PowerPoint Presentation - University of Malaya Abstrac… · Biomechanics and Robotics, Hokkaido University, Japan [email protected] Abstract Several methods have been developed

ICoSEM20194 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n

t h e S c i e n c e a n d E n g i n e e r i n g o f M a t e r i a l s

2 6 - 2 8 t h A u g u s t 2 0 1 9

Kuala Lumpur, Malays iaHosts

Sponsors

4th International Conference on the Science and Engineering of Materials (ICoSEM2019)

26-28 August 2019 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

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Table of Contents

Conference Organizers & Sponsors 1

Useful Information 2

Preface by ICoSEM2019 Chairman 4

ICoSEM2019 Organizing Committee 5

Plenary Speakers 6

ICoSEM2019 Conference Programme 15

Oral Presentation 19

List of Abstracts 30

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IEEE- EPS 99

Aseptec Sdn. Bhd. 101

RGS Corporation Sdn. Bhd. 103



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Conference Organizers

• University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia • Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), University of Malaya • Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing

(AMMP), University of Malaya

Sponsors

Sponsor Booth Location Page #

IEEE-EPS Booth 1 99

Aseptec Sdn. Bhd Booth 2 101

RGS Corporation Sdn. Bhd. Booth 3 103



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Useful Information

All the sessions will take place at The Latitude, level 1, Armada Hotel, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Registration / Help Desk All the registration will be held as follows:

Pre-registration (Day 1)

26 August

17:00 – 20:00 The Latitude,

Level 1

Registration (Day 2 & 3)

27 – 28 August

08:30 – 17:30 The Latitude,

Level 1

At registration, you will be given your conference kit, including the programme and abstract book. Staff will be available in every parallel session rooms and at the registration desk located at the main hall to answer any enquiries. Presentation Instructions The parallel session rooms are equipped with a laptop and a projector. Presenters must provide the presentation slides in PPT (Powerpoint) format on a USB memory stick. This must be done 10 minutes before each session. Chairpersons are requested to keep the sessions on schedule. Papers should be presented in the order they are listed in the program for the convenience of attendees who may wish to go to another room for other particular presentations. The laptop in the parallel rooms should be used for presentations. IT technicians will be available during the conference to be contacted in case of any arising problems. Welcoming Reception The welcoming reception is included in the registration fee and will take place from 18:00 – 20:00, 27 August 2019 at The Latitude, Level 1. This will be a great opportunity to get to know each other and expand our network with national and international researchers.



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Accommodation Accommodation is not included in your conference registration and must be paid directly to your hotel. Meals and Refreshments Coffee Breaks Coffee breaks will be served according to the programme and they will be served at The Latitude, Level 1. Luncheons Luncheons will be served at the Utara Coffee House located at the lobby. Only participants with lunch voucher will be allow to enter the luncheon area. Wireless Internet Connection Wireless Internet is available in The Latitude, Level 1 with limited access.



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Preface by ICoSEM2019 Chairman

I am indeed delighted to welcome you all to the

Fourth International Conference on the

Science and Engineering of Materials,

ICoSEM2019, 26-28 August 2019, Kuala

Lumpur.

This is the forth event in the ICoSEM series and

we are pleased to be able to continue with it.

Following the earlier tradition, the conference

includes both plenary and contributed papers.

This year the plenary speakers include highly accomplished academics

and researchers, Prof. M. A. Wahab of Louisiana State University, USA;

Prof. F. Erchiqui of University of Quebec at Abitibi-Temiscamingue,

Canada; Prof. M. Todoh of Hokkaido University, Japan; and Prof.

T. Yanagitani of Waseda University, Japan. Wide ranging topics in

materials and manufacturing, such as mechanical properties & fracture,

polymers, nanomaterials, environmental & water treatment, ceramics &

coating, composites and alloys will be covered in the conference.

I trust you will find the conference illuminating, rewarding and indeed

enjoyable. I urge you to take full advantage of this platform to engage in

networking with colleagues coming from different parts of the world. I

wish you a very pleasant stay in this wonderful city of Kuala Lumpur – a

true melting pot of different cultures.

I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all committee

members for their tireless efforts to make the conference a success.

Once again, on behalf of the organizing committee and on my own

behalf, I welcome you all to ICoSEM2019.

A. S. M. A. Haseeb

ICoSEM2019 Chairman



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ICoSEM2019 Organizing Committee Chairman : Prof. Dr. A.S. M. A Haseeb

Co-Chairman :

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Henk Metselaar Assoc. Prof. Dr. Farazila Yusof

Secretary

:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Andri Andriyana Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Bushroa Abd Razak

Treasurer

:

Dr. Nazatul Liana Sukiman

Editorial Board :

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslina Ahmad Ir. Dr. Wong Yew Hoong Dr. Shaifulazuar Rozali

Protocol and Event

:

Dr. Nor Ishida Zainal Abidin

Sponsorship and Industrial Linkages

:

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Ang Bee Chin Dr. Mohd Ridha Muhamad

Technical and Logistics

:

Dr. Mohd Sayuti Ab Karim

Publisity and Website

: Dr. Siti Nurmaya Musa

Conference Secretariat

: Mrs. Nur Atikah Abd Hamid



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Plenary Speakers



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Plenary Speaker

Prof. Dr. Muhammad A. Wahab Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical Colleges, USA

Critical Interfacial Bonding Strength Improvements for Surface Modifications Through Electro-Plasma-Processing (EPP) and

Biomimetic Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State

University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. [email protected]

Abstract

To date, there have been limited investigations reported in the Open-literature about the mysterious resemblance between Mother Nature and the manmade scientific phenomenon in the fields of adhesion, surface modifications, and thermal protections. Adhesion, despite being a common phenomenon in nature has been incredibly difficult to characterize or control in the use of industrial applications. Engineers have struggled to find an optimal economic way of bonding protective coatings onto expensive base metals without somehow changing the chemical nature of the base metal itself. Protections of expensive alloy elements within the surface coatings from high temperature and corrosive environments have always been an engineering challenge when the high maintenance, repair cost, and failures from thermal stresses are considered. For environmental protection of greater than 1100°C, Thermal-Barrier-Coatings (TBCs) have been predominantly used in the aerospace, automobile, and power-industries as an alternative to metallurgically enhanced materials. Unfortunately, the most TBC-systems are prone to failures such as, peeling, cracking, wedging, etc. Available research have made significant improvement in the bond-strength in the TBCs through chemical adhesion, but further progress and improved understanding are essential in this area. The other efficient way of improvement includes various



