mortality and that means heart ---mortality that occurs with heart disease, diabetes in this population who are at high risk. The western ---those that die of other causes that are --- let me rephrase that --- women that eat western diets are much more likely to die of other causes than women that eat prudent diets. So since death is a fairly strong end point, it would be in line to tell patients to consume a prudent diet that's more plant-based than

Aqui há alguns dados observacionais, novamente, observando a coorte de mulheres no Nurses' Health Study. E aqui, vocês veem mulheres que ingerem uma dieta ocidental, o risco – as estimativas com uma casa decimal e os intervalos de confiança de 95% para mulheres que ingerem uma dieta ocidental versus uma dieta prudente e o impacto que isto pode ter na mortalidade relacionada ao câncer. O que vocês veem é que para a mortalidade específica por câncer, o gráfico superior – a linha superior abaixo da dieta ocidental, e a linha superior abaixo da dieta prudente – mostra que, no que se refere à mortalidade específica por câncer, na verdade, não faz diferença se você comer uma dieta ocidental ou prudente. Contudo, se vocês observarem a mortalidade por outras causas, e isso significa coração – mortalidade que ocorre por doenças cardíacas e diabetes nesta população com alto risco. As ocidentais – aquelas que morrem de outras causas que são – deixem-me refazer a frase – mulheres que seguem dietas

18

western-based. This is further supported by data from the WINS study.

ocidentais têm maior probabilidade de morrer por outras causas do que as mulheres que seguem dietas prudentes. Então, já que a morte é um desfecho bastante forte, seria pertinente dizer às pacientes que consumam uma dieta prudente que é composta por mais vegetais do que a dieta ocidental. Essa noção conta com o apoio adicional dos dados do estudo WINS.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

WomenWomenWomenWomen’’’’s Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS): Resultss Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS): Resultss Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS): Resultss Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS): Results

Groups Low Fat Diet Control HR

(95% CI)

P-value*

All pts 96/975 181/1462 0.76

(0.60-0.98)

0.034

ER + 68/770 122/189 0.85

(0.63-1.14)

0.277

ER - 28/205 59/273 0.58

(0.37-0.91)

0.018

*All P-Values adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. Consideration of disease-free survival as

endpoint (adding other cancers and all deaths) including 389 events had similar outcome (adjusted

Cox HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.65-0.99, P=0.042 favoring dietary intervention).

Chlebowski et al. JNCI 98:1767, 2006

Now, the WINS study was a randomized control trial that enrolled postmenopausal women that had early stage breast cancer and randomized them to --- one-third of them got a low-fat diet and were followed for at least 5 years. Two-thirds of them were just counseled on a healthy diet. And what the top row shows is that indeed there is a survival advantage or a, excuse me, a difference in breast cancer events in women that followed the low-fat diet. They had protection than compared to women that didn't follow a low-fat diet. And surprisingly, when this study was conceived, it was thought that the greatest effect would be seen in ER- positive women. Well, the data show that they really --- those are the women that really don't receive that much benefit, but the women that have ER-negative disease really derived the most benefit. And that's important because that's where our chemotherapy tends not to work as well. ER- negative women, particularly triple negative women, are in greater proportion in parts of the world (for example, Saudi Arabia, parts of Africa), have very high percentages of ER- negative women, and a low-fat diet could be very important to this population. Now, these data are compelling. They certainly show the benefit of a low-fat diet but they are confounded. And how they are confounded is that the women that followed the low-fat diet lost significantly more weight. So we don't know if the low-fat diet is important, or the fact that they lost weight that's really the important

Bem, o WINS é um estudo randomizado, controlado, que inscreveu mulheres na pós-menopausa que apresentavam câncer de mama em estágio precoce. Elas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas – um terço delas recebeu uma dieta com baixo teor de gordura e acompanhamento por um período mínimo de cinco anos. Dois terços delas receberam somente o aconselhamento para uma dieta saudável. E o que a linha superior mostra é que, de fato, há uma vantagem de sobrevida ou um, desculpem, uma diferença nos eventos de câncer de mama em mulheres que seguiram a dieta com baixo teor de gordura. Elas tiveram [mais] proteção do que as mulheres que não seguiram uma dieta com baixo teor de gordura. E, surpreendentemente, quando este estudo foi concebido, se pensou que os maiores efeitos seriam observados em mulheres com câncer positivo para receptores de estrogênio. Bem, os dados mostram que elas realmente – essas são as mulheres que, na verdade, não se beneficiam muito; mas, aquelas que têm uma doença negativa para receptores de estrogênio são as que verdadeiramente mais se beneficiam. E isso é importante porque é nessa situação que a terapia não costuma surtir muito efeito. As mulheres com câncer negativo para receptores de estrogênio, especialmente aquelas com triplo negativo, se encontram em maior proporção em [determinadas]

