PowerPoint Slides to Accompany Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers Seventh Edition Paul A. Alberto Anne C. Troutman ISBN: 0-13-172203-4 Alberto & Troutman

PowerPoint Slidesto Accompany

Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers

Seventh Edition

Paul A. AlbertoAnne C. Troutman

ISBN: 0-13-172203-4

Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.

Chapter 5

Single-Subject Designs




Chapter Outline

• Variables and Functional Relationships• Basic Categories of Designs• AB Design• Reversal Design• Changing Criterion Design• Multiple Baseline Design• Alternating Treatments Design• Changing Conditions Design• Evaluating Single-Subject Designs




Dependent and Independent Variables

Dependent Variable:

• “The behavior targeted for change.”

Independent Variable:

• “The intervention being used to change behavior.”




What is the Dependent and Independent Variable?

1. To increase compliance in vocational settings by implementing a token reinforcement system.

2. Use picture prompts with students with severe disabilities to increase instruction-following skills.

3. Students will increase their organizational skills by outlining their daily activities on a schedule checklist for six weeks.

4. The use of graduated guidance will enable the student to eventually feed himself.

5. Increase reading skills by two grade levels following instruction using the “I’m A Better Reader” program in combination with time delay.

6. Implement a response cost system for verbal outbursts.7. Give the puppy a treat when he follows his master’s commands.8. Marty writes his name in the appropriate space in order to obtain

teacher approval.9. When students correctly complete their homework assignments,

they earn free time using the computer.10. Mrs. Hoffman uses differential reinforcement of incompatible

behaviors to increase in seat behaviors.Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e



Research Designs

• AB Design

• Reversal Design

• Changing Criterion Design

• Multiple Baseline Design

• Alternating Treatments Design

• Changing Conditions Design




Baseline Intervention

Sessions

AB Design




AB Design: Advantages and Disadvantages

• Simple to use

• Cannot be used to make a confident assumption of a functional relationship.

• Does not provide for replication




Baseline Intervention Baseline 2 Intervention 2

Reversal Design




Reversal Design: Advantages and Disadvantages

ABAB design is most desirable of reversal designs because it allows us to see the effects of the independent variable on the natural rate of occurrence of the target behavior

Use this design:When a clear functional relationship between independent

and dependent variable needs to be demonstratedWhen the nature of the target behavior is such that it can

be reversed when the treatment is withdrawnWhen the nature of the treatment is such that its effects are

not present on the target behavior after it is withdrawnWhen withdrawal of treatment does not compromise ethics




Do not use this design:

When the target behavior is not reversible

When the treatment effects will continue after the treatment is withdrawn

When it is not educationally or clinically desirable for the behavior to return to baseline levels

When the target behavior is such that withdrawal of effective treatment would be unethical

Reversal Design: Advantages and Disadvantages




Changing Criterion Design

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Changing Criterion Design: Advantages and Disadvantages

• Helpful when working on behaviors that are being shaped

• Helpful when the terminal goal that is set takes a long time to reach

• The treatment does not have to be withdrawn to show its requisite functional relationship with the target behavior

• Not appropriate when behavior must occur immediately

• It may not be appropriate to “hold back” an individual and his/her behavior change




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Multiple Baseline Design Across Students




Multiple Baseline: Advantages and Disadvantages

Use this design:

When withdrawal designs are not feasible due to ethical concerns

When there is more than one target behavior, setting, or individual in need of treatment

When the effects of the independent variable cannot be withdrawn or reversed




Multiple Baseline: Advantages and Disadvantages

Do not use this design:When selected target behaviors are not

functionally similar nor independent of one another

If there is only one individual/setting/behavior selected for treatment

When more than one intervention phase is desirable to demonstrate a functional relationship

When constraints on resources make implementation impossible




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Baseline Intervention 1 Intervention 2

Changing Conditions Design




Changing Conditions Design:Advantages and Disadvantages

• Used to investigate the effect of two or more treatments on the behavior of a student

• Cannot be used to determine the effects of a functional relationship between the dependent variable and any of the tested independent variables




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Alternating Treatments Design




Alternating Treatments Design:Advantages and Disadvantages

Use this design:When you want to determine the relative effectiveness of

more than one treatment on a given behaviorWhen baseline data are either unavailable or might be

unstableWhen the treatments are sufficiently different from each

otherWhen the subjects can discriminate the treatment

conditionsWhen the effects of sequencing the interventions might

obscure the results




Alternating Treatments Design:Advantages and Disadvantages

Avoid this design:When the treatments might interact, thus

obscuring the resultsWhen the subjects cannot discriminate the

treatment conditionsWhen the treatments typically produce slow

behavior changesWhen the treatments need to be administered over

a continuous period of time to be effectiveWhen it becomes difficult to counterbalance the

various aspects of the study




Documents

PowerPoint Slides to Accompany Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers Seventh Edition Paul A. Alberto Anne C. Troutman ISBN: 0-13-172203-4 Alberto & Troutman