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mechanical inter-locking arrangements that occur at the micro/nano scales. This study deals primarily with the finite element simulation of these inter-locking mechanisms. The interlocking geometries are formulated in an electro-mechanical process known as Electrolytic-Plasma-Processing (EPP) that

generates an array of unique micro-geometries on material surfaces. To simulate the mechanical and thermal loads on the different micro-geometries the commercial finite element software was used along with SolidWorks for array modelling. The salient characteristic of this research is the analogy that was drawn between biological, Van Der Waals dry adhesion mechanism in Gecko feet, and that of the superficial surface of the Thermally Grown Oxide (TGO) layer in TBC; since the micro-geometry resembling “mushroom-heads” in the Gecko feet provided improved adhesion up to, as much as 10- folds, compared to other geometries (i.e., spatula head, spherical head or plain triangular crevices) analyzed. The findings of this study can attribute to the following: (i). EPP-treatment effectively modifies the surface of metals and alloys to be coated and produces an expedient morphological change that increases adhesion. (ii). The EPP-surface features have a longer shelf-life than many of its comparable technologies, making it even more economically attractive and which applies especially during corrosion applications. (iii). The mushroom-head geometry has been classically proven to be an aide to bio-adhesion; and this work further strengthens that argument and encourages new research in this direction to flourish. Keywords: Electro-Plasma-Processing (EPP), surface modifications,

thermal protections, mushroom-head geometry, Biomimetic, Gecko feet, Van Der Waals force, dry adhesion mechanism, thermal- barrier- coatings (TBC), finite element analysis



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Plenary Speaker

Prof. Dr. Masahiro Todoh Hokkaido University, Japan

Mineral-Tissue Mechanical Relationship in Biomimetically Remineralized Bone Tissue

Faculty of Engineering, Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Biomechanics and Robotics, Hokkaido University, Japan

[email protected] Abstract

Several methods have been developed over the past decades to biomimetically recreate the bone mineralization process under laboratory settings, which have demonstrated potentials in future clinical applications. While recent studies have shown biomimetic mineralization is able to produce mineralized collagen matrix with almost the same structural appearance and mineral composition to the natural bone tissue, knowledge concerning the end products’ mechanical properties, especially at the mineral platelet level, is still lacking. In order to better understand the mechanical response of mineral platelets to tissue level loading in biomimetically mineralized collagen matrices, the current study utilizes X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique to quantitatively characterize the mineral-tissue co-deformation in biomimetically remineralized bovine cortical bone samples prepared using the Polymer-Induced Liquid Precursor (PILP) process. EDTA decalcified bovine cortical bone samples with dimensions of 15mm X 4mm X 0.1mm were remineralized for 14 days. X-ray absorption technique was applied to estimate mineral volume fraction in all samples. Raman spectroscopic was used to characterize compositional changes during the remineralization process. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to obtain structural information at the micro-to-nano scale levels. Remineralized samples were compared with intact and partially decalcified samples. Each



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sample was irradiated with 1.2kW Cu-kα X-ray for 60mins at 0, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.12mm applied tensile displacement. Actual tissue displacements were measured in separate settings. XRD image plate was digitized after each run and analyzed using custom designed MATLAB program to obtain mineral strain at each applied displacement. Mineral crystallinity and c-axis preferential alignment angles were also measured. 14 days of remineralization restored the mineral volume fraction of all samples to around 20%. Large volumes of mineralized tissue can be seen in SEM images. Raman spectroscopy results confirmed increased purity and crystallinity of the mineral phase in remineralized samples, however the mineral-to-matrix ratio was low comparing to natural bone as expected. XRD results show that the remineralization process failed to restore the naturally c-axis preferential alignment, and the overall crystallinity is unchanged. Mechanically, the remineralized group was found to have the lowest tissue stiffness and mineral-to-tissue co-deformation ratio. Remineralized bone via the PILP process could not restore the normal mineral-to-tissue mechanical relationship. While results in the mechanical aspects were found to be unfavorable, biomimetic remineralization process still has good potentials for its ability to create mineralized collagen matrix with chemically pure mineral phase. Keywords: Biomechanics, Bone, Remineralization, Polymer-Induced Liquid

Precursor process, X-ray diffraction



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Plenary Speaker

Prof. Dr. Takahiko Yanagitani Waseda University, Japan

Enhancement of Electromechanical Coupling kt2 in Rare Earth

Doped AlN Films for Bulk Acoustic Wave Filter Applications Waseda University, Japan

[email protected] Abstract

Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators based on piezoelectric thin films are attracting much attention for the RF filter applications for mobile phones. In the BAW filters, both high electromechanical coupling kt

2 and low mechanical loss 1/Qm are required for piezoelectric thin film materials. Therefore, low loss AlN films are used in the BAW filters in spite of their low kt

2. Sc doped AlN films [1] are suitable for BAW [2] and SAW device applications because of their high kt

2 [2]. Here, I introduce the polarization inverted ScAlN BAW

resonators. I also report the discovery of new rare earth doping as an alternative element to the Sc.[1] M. Akiyama., Adv. Mater. 21, 593 (2008). [2] T. Yanagitani, et al., Proc. IEEE Ultrason Symp. pp. 2095 (2010).

Polarity inverted N-polar ScAlN on Al-polar ScAlN resonator excites second overtone mode. This resonator is attractive for high power handling due to the twice thicker stuck compared with standard fundamental mode resonators at same operating frequency and may be also useful for canceling a nonlinear effect of the resonator. Extraordinary N-polar growth can be induced by low energy ion bombardment during the sputtering film growth [3]. In 2014, we reported the enhancement of kt

2 in the YbGaN in the GHz range [4]. We also found high kt

2 of 11% in the YbAlN films in 2015 [5]. After that, in this spring,

a replication study by Akiyama confirmed the large piezoelectric constant in the YbAlN [6].



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[3] M. Suzuki, T. Yanagitani, Y. Odagawa, Appl. Phys Lett., 104, 172905 (2014). [4] T. Yanagitani and M. Suzuki, Appl. Phys Lett., 104, 082911 (2014). [5] US Patent Application 20190089325. [6] Y. Amano, et. al., JSAP Spring Meeting 10a-PA4-8, (2019).

In this study, I show the apparent increase of kt

2 of the films. kt2 were extracted

using the high overtone resonator (HBAR) conversion loss method [2, 4] in the 0.5-1 GHz. These new wurtzite nitride piezoelectric materials are also promising for lead-free high performance ultrasonic devices.

Keywords:Piezoelectric films, Bulk acoustic wave filter, Sputtering growth,

Nitride, Electromechanical coupling



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Plenary Speaker

Prof. Dr. Fouad Erchiqui University of Québec at Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Canada

New Hybrid Enthalpy Method for Anisotropic Thermal Conduction and Application to Phytosanitary Treatment of

Wood by Microwaves According to Standard ISPM-15 of the FAO

University of Québec at Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Canada [email protected]

Abstract

The anisotropic problem of thermal conduction in a solid media is generally

treated in a reference coordinate system, which adequately describes its

thermal conductivity tensor (Cartesian, cylindrical or spherical). For this

problem, numerical treatment is difficult, especially if the thermophysical

properties are non-linear or if the anisotropic medium undergoes a phase

change. In this conference, we present a new approach using a Cartesian

reference system to treat the anisotropic thermal conduction of problems for

which the solid medium is characterized by a set of tensors of thermal

conductivity of different natures (Cartesian and/or cylindrical and / or

spherical), with or without phase change. For this purpose, the anisotropic

thermal conductivity tensor, with respect to a cylindrical or spherical

coordinate system, is transformed by an equivalent tensor into global

Cartesian coordinates. The nonlinear heat conduction problem involving

phase changes is solved using hybrid three-dimensional volumetric specific

enthalpy based on finite-element analysis. The proposed approach is

validated with analytical testing for anisotropic media (cylindrical and



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spherical) and with experimental tests. As an application, the approach is used

to quantify the minimum time required for the phytosanitary treatment of three

Canadian eastern wood species by microwaves, according to the Standard

ISPM-15 of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), established

by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).