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factor here. partes do mundo (por exemplo, a Arábia Saudita, partes da África), têm uma porcentagem muito alta de mulheres com câncer negativo para receptores de estrogênio, e uma dieta com baixo teor de gordura poderia ser muito importante para essa população. Bem, estes dados são eloquentes. Certamente, mostram o benefício de uma dieta com baixo teor de gordura, mas há confundimento [de fatores]. E como ocorre esse confundimento é que as mulheres que seguiram a dieta com baixo teor de gordura perderam significativamente mais peso. Por isso, não sabemos se a dieta com baixo teor de gordura é importante ou se o fato de que tenham perdido peso seja o fator realmente importante aqui.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Women’s Healthy Eating & Living (WHEL) Study

• Purpose:To test if a diet rich in vegetables, fruit and fiber, and low

in fat (5 vegetable servings plus 16 oz of vegetable juice;

3 fruit servings; 30 g of fiber; and 15% to 20% of energy

intake from fat) results in improved event-free interval in

breast cancer survivors as compared to a control group

who receive print materials on eating 5+ servings of F&V/day.

Experimental Intervention (telephone counseling + group

classes and mailed materials).

• Subjects:

Women (3,088) with Stage I - IIIA invasive breast cancer

within the previous 48 months, following initial treatment.

Let me contrast these with findings of another study that was done very close on the heels of the WINS study, and that's the WHEL study. And this study tested whether a plant --- very high plant-based diet, low-fat diet and --- that had 30 grams of fiber and 16 ounces of vegetable juice a day, had any survival advantage in a little bit bigger sample of women, 388. And this study was done not only in postmenopausal breast cancer but also women that had premenopausal disease.

Deixem-me contrastar estes dados com os de outro estudo que foi realizado muito próximo ao estudo WINS, e esse é o estudo WHEL. Neste estudo foi testado se uma dieta – uma dieta à base de vegetais, com baixo teor de gordura e – que tinha 30 gramas de fibra e cerca de 500 mililitros de suco vegetal por dia oferecia alguma vantagem na sobrevida em uma amostra um pouco maior, composta por 388 mulheres. E este estudo foi realizado não somente em mulheres com câncer de mama na pós-menopausa, mas também naquelas com a doença na pré-menopausa.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

WHEL Primary ResultsWHEL Primary ResultsWHEL Primary ResultsWHEL Primary Results

WHEL

Intervention

(n=1537)

Control

(n=1551)

Breast Cancer Events 256 262

Breast Cancer Deaths 127 135

Overall Deaths 155 160

Pierce JP et al. JAMA 298: 289, 2007No differences

Here are the findings of the WHEL study and you'll note,they are much different than the table that I showed you from the WINS trial. Here, we see as far as breast cancer events, breast cancer deaths, overall deaths, there's no differences between groups. So what's going on here?

Aqui estão os resultados do estudo WHEL, e vocês notarão que eles são muito diferentes do que os da tabela do estudo WINS que mostrei para vocês. Aqui, vocês veem que, no que concerne aos eventos de câncer de mama, óbitos por câncer de mama, mortes globais, não há diferenças entre os grupos. Então, o que está havendo aqui?

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Why do Results of WINS & WHEL Differ? Why do Results of WINS & WHEL Differ? Why do Results of WINS & WHEL Differ? Why do Results of WINS & WHEL Differ?

• Chance

• WINS resulted in weight loss, WHEL did not

• At baseline, WHEL participants had better diets,

e.g., average F&V consumption 7.4 servings/day

• WHEL women who had higher carotenoid levels at

baseline had improved disease-free survival,

especially those with higher physical activity levels.

Well, it could be chance alone that is rearing its head. It could be, again, the fact that women in the WINS trial did lose weight and weight is probably --- and weight is most likely the big factor here between the two groups. In WHEL, the women in both groups maintained their weight. And it also could be that the WHEL trial at baseline, these women ate 7.4 servings of fruits and vegetables a day. So, the fact that we did not or --- that study did not screen out women with a high vegetable consumption could have led to these findings. It is noteworthy that the women that did follow the, that were on the WHEL study, those that had higher carotenoid levels at baseline, suggesting that they had a higher fruit and vegetable intake long term, had better survival. So this kind of points to the fact --- or points to the premise that it's the long-term dietary behaviors that we establish that are probably even more important than short-term change.

