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1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 01
Anatomy and Physiology I
Med 153
Lisa Drennan
RN, CMSRN
Lead Instructor Medical Assisting
2
Daymar College
Opening Day…
• Welcome!
• Attendance
• Syllabus and Expanded Syllabus
• Class Policies
• Handouts
• Blackboard
3
Success Tips…
• Hole’s 13th Edition Text has available:
– Text Website www.mhhe.com/shier13
• Know how to use the text… pages 1 - 9.
• Read the text BEFORE class!!
• We will check next week and make sure
all can get into the website
4
Some Thoughts
As humans became less nomadic and changed from a hunter-
gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle the spectrum of human
illnesses altered.
Increased contact with other humans, changes in diet, changes
in food source and the accumulating of food all changed and
brought with it unfamiliar ailments.
Ex: tooth decay affected 3.5% of the samples from hunter
gatherers, 8.7% from farmers and 17% from city residents.
They can even tell from bones whether the individual went
through a period of starvation.
We are constantly learning: The Planum Temporale , a
previously unrecognized part of the brain enables people to
locate sounds in space. This was just recently identified using
imaging technology.
5
6
Why all the Greek and Latin
With new knowledge of the structure and
function of the human body a new language
was needed. Most originated from Greek and
Latin and form the basis for the language of
anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy from the Greek for a “cutting up”
and Physiology from the Greek for
“relationship to nature”.
OR
1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
7
• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body
• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body
1.3: Levels of Organization
8
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – simple squamous eithelium, adipose tissue, etc.
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
10
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;
releasing energy from foods
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
Characteristics of Life Continued
11
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
Life’s characteristics which obtain, release, and utilize energy are
largely part of metabolism (all of the chemical reactions in an
organism that support life).
1.5: Maintenance of Life
12
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure
The next slide explains the effects of some pressures
13
Example of traveling to higher altitude:
At high altitude, the heart beats faster; the stroke volume is slightly
decreased; and non-essential bodily functions are suppressed, resulting in a
decline in food digestion efficiency (as the body suppresses the digestive
system in favor of increasing its cardiopulmonary reserves).
Full acclimatization, however, requires days or even weeks. Gradually, the
body compensates for the respiratory alkalosis by renal excretion of
bicarbonate, allowing adequate respiration to provide oxygen without risking
alkalosis. It takes about four days at any given altitude.
Example of diving and water pressure:
Underwater, your body must deal with two major issues: pressure and
temperature. Pressure affects the amount of nitrogen and oxygen gases that
dissolve in your blood and tissues. Pressure also affects your ears and sinuses
As you descend under the water, the pressure on your body increases, so
more nitrogen and oxygen dissolve in your blood. Most of the oxygen gets
consumed by your tissues, but the nitrogen remains dissolved. Increased
nitrogen pressure has two problematic effects on your body: nitrogen
narcosis and residual nitrogen.
Requirements of Organisms
14
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
Requirements of Organisms
15
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
Homeostasis*
16
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point)
• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the
internal environment
17
In health, body parts interact to maintain
homeostasis. Illness can threaten the
maintenance of homeostasis, requiring
treatment. What treatments might be used to
help control a patient's (a) body temperature,
(b) blood oxygen level, and (c) blood glucose
level?
18
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
too high
too low
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point
and
signals effector
organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
heat is lostResponse
Body to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat
glands
remain inactive.
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward
normal.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
19
• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
20
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
21
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• Short-lived
• Do not require continuous adjustments
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth ( only two positive
feedbacks)
1.6: Organization
of the Human Body
22
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
(a)
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Right pleural
cavity Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity Pericardial
cavity Diaphragm
Vertebral canal
Cranial cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(b)
Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
23
Thoracic Membranes
• Visceral pleura
• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pericardium
• Parietal pericardium
• Visceral layer – covers an organ
• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Abdominopelvic Membranes
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
24
The peritoneum is a serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. There are two
layers of the peritoneum. The parietal and the visceral peritoneum. The
parietal peritoneum is the outer layer and lines the abdominal cavity while
the visceral peritoneum is the inner layer and covers all the organs contained
within the abdomen. Thus, the liver, the stomach and the intestines are covered
with peritoneum, as are the spleen, gall bladder, pancreas, uterus and appendix.
kidneys are retroperitoneal. The function of the visceral
peritoneum is to allow the various structures inside the abdomen to move about
freely.
The space between these two layers is the peritoneal cavity. it is filled with a
small amount of slippery serous fluid that allows the two layers to slide freely
over each other. There are often blood vessels, nerves between these layers.
The parietal peritoneum has an extremely sensitive nerve supply, so that any
injury or inflammation occurring in this layer is felt as an acute localized
pain. The visceral peritoneum is not so sensitive and pain is only experienced if,
for example, the intestine is stretched or distended
Serous Membranes
25
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Vertebra
Azygos v.
Aorta
Esophagus
Right lung
Right atrium
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Sternum
Anterior
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Mediastinum
Left lung
Rib
Left ventricle
of heart
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Vertebra
Right kidney
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Pancreas
Large
intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Visceral peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
Parietal peritoneum Anterior
Stomach
Costal cartilage
Rib
Large intestine
Small intestine
Spleen
Left
kidney
Spinal cord Plane of
section
Organ Systems
26 Skeletal system Muscular system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Integumentary system
Organ Systems
27 Nervous system Endocrine system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organ Systems
28 Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organ Systems
29
Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organ Systems
30
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
31
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the
whole-body level.
Can you think of some examples?
Ex: you lose up to 30% of the nephrons in the
kidneys by age 70Skin cells do not regenerate at the
same rate as you get older.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
32
Anatomical Position – standing
erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
and thumbs out
Integumentary system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms
33
• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior (above)/Inferior (below)
Anterior or ventral (toward the front) / Posterior or dorsal ( toward the
back)
Medial (toward the midline)/Lateral (to the sides)
Bilateral (paired structures)
Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides)
Proximal (close to point of attachment)/Distal (farther from ponit of
attachment)
Superficial (close to body surface)/Deep (more internal
Body Sections or Planes
34
• Sagittal – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal/Median – divides body into equal left and
right portions
• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and
inferior portions
• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior
portions
Body Sections
35
A section along a frontal
plane
A section along a transverse
plane
A section along the
median plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Body Sections
36
(a) (b) (c)
Other Body Sections
37
(a) (b) (c)
Cross-section
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
Abdominal Subdivisions
38
Right
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Epigastric
region
Umbilical
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left
iliac
region
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
Body Regions
39
Otic (ear)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial
(arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Cephalic (head)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Mental (chin)
Sternal
Pectoral
(chest)
Inguinal
(groin)
Coxal
(hip)
Umbilical
(navel)
Pedal (foot)
Occipital
(back of head)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Brachial (arm)
Dorsum (back)
Cubital (elbow)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Perineal
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Plantar (sole) (a) (b)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Sacral (between hips)
Lumbar
(lower back) Abdominal
(abdomen)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Frontal (forehead)
Buccal (cheek)
T arsal (instep)
Digital (toe)
Axillary (armpit)
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
40
1.5: Maintenance of Life
List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
Explain the importance of homeostasis to survival.
Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they
function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
List the organs located in each major body cavity.
Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
41
Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each.
Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
Identify changes related to aging, from the microscopic to the whole-body
level.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and
body regions.