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ICoSEM2019 Conference Programme The Latitute, Level 1, Armada Hotel PJ

Day 1: 26 August 2019 (Monday)

Time Programme Venue

17:00 – 20:00

Pre-registration

The Latitude

(Level 1)

Day 2: 27 August 2019 (Tuesday)


08:30 – 17:30 Conference Registration

The Latitude

(Level 1)

09:00 – 09:20

09:20 – 09:40

09:40 – 09:50

Opening Ceremony

Arrival of participants

Speech and officiation by Chairman,

ICoSEM2019

Photo session

Latitude 1.01

Latitude 1.02

(Level 1)

09:50 – 10:10 Morning Tea Break The Latitude

(Level 1)

10:10 – 10:50

Plenary Speaker 1

Prof. Muhammad A. Wahab

Louisiana State University and

Agricultural & Mechanical Colleges,

USA

Topic: Critical Interfacial Bonding

Strength Improvements for Surface

Modifications Through Electro-

Plasma-Processing (EPP) and

Biomimetic

Chairman: Prof. A.S.M.A Haseeb

Latitude 1.01

Latitude 1.02

(Level 1)



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10:50 – 11:30

Plenary Speaker 2

Prof. Dr. Masahiro Todoh

Hokkaido University, Japan

Topic: Mineral-Tissue Mechanical

Relationship in Biomimetically

Remineralized Bone Tissue

Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Farazila

Yusof

Latitude 1.01

Latitude 1.02

(Level 1)

12:00 – 14:00

Lunch

Utara Coffee

House

(Lobby)

14:00 – 16:00

Session 1A

Topic: Mechanical Properties &

Fracture

Chairman: Dr. Shaifulazuar Rozali

Session 2A

Topic: Polymers

Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslina

Ahmad

Latitude 1.01

Latitude 1.02

16:00 – 16:20

Afternoon Tea Break

The Latitude

(Level 1)

16:20 – 18:05

Session 1B

Topic: Nanomaterials

Chairman: Ir. Dr. Wong Yew Hoong

Session 2B

Topic: Environmental & Water

Treatment

Chairman: Dr. Mohd Ridha Muhamad

Latitude 1.01

Latitude 1.02

18:05 – 20:00

Welcoming Reception

The Latitude

(Level 1)



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Day 3: 28 August 2019 (Wednesday)


08:30 – 16:00

Conference Registration

The Latitude,

(Level 1)

09:00 – 09:40

Plenary Speaker 3

Prof. Dr. Takahiko Yanagitani

Waseda University, Japan

Topic: Enhancement of

Electromechanical Coupling kt2 in Rare

Earth Doped AlN Films

for Bulk Acoustic Wave Filter

Applications

Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bushroa

Abd Razak

Latitude 1.01

Latitude 1.02

(Level 1)

09:40 – 10:20

Plenary Speaker 4

Prof. Dr. Fouad Erchiqui

University of Québec at Abitibi-

Témiscamingue, Canada

Topic: New Hybrid Enthalpy Method for

Anisotropic Thermal Conduction and

Application to Phytosanitary Treatment

of Wood by Microwaves According to

Standard ISPM-15 of the FAO

Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Andri

Andriyana

Latitude 1.01

Latitude 1.02

(Level 1)

10:20 – 10:40

Morning Tea Break

The Latitude

(Level 1)

10:40 – 12:55

Session 1C

Topic: Ceramics & Coating

Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Henk

Metselaar

Session 2C

Topic: Composites

Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslina

Ahmad

Latitude 1.01

Latitude 1.02



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12:00 – 14:00

Lunch

Utara Coffee

House

(Lobby)

14:00 – 16:45

Session 1D

Topic: Alloys

Chairman: Dr. Nazatul Liana Sukiman

Session 2D

Topic: Composites

Chairman: Ir. Dr. Wong Yew Hoong

Latitude 1.01

Latitude 1.02

16:45 – 17:05

Afternoon Tea Break

The Latitude

(Level 1)

17:05 – 17:30

Closing Ceremony

Speech by Chairman

Closing

Latitude 1.01



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Oral Presentation



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Oral Presentation – Day 2 27 August 2019 (Tuesday)

Session 1A Venue: Latitude 1.01

Topic: Mechanical Properties & Fracture Chairman: Dr. Shaifulazuar Rozali

Time Abstract number

Title & Author(s)

14:00 – 16:00

051 SHEAR ANALYSIS OF SN0.7CU SOLDERS WITH RICE HUSK ASH AS SILICA SOURCE ON ELECTROLESS NICKEL/IMMERSION SILVER (ENIAG) SURFACE FINISH M.A. Azmah Hanim, Chuan Khang Wei & T T Dele-Afolabi

078 MICRO FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMATION INDUCED PLASTICITY STEEL

Iori Sanou, Takashi Matsuno, Ikumu Watanabe & Tomohiko Houjo

057 CHARACTERISATION OF THE TENSILE AND FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF FILAMENT WOUND NATURAL FIBRE RINGS Sujith Bobba, Z. Leman, E.S. Zainudin & S.M. Sapuan

079 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE MEASUREMENT OF HARDENED STEEL SKD-11 BY PIERCING TESTS Kouta Nakagiri, Takashi Matsuno, Takashi Yasutomi, Shigeru Yonemura, Hiroto Shouji & Mitsuru Ohata

095 THE EFFECT OF THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT ON RESIDUAL STRESS LEVEL OF A53 STEEL PIPE Raden Dadan Ramdan, Irma Pratiwi, Bagas Ade Senatama, M Bagaskara Jiwapasca, Emia Yoseva Tarigan, Dwiki Panji Kresna & Suryandaru Martawirya

080 IDENTIFICATION OF ANISOTROPIC FRACTURE STRAINS OF THIN STEEL PIPES

Takashi Matsuno, Iori Sanou,Hiroto Shouji, Mitsuru Ohata & Tomomi Hayase

065 BRAZING OF POROUS COPPER FOAM USING CU-SN-NI-P FOIL FOR HEAT SINK APPLICATION

Nur Amirah Mohd Zahri, Nur Elyiana Sahira Shafee, Farazila Yusof, S. Nurmaya Musa, Nazatul Liana Sukiman, A. S. M. A. Haseeb & Tadashi Ariga



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Session 2A Venue: Latitude 1.02

Topic: Polymers Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslina Ahmad


Title & Author(s)

14:00 – 16:00

003

SOLID-SOLID SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CO(II) AND NI(II) COORDINATION POLYMERS WITH LIGAND DERIVED FROM 3-METHOXY-4-HYDROXY BENZALDEHYDE AND PHENYL ALANINE Zainab Sulaiman & Junaid Na’aliya

009 CARBOXYMETHYL CHITOSAN BASED BIOPOLYMER ELECTROLYTE WITH IMIDAZOLIUM IONIC LIQUID I.J. Shamsudin, H.Hanibah, A. Ahmad & N. H. Hassan

015 EFFECT OF PARTICLE INSERTION RATE AND ANGLE OF INSERTION ON SEGREGATION IN GRAVITY-DRIVEN CHUTE FLOW Ritwik Maiti & Danielle S. Tan