Bem, pode ser apenas o acaso mostrando os dentes. Por outro lado, pode ser que as mulheres no estudo WINS perderam peso, e o peso talvez seja – o mais provável é que aqui o peso seja o grande fator entre os dois grupos. No estudo WHEL, as mulheres de ambos os grupos mantiveram o peso. E também pode ser que quando da mensuração dos valores de referência (“baseline”) do estudo WHEL estas mulheres comiam 7,4 porções de frutas e hortaliças por dia. Então, o fato de que nós não ou... de que o estudo não excluiu as mulheres que consumiam hortaliças pode ter conduzido a esses resultados. É digno de nota que as mulheres que seguiram o... que estavam no estudo WHEL, aquelas com maiores valores de referência de carotenoides, sugerindo que consumiam mais frutas e hortaliças por um longo prazo, tiveram melhor sobrevida. Então, isto como que chama a atenção para o fato... ou indica a premissa de que, talvez, o comportamento dietético de longo prazo que estabeleçamos seja

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mais importante ainda do que as mudanças de curto prazo.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

WCF-AICR Diet & Exercise Recommendations

Weight Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight

Physical Activity Be physically active at least 30 minutes/day

Dietary Pattern • Avoid sugary drinks. Limit energy-dense foods

(foods high in sugar & fat, and low in fiber)

• Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits,

whole grains and legumes

• Limit consumption of processed & red meat

Other Limit consumption of salty foods

Supplements Don’t use supplements to protect against cancer

Alcohol If drink, limit to 1 drink/day (women)

WCF-AICR: Second Expert Report, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention

of Cancer: a Global Perspective, http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/

Supplements: don't use supplements to protect against cancer. And I just want to review some of the literature here because a lot of women, a lot of breast cancer patients have questions in this area.

Suplementos: não usar suplementos para se proteger contra o câncer. E eu só quero examinar algumas referências aqui porque há muitas mulheres, muitas pacientes com câncer de mama que têm dúvidas com relação a isto.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Functional Foods or Dietary SupplementsFunctional Foods or Dietary SupplementsFunctional Foods or Dietary SupplementsFunctional Foods or Dietary Supplements

• Soy: 3 RCTs symptom control/hot flashes

– Quella et al. 2000 (n=177) soy tablets

– Van Patten et al. 2002 (n=123) soy beverage

– McGregor et al. 2005 (n=72) soy capsules

All showed no differences between study arms

• Multi-vitamin (centrum silver vs. placebo)

deSouza et al. 2007 double blind crossover in 40 BC

patients undergoing XRT

– fatigue significantly less with placebo

Soy: many women ask about soy. And there have been three trials that are primarily aimed at reducing hot flashes in women that have breast cancer with soy supplements. All of these trials showed no difference in hot flashes between study arms. Multivitamins: should I take a multivitamin? And as far as women that were undergoing treatment with radiation therapy, there was one trial that randomized women to placebo versus a multivitamin. We found --- that trial found that fatigue was significantly different between arms, but surprisingly, was more --- the women that were receiving the multivitamin had much more fatigue than the women that had placebo. So, trend in the opposite direction.

Soja: muitas mulheres querem saber sobre a soja. E foram realizados três estudos cujo objetivo principal foi o de reduzir as ondas de calor em mulheres com câncer de mama mediante suplementos de soja. Nenhum desses estudos mostrou diferenças nos ondas de calor entre os grupos (“braços”) do estudo. Multivitaminas: devo tomar multivitaminas? E quanto a mulheres submetidas a tratamento com radioterapia, houve um estudo em que as mulheres foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: um, com placebo, e o outro, com multivitaminas. Descobrimos... o estudo descobriu que a fadiga era significativamente diferente entre os grupos; mas, surpreendentemente, era mais... as mulheres que estavam recebendo as multivitaminas sentiam muito mais fadiga do que as mulheres com placebo. Então, a tendência é na direção oposta.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Functional Foods or Dietary SupplementsFunctional Foods or Dietary SupplementsFunctional Foods or Dietary SupplementsFunctional Foods or Dietary Supplements

• L-arginine Heys et al. 1998 in 96 women on

neoadjuvant treatment. No difference in response rate

• Flaxseed 25 g in muffin (n=19) vs. control muffin (n=13)

for ~25 days presurgery (Thompson L et al 2005). In comparison to the control, the flaxseed arm had

biopsy to surgery changes…

– Ki67: ↓ 34% (p.001)

– c-erbB2 expression ↓71% (p.003)

– apoptosis ↑ 31% (P=.007)

A trial that was done by Hayes on L-arginine tended to be a small study in 96 women. There was no difference in response rates. And perhaps really the only trial that we have of a supplement or a functional food that is working, is a trial that was done by Thompson in 2005, using a pre-surgical model for breast cancer, and showed that women that received a flaxseed- supplemented diet in the form of a muffin, had much lower Ki67 rates in their tumor when it was excised than women that didn't, and more apoptosis.