050 MASTER CURVE OF DYNAMIC MODULUS FOR POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURES Ali M. Babalghaith, Hamad A. Alsolieman, Abdulrahman S. Al-Suhaibani & Suhana Koting

071 BIOSTABLE HIGHLY ALIGNED POLYURETHANE FIBRES FOR THE POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF SMALL CALIBRE VASCULAR GRAFTING Chin Joo Tan, Bee Chin Ang, Andri Andriyana & Grégory Chagnon

072 THE EFFECT OF AGITATION RATE ON THE FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE Yong Hsin Nam Ernest, Lim Siew Shee, Gan Suyin & Tshai Kim Yeow

101 POLYMER BLENDING BETWEEN POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA) AND POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) FOR WATER FILTRATION MEMBRANE APPLICATION Lau Kia Kian



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Session 1B Venue: Latitude 1.01

Topic: Nanomaterials Chairman: Ir. Dr. Wong Yew Hoong


Title & Author(s)

16:20 – 18:05

046 EFFECT OF CD2+ CATIONS ON AC CONDUCTIVITY OF STEARIC ACID MIS DIODE Syed A. Malik & Asim K Ray

047 SYNTHESIS AND CATALYTIC PERFORMANCES OF CALCINATED CO AND NI ZIF-67 (ZEOLITIC-IMIDAZOLATE FRAMEWORK-67) AS AIR ELECTRODES IN ZN-AIR BATTERIES

Sheraz Ahmed, Ho-Jung Sun, Joongpyo Shim & Gyungse Park

054 CHARACTERIZATION INVESTIGATION OF ZNO, GRAPHENE, AND ZNO/GRAPHENE NANOPARTICLES AS NANOSCALE LUBRICANTS ADDITIVES Waleed Alghani, Mohd Sayuti Ab Karim, Samira Bagheri, Suriani Ibrahim & M. Gulzar

030 TAILORING SUPRAMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN NITRILE FUNCTIONALIZED SILVER(I)-N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE: AN INSIGHT INVESTIGATION INTO ENHANCEMENT OF ANTITUMOR METALLODRUGS STUDIES Sunusi Y. Hussaini, Rosenani A. Haque, Mohd. R. Razalia & A. M. S. Abdul Majid

092 ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN PVDF NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND NUMERICAL MODELING USING PIXEL-BASED HOMOGENIZATION TECHNIQUE M.S. Sukiman, A. Andriyana, B.C. Ang, C.J. Tan, T. Nuge, H.S.C. Metselaar & M. Elma



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Session 2B Venue: Latitude 1.02

Topic: Environmental & Water Treatment Chairman: Dr. Ridha Muhamad


Title & Author(s)

16:20 – 18:05

001 CATIONIC MICELLAR STRUCTURAL GROWTH AND THEIR VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR IN MIXED SURFACTANTS SYSTEM Ibrahim Isah Fagge, Muntaka Dahiru, Ibrahim Usman Kutama, Shehu Habibu, Sharifuddin Md Zain & Muhammad Niyaz Khan

029 PARAMETERS OPTIMIZATION IN THE MESOPHILIC BACTERIUM TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS HYDROGEN SULFIDE LADEN WASTEWATER Mani Malam Ahmad

058 BOUC-WEN HYSTERESIS PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION FOR MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL DAMPER USING CUCKOO SEARCH R. Rosli, Z. Mohamed, G. Priyandoko & M.F.F.A. Rashid

059 OXICAMS – THE POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-1 AND CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 Sia Sararu, Floarea Nicolae & Adrian Beteringhe

070 SOUND ABSORPTION PERFORMANCE OF NAPIER FIBRE Zaiton Haron, Khairulzan Yahya , Nurathirah Mohd Fasli & Siti Nuranis Shaikh Abdul Hamid

098 ROLE OF SIZE (STERIC) AND CHARGE (DONNAN) EXCLUSION IN REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER BY HYDROPHILIC NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES Norherdawati Kasim, Abdul Wahab Mohammad & Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah



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Oral Presentation – Day 3 28 August 2019 (Wednesday)

Session 1C Venue: Latitude 1.01

Topic: Ceramics & Coating Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Henk Metselaar


Title & Author(s)

10:40 – 12:55

020 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT ON WASTE PORCELAIN TO THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PORCELAIN PRODUCTION Nur Hidayah Salmi , Mohamad Zaky Noh & Norazreen

Sharip

033 WATERPROOFING PERFORMANCE OF NANO SILICON BASED MORTAR: A RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY APPROACH

Nasiru Zakari Muhammad, Ali Keyvanfar, Muhd Zaimi Abd. Majid & Arezou Shafaghat

081 ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION (EPD) OF BIOGLASS 45S5 REINFORCED ZIRCONIA FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION Chin Hao Zac, AR Bushroa, M Rizwan & Masoud Sarraf

084 THE EFFECT OF CEMENT CONTENT ON DRYING SHRINKAGE OF ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT Mehdi Abbasi, Payam Shafigh & Mohamad Rizal Bin Baharum

035 CZT THIN FILM USING SIMULTANEOUS VACUUM EVAPORATION Monisha Chakraborty & M.S.J.Hashmi

040 HYBRID ORGANIC/INORGANIC ADDITIVE FOR FUNCTIONAL PROTECTIVE COATING

Iling Aema Wonnie Ma, Ammar Shafaamri, Ramesh Kasi & Ramesh T. Subramaniam

056 CRACK GROWTH MODEL FOR THERMAL BARRIER COATING WITH VARIOUS RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS IN STATIC CONDITION APPLICATION

Salmi Mohd Yunus, Abreeza Manap & Savisha Mahalingam



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086 IMPROVEMENT OF COATING CHARACTERISTICS VIA IMPROVISED PLASMA ELECTROLYTIC OXIDATION (PEO) SET-UP

M.S Sharizal, A.R. Bushroa & Mitra Akhtari Zavareh

102 PZT FAMILY EPITAXIAL THICK FILM FOR ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER AT FREQUENCIES BELOW 100MHZ Yuka Mazda & Takahiko Yanagitani

Session 2C Venue: Latitude 1.02

Topic: Composites Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslina Ahmad


Title & Author(s)

10:40 – 12:55

032 SIC-FE3O4 HYBRID FILLER EFFECT ON MICROSTRUCTURE, MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM MATRIX COMPOSITE

Negin Ashrafi, M.A. Azmah Hanim, S Sulaiman, Tang Sai Hong & Masoud Sarraf

021 EFFECT OF THERMO-HYDRO-MECHANICAL (THM) TREATMENT ON PARASERIANTHES FALCATARIA LAMINA SAWN TIMBERS’ DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONTENT Charles Michael Albert & Liew Kang Chiang

016 BOND STRESS SLIP OF FLY ASH-BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE Muhammad Fikril Azim Abdul Sani, Rahimah Muhamad & Kim Hung Mo

022 TENSION STIFFENING BEHAVIOUR OF ORDINARY PORTLAND AND GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE; REVIEW Hamdi Abdulrahaman & Rahimah Muhamad

005 EFFECTS OF DENSIFICATION ON LOW DENSITY PLANTATION SPECIES FOR CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER

Tan Yu Feng & Liew Kang Chiang

034 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-STRENGTH MORTARS WITH FINE RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES

Sallehan Ismail, Mohammad Asri Abd Hamid & Zaiton Yaacob



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043 SYNTHESIS OF CO/CNT COMPOSITES DERIVED FROM ZIF-67 AND THEIR APPLICATION TO ANODE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

Nguyen Thi My Hao, Yunhwa Kim, Ho-Jung Sun, Gyungse Park & Joongpyo Shim

045 THE PH OF CONCRETE AS DURABILITY ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Sumra Yousuf, Payam Shafigh, Salmia Beddu & Zainah Ibrahim

069 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TOPSIS AND VIKOR FOR COMPOSITE MATERIAL SELECTION Aamir Adeeb Abdul Rahim, S. Nurmaya Musa & S. Ramesh

Session 1D Venue: Latitude 1.01

Topic: Alloys Chairman: Dr. Nazatul Liana Sukiman


Title & Author(s)

14:00 – 16:45

014 HIGH TEMPERATURE TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF ZR-2.5 WT % NB ALLOY PRESSURE TUBES USED IN IPHWR220

Saptarshi Dutta, P.S.Robi & P. Majumdar

019 EFFECT OF NITROGEN DIPPING ON MICROSTRUCTURE, WETTABILITY AND STRENGTH OF ECAPED SAC SOLDER JOINT

M.S Nurulakmal & T.Y. Koay

036 A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF CR ADDITION ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A COLD ROLLED FE-NI LATERITE BAINITIC STEEL Fatayalkadri Citrawati, Septian Adi Chandra, Dedi Irawan & Joko Triwardono

039 RICE HUSK ASH (RHA) AS SILICA SOURCE IN SN-CU SOLDERS ON BARE COPPER SURFACE FINISH N. Muhamad Kamil, M.A. Azmah Hanim, T.T. Dele-Afolabi & K. Vidyatharran

041 REMAINING CREEP LIFE PREDICTION OF HIGH TEMPERATURE PRESSURE PRIMARY SUPERHEATER COMPONENTS OF HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR

Juliana Ab. Kadir, Mr. Hashim Othman & Ir. Hambali Chik



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042 PREVENTING BRITTLE FRACTURE OF METALLIC MATERIALS IN OIL AND GAS COMPANIES THROUGH MANDATORY CONTROL FRAMEWORK DURING DESIGN, ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION M Hasbi A Razak & Noor Syamiza Abdul Malik

048 CORROSION RESISTANT ALLOY PIPELINE: CREATING KNOWLEDGE BEHIND THE SCENES M Hasbi A Razak & Nur Izyan Mukhtar

060 IN-SITU STUDY OF ELECTROCHEMICAL MIGRATION OF TIN IN PRESENCE OF BROMIDE ION Ee Lynn Lee, A. S. M. A. Haseeb, Y. H. Wong, M. F. M. Sabri & B. Y. Low

061 EFFECT OF VARYING VOLTAGE AND CONCENTRATION OF ADIPIC ACID ON ELECTROCHEMICAL MIGRATION OF TIN

Yi Sing Goh, A. S. M. A. Haseeb, Y. H. Wong, M. F. M. Sabri & B. Y. Low

073 EVALUATION OF FORCE-DEFLECTION BEHAVIOR OF NITI ARCHWIRE AT DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS OF BRACKET SYSTEM M.N. Ahmad, A.S. Mahmud, M.F. Razali, N. Mokhtar & C. W. Ng

100 MICROSTRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL AND TRIBO-CORROSION BEHAVIORS OF AL2O3 NANOTUBES COATED ON ALUMINUM ALLOYS SERIES 7 (AA7075) FOR PALM-BASED BIODIESEL ENGINE APPLICATION Masoud Sarraf & Nazatul Liana Sukiman



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Session 2D Venue: Latitude 1.02

Topic: Composites Chairman: Ir. Dr. Wong Yew Hoong


Title & Author(s)

14:00 – 16:45

025 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS AND THEIR REINFORCED COMPOSITES

Ranvijay Kumar, Rupinder Singh, IPS Ahuja & M.S.J. Hashmi

074 ROLE OF ZRO2 ADDITION ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND TENSILE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL AL-20MG2SI-2CU METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE Hamidreza Ghandvar; Tuty Asma Abubakar & Nur Afiqah Sukiman

075 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES USING NATURAL RUBBER (NR) AND SPECIALTY RUBBER REINFORCED BIO-COMPOSITE MATERIAL Shamsul Kamaruddin, Muhammad Hasif Zakaria & Ai Bao Chai

088 CRUSTACEAN CHITIN NANOMATERIAL AS REINFORCEMENT FOR BIOBASED POLYMER Miftahul Hidayat Maskur, Wan Mohd Fazli Wan Nawawi, Fathilah Ali & Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-Khatib

044 NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SEMI-RIGID BEAM-TO-COLUMN COMPOSITE CONNECTIONS IN COLD-FORMED STEEL

Faisal Amsyar, Tan Cher Siang, Arizu Sulaiman & Ma Chau Khun

089 EFFECT OF 45S5 BIOACTIVE GLASS ON THE SINTERING TEMPERATURE OF TITANIUM-HYDROXYAPATITE COMPOSITE Dayana Syafiqah Abu Bakar, Muralithran Govindan Kutty, Ali Abdullah Alwan Al-Maqtari & Noor Azlin Yahya

090 NICKEL FERRITE / CHITOSAN COMPOSITE AS A RADAR ABSORBING MATERIAL ON MISSILE: A REVIEW AND PROSPECTIVE Maspin Apit & Romie Oktovianus Bura



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094 IMPEDANCE CHRACTERISATION OF CARBON BLACK EPOXY COMPOSITES Raja Nor Izawati Raja Othman & Nazrul Hakim Abdullah

096 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING COMPONENT USING NATURAL RUBBER BIOCOMPOSITES Thamish Patmanathan, Chai Ai Bao & Shamsul Kamaruddin

083 SEQUENCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARATIVE MODELLING OF BROMELAIN FROM PINEAPPLE Nor Ayuni Abdul Manan, Ragheed Hussam Yousif, Kamyar Shameli & Nurulbahiyah Ahmad Khairudin

103 SCALN FREE–STANDING 0.1 MM PIEZOELECTRIC PLATES IN THE 30–50 MHZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY Chiaki Masamune, Rei Karasawa & Takahiko Yanagitani



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List of Abstracts



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Abstract A001

Cationic Micellar Structural Growth and Their Viscoelastic

Behavior in Mixed Surfactants System

Ibrahim Isah Fagge1,2*, Muntaka Dahiru2,3, Ibrahim Usman Kutama1, Shehu

Habibu2, Sharifuddin Md Zain2 & Muhammad Niyaz Khan2 1*Faculty of Science, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil,

Nigeria. 2Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

3School of Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, Nigeria.

[email protected]

Abstract

This study discusses the mechanistic details of the cationic micellar

transition (growth) in a mixed surfactant system. The aqueous mixed

surfactant solution contains cationic micelles at a concentration greater

than CMC (critical micelle concentration). These micelles yield a

pseudophase of various viscoelastic behavior. Effects of inert

counterionic salts (MX) on the rates of bimolecular reactions (with one of

the reactants as reactive counterion) in the presence of ionic micelles

may result in either positive or negative catalysis. The kinetics of mixed

cationic-noionic micellar-catalysed bimolecular reactions has been used

as a probe in the report.