O estudo que foi realizado por Hayes com a L-arginina foi um tanto pequeno, com 96 mulheres. Não houve diferenças nas taxas de resposta. E, talvez, o único estudo em que, realmente, temos um suplemento ou um alimento funcional que dá resultado, é o estudo realizado por Thompson, em 2005, em que utilizou um modelo pré-cirúrgico para o câncer de mama, e demonstrou que as mulheres que receberam um suplemento dietético à base de semente de linhaça na forma de “muffin” têm taxas de Ki-67 muito mais baixas no seu tumor – quando foi feita a excisão – do que as das mulheres que não receberam, além de mais apoptose.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

WCF-AICR Diet & Exercise Recommendations

Weight Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight

Physical Activity Be physically active at least 30 minutes/day

Dietary Pattern • Avoid sugary drinks. Limit energy-dense foods

(foods high in sugar & fat, and low in fiber)

• Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits,

whole grains and legumes

• Limit consumption of processed & red meat

Other Limit consumption of salty foods

Supplements Don’t use supplements to protect against cancer

Alcohol If drink, limit to 1 drink/day (women)

WCF-AICR: Second Expert Report, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention

of Cancer: a Global Perspective, http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/

Alcohol: if women drink, the recommendation is to limit to one drink a day. Obviously, if women don't drink, we do not want to be encouraging alcohol. So this recommendation is only for those that are drinkers.

Álcool: se as mulheres beberem, a recomendação é de limitar a bebida a uma por dia. Obviamente, se as mulheres não beberem, não iremos incentivá-las a beberem álcool. Então, esta recomendação é somente para aquelas que bebem.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Alcohol Alcohol Alcohol Alcohol

• ETOH consumption associated with primary

risk of breast cancer – association linear

• Prevalence of “risky drinking” (>1 drink/day for woman )

among breast cancer survivors similar to general population

• Conflicting data for breast cancer– Li et al. (n=1091) OR 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0 - 2.1) for contralateral disease

– Reding et al. (n=1,286) >0-3 drinks/week HR 30% less,

3-7 drinks/week HR 40% less

– Trentham-Dietz et al. (n=10,953) ETOH-use lower risk of ovarian

CA 0.45 ( 95% CI: 0.3-1.0)

• Moderate alcohol consumption cardioprotective

Okay, as far as alcohol consumption goes, we see that alcohol is linearly related to primary risk, meaning there is no safe amount of alcohol to drink if women are trying to avoid breast cancer in the first place. If we look at cancer survivors, we, first of all, find that the prevalence of risky drinking is no greater among breast cancer survivors than in the general population. But how does that tie into progressive disease and other forms of cancer? Well, the first study was done by Trentham-Dietz and showed that women that had --- that drank actually may have protection against ovarian cancer. However, and then we also see a study by Reding that shows that survival might be increased in women that drink. But those findings are balanced by a more recent study by Li that showed that actually the hazards ratio is increased for contralateral disease over women that are teetotalers. So the news --- the jury is still out as far as alcohol consumption but we do know that moderate alcohol consumption is cardioprotective. So because women with breast cancer are at higher risk, this may be one of the reasons why alcohol may be beneficial.

Muito bem, no que se refere ao consumo de álcool, vemos que o álcool está linearmente relacionado ao risco primário, o que significa que não existe uma quantidade segura de álcool para beber se o que elas estiverem procurando é evitar o câncer de mama. Se observamos as sobreviventes ao câncer, nós, em primeiro lugar, descobrimos que a prevalência do uso excessivo de bebidas alcoólicas não é maior entre as sobreviventes ao câncer de mama do que na população em geral. Mas qual a relação disso com doenças progressivas e outras formas de câncer? Bem, o primeiro estudo foi realizado por Trentham-Dietz e mostrou que mulheres que têm... que bebem, na realidade, podem ter proteção contra o câncer de ovário. Contudo, e, depois, vimos, também um estudo realizado por Reding que mostrou que poderia haver um aumento na sobrevida em mulheres que bebem. Mas, esses resultados são contrabalançados por um estudo mais recente realizado por Li, que mostrou que, na realidade, a razão de risco é maior para a doença contralateral em mulheres abstêmias. Então, as notícias, ainda não se chegou a uma decisão quanto ao consumo de álcool, mas sabemos que o consumo moderado de álcool tem efeito cardioprotetor. Então, uma vez que as mulheres com câncer de mama têm um maior risco, esta pode ser uma das razões dos benefícios do álcool.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Lifestyle Practices of Breast Cancer SurvivorsLifestyle Practices of Breast Cancer SurvivorsLifestyle Practices of Breast Cancer SurvivorsLifestyle Practices of Breast Cancer Survivors