Keywords: Piperidine, Phenyl Salicylate, Micellar structural growth,

Semi empirical kinetics, Spherical micelles, and Wormlike micelles

Abstract A003

Solid-Solid Synthesis and Characterization of Co(II) and

Ni(II) Coordination Polymers with Ligand Derived from 3-

Methoxy-4-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde and Phenyl Alanine

Zainab Sulaiman1, 2 & Junaid Na’aliya2*



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1Department of Science Laboratory Technology, College of Science and

Technology, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure, Jigawa, Nigeria. 2*Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Bayero University, P. M. B.

3011, Kano, Nigeria.

[email protected]

Abstract

Two coordination polymers with general formula [MII3L3(H2O)12].H2O,

(M= Co or Ni), have been synthesized via the one step solid state

synthesis with ligand derived from 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzaldehyde

and phenylalanine. The compounds were characterized by elemental

analysis, ESI-Mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy,

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and conductivity measurements. Data

from experimental results showed that the ligand binds to two metal

centers in a bidentate (O,O) manner through the phenolic and carboxylic

oxygen respectively. Antimicrobial activities of the ligand and the

coordination polymers were investigated and found active against some

selected bacterial and fungal species.

Keywords: solid–solid reaction, coordination polymer, mass

spectrometry, thermal decomposition, antimicrobial activity

Abstract A005

Effects of Densification on Low Density Plantation Species

for Cross Laminated Timber

Tan Yu Feng & Liew Kang Chiang*

Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Forestry Complex, Universiti

Malaysia Sabah, Sabah.

[email protected]

Abstract

This paper aims to determine the relationship of densifying wood

materials and the mechanical strength of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT).

Plantation grown species with low density wood, Batai (Falcataria

moluccana) was utilized in this study to develop CLT for structural



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application. The laminas were pre-treated with high temperature steam

to soften the wood structure, prior to densification. Subsequently, the

laminas were pressed in radial direction by using a laboratory hot press

machine at 170 oC, 2 MPa, for 45 minutes [1]. The process was carried

out in a closed system where the targeted thickness was controlled with

metal stops of 3 mm. The laminas were then cooled to below boiling

before subjected to production of CLT panels. Three-layers CLT panels

were produced by bonding the densified laminas using Phenol-

Resorcinol Formaldehyde (PRF). CLT manufactured from undensified

laminas acts as a control in this study. Density of wood after densification

and springback followed by bending strength and stiffness of CLT were

determined. Results show that densification increases density of the

wood materials. Bending strength of CLT were improved for densified

materials as compared to the control. Pre-steaming of the materials

before densification increases the compressibility of the wood which give

higher density, thus lead to the improvement of CLT strength and

stiffness.

Keywords: Densification, steaming, low density wood, cross laminated

timber, springback

Abstract A009

Carboxymethyl Chitosan Based Biopolymer Electrolyte with

Imidazolium Ionic Liquid

I.J. Shamsudina*, H.Hanibahb, A. Ahmadc & N. H. Hassanc aChemistry Department, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National

Defence University of Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. bCentre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Cawangan Selangor,

Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia. cSchool of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and

Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor,

Malaysia.

[email protected]



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Abstract

Solid biopolymer electrolyte based on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMChi)

has been successfully prepared with ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-

methylimidazolium acetate, [Bmim][OAc] as the charge carrier. The

strong interactions of the ionic liquid with the biopolymer host is detected

by several changes in the FTIR spectra. The decreased percentage of

the crystallinity index derived from the XRD diffractograms suggests the

amorphous nature of the film prepared. SEM observations showed

formation of the linkages due to the plasticizing effect of [Bmim][OAc].

Higher amount of [Bmim][OAc] leads to the enhancement in the ionic

conductivity, σ. The highest σ achieved is (3.05 ± 0.35) x 10-3 S cm-1

measured at ambient temperature. The highest conducting electrolyte

achieved high electrochemical stability up to ±2.8 V measured by linear

sweep voltammetry (LSV). Transference number measurement confirms

that ions are the major contributor in the conduction of electrolyte with

±0.980 ion transference number.

Keywords: Carboxymethyl chitosan, ionic liquid, imidazolium,

biopolymer electrolytes, ionic conductivity

Abstract A014

High Temperature Tensile Behaviour of Zr-2.5 Wt % Nb Alloy

Pressure Tubes Used in IPHWR220

Saptarshi Dutta1*, P.S.Robi2 & P. Majumdar3 1*Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Guwahati, India. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Guwahati, India.

3Reactor Safety Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India.

[email protected]

Abstract

The pressure tubes that are being used in Indian Pressurized Heavy

Water Reactor (IPHWR) of 220 MWe are made of Zr–2.5 wt % Nb alloy.

The mechanical behaviour of these components depends on the

processing route adapted. These tubes are manufactured by hot



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extrusion, which is followed by two stages of cold pilgering along with

intermediate annealing and autoclaving. In this work, tensile tests of un-

irradiated Zr–2.5Nb alloy tube were done in the temperature range from

25 – 750oC. The tests were carried out under a constant nominal strain-

rate of ~ 1 x 10 -4 s-1 and tensile properties such as 0.2% offset yield

stress, ultimate tensile stress, total elongation, Young’s modulus were

determined. At lower temperature, strain hardening was dominant at the

onset of plastic deformation whereas at high temperature flow softening

was observed. The material exhibited large strain at elevated

temperature indicative of super plasticity. Microstructural investigation

revealed the nature of variation in ductility and flow stress as a function

of test temperature. Fracture studies revealed brittle fracture at room

temperature whereas at elevated temperatures the fracture mechanism

was by ductile failure.

Keywords: Zr-2.5Nb alloy, pressure tube, elevated temperature, tensile

properties, super plasticity

Abstract A015

Effect of Particle Insertion Rate and Angle of Insertion on

Segregation in Gravity-Driven Chute Flow

Ritwik Maiti & Danielle S. Tan

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore,

Singapore.

[email protected]

Abstract

The dense granular assembly exhibits very unique behaviour as it is

driven by external forces like shearing, vibration, stirring etc. The

behaviour of a flowing granular medium could be very complex as the

medium can flow almost like a fluid and pack like a solid. The flow of

granular material shows many unique phenomena like segregation,

convection, bubbling, jamming etc. and many outstanding behaviours in

nature like sand dunes, sand ripples, rock avalanche, pyroclastic flow



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etc. ‘Segregation’ or ‘de-mixing’ is a very unique phenomenon, where

particles are separated according to their grain size through a

combination of ‘kinetic sieving’ and ‘squeeze expulsion’ [1]. Segregation

exhibits numerous problems during manufacturing, processing,

handling, packaging etc. Over the years, several methods (such as

improvement of material properties, proper selection of handling

equipment, operational parameters, addition of viscous fluid in mixture)

have been used to minimise segregation [2–5]. However, very little

attention has been paid to minimize the segregation by controlling the

external factors. In the present study we investigate the effects on

segregation by varying the external factors in a gravity-driven semi-

circular chute flow. Specifically, we consider the situation where a 3rd

species is added to a granular mixture composed of 2 different sized-

species. The excitation experienced by the mixture during the flow and

addition process typically results in segregation by size: small particles

percolate to the bottom whereas large particles are squeezed up to the

free surface. Our goal is to investigate whether the third species can be

added in such a way that the resulting segregation is reduced, i.e. the

mixture remains homogeneously mixed. Discrete Element Method

(DEM) has been applied for this study by using the open source DEM

tool LIGGGHTS [6]. The studied configuration is a three dimensional

semi-circular chute 500 mm long and of inner diameter 145 mm. The

chute is oriented at different inclination angles with horizontal (15°-35°)

and periodic boundary conditions are applied along the flow direction to

model an infinitely long chute. A provision has been made to insert

particles across the chute at the free surface of binary mixture. We

systemically varied the rate of particle addition and the angle of particle

insertion to observe their effect on the mixture segregation. Generally,

for all inclinations simulated, we found that the tendency of segregation

decreases up to some extent when we increase the rate of particle

addition and when the injection angle is in the same direction as bulk

particle flow.

Keywords: Granular flow, Chute flow, Segregation, DEM, Volumetric

particle addition



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Abstract A016

Bond Stress Slip of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete

Muhammad Fikril Azim Abdul Sani1, Rahimah Muhamad &Kim Hung Mo2* 1Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

2*Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya.

[email protected]

Abstract

The bond behaviour of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FABGC)

using Class F fly ash under pull-out loading is still under investigation.

Fly ash, as a by-product materials, was utilized to replace Ordinary

Portland cement (OPC) concrete as construction materials. This paper

assess the effect of compressive strength, concrete cover-to-diameter

(C/D) ratio and embedment length (ld) on the bond strength of FABGC

by performing pull-out test. The test was carried out to determine the

effect of those parameters on the bond behaviour of the FABGC with

steel reinforcement. Generally, higher bond strength could be observed

in any specimens with higher compressive strength. Also, C/D ratio

shows the same observation, meaning that the strength increases as the

C/D ratio increased. Besides that, an increase of bond length (ld) tends

to result in reduction of bond strength. It was observed that the trend for

bond stress-slip curves obtained for FABGC is quite identical to OPC and

thus proving that utilization of FABGC is suitable for structural

application. Those observation will be reviewed further in this paper as a

preliminary study to investigate the effect of those parameters

experimentally on the Class F FABGC bond specimens for development

towards utilization of this green cement in structural applications

Keywords: geopolymer concrete, bond strength, pull-out test, C/D ratio,

embedment length



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Abstract A019

Effect of Nitrogen Dipping on Microstructure, Wettability and

Strength of ECAPed SAC Solder Joint

M.S Nurulakmal1* & T.Y. Koay1

School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, USM Engineering

Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstract

Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) family of alloys is one of the most widely used lead-free

solder for electronic packaging, and this stems from their advantage

being relatively comparable melting point with that of SnPb, good

wettability and good mechanical properties. However, advancement in

packaging technology requires higher reliability solder especially with the

miniaturization of solder joint. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is

one of the technique used to introduce refinement of grains meant to

improve mechanical properties of metals and alloys. This project aims to

assess the influence of nitrogen dipping prior to passing the solder

sample through an ECAP die in order to refine the microstructure of

solder and thus, gain improvement of mechanical properties of solder

joint. The purpose of dipping in nitrogen is trying to avoid grain growth

during ECAP process, as solder is relatively low melting alloy and the

grains could potentially grow as they are subjected to heat during ECAP.

Larger grains would have a negative impact to the mechanical

properties. In this work, commercial Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder

alloy was subjected to severe plastic deformation via ECAP for 1 pass,

and prior to this, the samples were dipped in nitrogen for 10, 20 and 30

minutes. Hardness measurement was taken along with assessing the

wettability of solder reflowed on bare Cu substrate. XRD phase analysis

was carried out to analyse the phases present and also measuring the

crystallize size of ECAPed samples. Strength of solder joint was

determined via a lap joint shear strength test. Solders dipped in nitrogen

was found to have higher hardness compared to as-cast solder, and

ECAPed sample without dipping. Their wettability behaviour had also

improved along with the strength of solder joint. This improvement could



39 | P a g e

very likely caused by the grain refinement as observed in ECAPed

dipped in nitrogen samples via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and

also the more uniform distribution of eutectic network. The results

showed that dipping in nitrogen for 10 minutes gave the best

improvement and longer dipping (20 and 30 minutes) seems to have

deterioting effect to the wettability and mechanical properties.

Combination of dipping in nitrogen and ECAP process has shown to offer

good improvement on the wettability and mechanical properties of

solder, and could potentially lead to higher reliability of solder joint.

Keywords: nitrogen dipping, ECAP, microstructure, SAC solder,

wettability, shear strength

Abstract A020

Effect of Different Treatment on Waste Porcelain to the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Porcelain Production

Nur Hidayah Salmi1, Mohamad Zaky Noh2*& Norazreen Sharip 1,2*Materials Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology,

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Educational Hub, 84600 Pagoh,

Johor, Malaysia. [email protected], 2*[email protected]

Abstract

Porcelain has very great physical and mechanical properties but it was

brittle and easy to break. Once broken, the values dropped and

become waste. Waste porcelain (WP) has the opportunity to recycle to

form a new porcelain product by processing the waste through the

appropriate treatments. The WP powder was prepared by crushing and

milling until the particle size 50 m. Partly the WP powder was heat

treated at 700 C for 1 hour and the other part was acid treated in 1

molar HCl for 30 minutes and follwed by drying in oven at 110 C for 24

hours. The untreated WP was remained as reference. The untreated

and treated WP powder were pelleted at 91 MPa mould pressure and



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sintered at 1100 C, 1150 C, 1200 C and 1250 C with 1 hour dwell

time. The samples were then measured the physical and mechanical

properties. The chemical compostion of WP was analysed by X-ray

fluorescene analyser (XRF). The sintered sample was analysed by X-

ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The

sample sintered at 1150 C showed the highest density with 2.47

g/cm3. The compressive strength for untreated, heat and acid treated at

sintering temperature 1200 C were 256 MPa, 527 MPa and 689 MPa

respectively. Recycling waste porcelain has great potential in ceramics

industry for the future.

Keywords: Densification, steaming, low density wood, cross laminated

timber, springback

Abstract A021

Effect of Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) Treatment on

Paraserianthes Falcataria Lamina Sawn Timbers’ Density

and Moisture Content

Charles Michael Albert1 & Liew Kang Chiang2*

Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Forestry Complex, Universiti

Malaysia Sabah

[email protected]

Abstract

Paraserianthes falcataria, a low-density wood species underwent

thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) densification method, which was the

combination of pre-steaming and compression by hot-pressing, in order

to increase its density and mechanical performance. The aim of this

study was to evaluate the impact of combination between pre-steaming

and densification via hot pressing on Paraserianthes falcataria lamina

sawn timbers’ density and moisture content. Thirteen different

parameters (NS/ND, NS/D1, NS/D2, NS/D3, S1/D1, S1/D2, S1/D3,

S2/D1, S2/D2, S2/D3, S3/D1, S3/D2 and S3/D3; whereby NS (non-pre



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steamed), S1 (steamed 10 minutes), S2 (steamed for 10 minutes), S3

(steamed for 30 minutes), ND (non-densified), D1 (4 MPa hot pressing

pressure), D2 (6 MPa hot pressing pressure), and D3 (8 MPa hot

pressing pressure) were applied to indicate densified and non-densified;

pre-steamed and non-pre-steamed Paraserianthes falcataria lamina

sawn timbers. Density of Paraserianthes falcataria samples were

measured by using density formula (kg/m³), and moisture content (%)

were determined by using moisture meter. After 7 days of density and

moisture content measurement, this study found out that S3/D3 had

better mean of density due to highest steaming duration (30 minutes)

and highest pressing pressure (8 MPa) during thermo-hydro mechanical

(THM) treatment, and the lowest mean of density was NS/D1, whereby

it was treated by 4 MPa hot-pressing without pre-steaming process.