Behavior %

Overweight or Obese 62-71%

Eat < 5 Daily Servings of Fruits & Vegetables 52-54%

Takes Supplements 60-80%

Sedentary ~70%

So, if we look at the lifestyle practices of cancer survivors ---, of breast cancer survivors, how do they stack up against these recommendations? Well, we have a population in need here because 60 to 71 percent of breast cancer patients are overweight. 50 to 54 do not eat at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day. The recommendation is not to take supplements, yet 60 to 80 percent of women that have breast cancer take supplements, and 70 percent are sedentary. So there is a lot of work to be done.

Então, se observarmos as práticas de estilo de vida das sobreviventes ao câncer, de sobreviventes ao câncer de mama, como elas se amoldam a essas recomendações? Bem, temos uma população necessitada, porque de 60% a 71% das pacientes com câncer de mama têm sobrepeso. De 50% a 54% não ingerem um mínimo de cinco porções de frutas e hortaliças por dia. A recomendação é de não tomar suplementos, porém, de 60% a 80% das mulheres que têm câncer de mama tomam suplementos e 70% são sedentárias. Então, ainda há muito por fazer.

Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Demark-Wahnefried et al. Cancer 88:674,2000

Capitalizing on the Teachable Moment: When?Capitalizing on the Teachable Moment: When?Capitalizing on the Teachable Moment: When?Capitalizing on the Teachable Moment: When?

At dx or soon after

3-6 M post-dx 7 – 11 M post-dx 1 -2 Y post-dx >2 Y post-dx

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Physicians and healthcare providers can make a difference. And here's a slide that shows the teachable moment that occurs after a diagnosis and when women want to get diet and exercise interventions. And you see here that they're most interested in them at diagnosis or soon after. So this is a good time to plant the message.

Os médicos e os profissionais de saúde podem fazer diferença. E aqui temos um slide que mostra o momento didático que ocorre depois de um diagnóstico e quando as mulheres querem receber intervenções de dieta e exercícios. E vocês veem aqui que elas estão mais interessadas nelas no diagnóstico ou logo depois. Agora é um bom momento para semear a ideia.

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Diet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast CancerDiet and Exercise in Breast Cancer

Areas for Future Research

• To determine the impact of diet and exercise throughout the course of neoplasia

• To determine if weight loss can influence cancer risk and cancer progression. And if so, what is the optimal way to create negative energy balance? To determine differential impact across 5 subtypes of cancer.

• To determine most effective means to intervene

So, in conclusion, areas for further research or future research is to determine the diet and exercise impact throughout the course of neoplasia; to determine if weight loss can influence cancer risk and cancer progression; and how do we make that weight loss occur? Is it through energy restriction as far as diet, increased exercise, a combination of both, and what is the weighting of both of those? And then to determine what the impact of diet and exercise is now on the five major subtypes of breast cancer that had been identified. And then, finally, and probably most importantly, to determine the best way that we can get women to exercise more and eat a healthier diet. So, with that in mind, I thank you for your attention. And just am really happy to have this opportunity with you.

Concluindo, as áreas para mais pesquisa ou futura pesquisa referem-se àquelas para determinar o impacto da dieta e do exercício durante o decurso da neoplasia, determinar se a perda de peso pode influenciar o risco para o câncer e a progressão do câncer e como podemos fazer para que essa perda de peso aconteça. Seria por meio da restrição de energia, no que se refere à dieta? De mais exercício? Uma combinação de ambos? E qual a ponderação de ambos [os parâmetros]? E, depois, determinar qual o impacto atual da dieta e do exercício nos cinco principais subtipos de câncer de mama que foram identificados. E, finalmente, e talvez, o mais importante, determinar a melhor maneira de motivar as mulheres a fazerem mais exercícios e adotarem uma dieta mais saudável. Com isso em mente, agradeço sua atenção. Foi um prazer ter tido esta oportunidade com vocês.