Moreover, S2/D1 had the highest mean of moisture content percentage,

while S3/D3 had the lowest mean of moisture content percentage.

Keywords: Thermo-hydro Mechanical, Densification, Paraserianthes

falcataria, Density, Moisture Content, Hot-Pressing, Pre-steaming

Abstract A022

Tension Stiffening Behaviour of Ordinary Portland and

Geopolymer Concrete; Review

Hamdi Abdulrahaman1 & Rahimah Muhamad2* 1Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

2*Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya

[email protected]

Abstract

The contribution of concrete to carry tensile stresses in cracked

reinforced concrete sections or so-called “tension stiffening”- has gained

a lot of attention among researchers. This paper aims to summarise and

discuss all findings on tension stiffening effects of both ordinary portland

and geopolymer reinforced concrete in order to give a clearer

understanding of tension stiffening behavior. This paper also



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emphasized various parameters that play a significant role in tension

stiffening behavior including bond-slip relationship and compressive

strength of reinforced concrete. In general, most researchers have

proved that fly ash geopolymer reinforced concrete exhibits less carbon

footprints and cheaper construction materials compared to ordinary

portland reinforced concrete. Moreover, it has comparable compressive

strength, bond strength, tension stiffening, and higher sulfate and heat

resistance. Hence, This paper provided a comprehensive overview of

state-of-the-art research on tension stiffening and the material

compositions of both conventional and fly ash geopolymer reinforced

concrete geopolymers including experimental, numerical and analytical

studies. The possibility of adopting tension stiffening models of Portland

concrete to be used for fly ash geopolymer reinforced concrete is also

emphasized.

Keywords: Tension stiffening, Geopolymer Concrete, Portland

Concrete, Cracking, Bond Strength

Abstract A025

Processing Techniques of Polymeric Materials and their

Reinforced Composites

Ranvijay Kumar1,2, Rupinder Singh1*, IPS Ahuja2 & M.S.J. Hashmi3 1Department of Production Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College,

Ludhiana, India. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.

3School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, DCU, Dublin, Ireland.

[email protected]

Abstract

This paper reports the state of art review for processing techniques used

in recycling of thermoplastics polymers with different types of

reinforcements, especially for adiitive manufacturing (AM) applications.

In last two decades some studies have reported use of primery (1°),

secondary (2°), tertiary (3°) and quartenery (4°) ways to process



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polymeric materials from recycling view point. But hither to very less has

been reported on standardization of 1°/2°/3°/4° routes in AM

applications. The present study will bridge the gaps for use of 1°/2°/3°/4°

routes as an industrial proceeing standard with low cost AM technology

which have been presented as four case studies for each route for field

engineers.

Keywords: primery, secondary, tertiary, quartenary recycling, additive

manufacturing

Abstract A029

Parameters Optimization in The Mesophilic Bacterium

Treatment of Aqueous Hydrogen Sulfide Laden Wastewater

Mani Malam Ahmad

Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Kano University of

Science and Technology, Wudil, 3244, Kano, Nigeria

[email protected]

Abstract

The optimization of linear and interactions effect to some notable process

parameters was found to effectively enhance this eco-friendly, biological

hydrogen sulfide oxidation. The present work investigated the potential

of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 49128) in the mitigation of sulfide from

aqueous medium under optimum batch culture conditions. This was

approached statistically using response surface methodology (RSM) as

a tool to predict the synergistic effects of initial hydrogen sulfide

concentration (100-500 ppm), temperature (30-40 ºC) and aeration rates

(0.5-2.5 vvm) on biological sulfide oxidation at fixed agitation of 140 rpm

and 8 h hydraulic retention time (HRT). A total number of 20 experimental

runs with 6 center points were carried out. The results were analyzed

and validated using statistical indices for the fitness of the obtained

quadratic models. The analysis of variance showed that more than 99%

of the variation was explained by the models. There was a good

agreement between predicted and observed values. The optimum sulfide



44 | P a g e

removal of 449.87 ppm was achieved at the influent hydrogen sulfide

concentration, temperature and aeration rates of 500 ppm, 35 ºC, and

1.5 vvm in 8 h, respectively. Therefore, the finding depicted the adequacy

of the obtained model in enhancing P. putida sulfide oxidation. The

model was further affirmed with SEM-EDXS analysis, revealing oxidized

sulfide geomicrobiological aggregates coupled with elemental

composition spectrum.

Keywords: Optimization, Parameter, Sulfide, Oxidation, Bacteria,

Wastewater

Abstract A030

Tailoring Supramolecular Interactions in Nitrile

Functionalized Silver(I)-N-Heterocyclic Carbene: An Insight

Investigation into Enhancement of Antitumor Metallodrugs

Studies

Sunusi Y. Hussaina, Rosenani A. Haquea, Mohd. R. Razalia & A. M. S. Abdul

Majidb aSchool of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.

bEMAN Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Universiti

Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. cDepartment of Chemistry, Kano University of Science and Technology Wudil,

Kano, Nigeria.

[email protected]

Abstract

A series of aliphatic nitrile functionalized benzimidazolium salts, 1-6 and

their respective mononuclear Ag(I)-NHC complexes, 7-12 are reported.

Salts 1-6 were synthesized by the suitable method of N-alkylation, with

1H-benzimidazole was firstly reacted with an appropriate alkyl bromide,

followed by reaction with either 5-bromovaleronitrile or 6-

bromohexanenitrile, respectively. The respective mononuclear Ag(I)-

NHC complexes 7-12 were prepared by the reaction of the

benzimidazolium salts with Ag2O. All the synthesized compounds were



45 | P a g e

characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The

molecular structure of complexes 7 and 11 was elucidated through single

crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The benzimidazolium salts and their

respective Ag(I)-NHC complexes were screened for their potential

cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), using MTT assay. The

presence of supramolecular interactions between Ag(I) ions and the

nitrile groups are observed to support the cytotoxicity properties of the

complexes by slowing down the releasing rate of the metal ions. All the

Ag(I)-NHC complexes show a slightly better or lesser activity with IC50

values ranging from 7.0±1.06 – 12.9±1.55 µM in comparison with the

standard drug, Tamoxifen (IC50 = 11.2±1.84 µM). All the respective

benzimidazolium salts, however were found to be inactive.

Keywords: N-Heterocyclic carbene; Ag(I)-NHC; Benzimidazolium salts;

Anticancer studies; Supramolecular interactions; Lipophilicity studies

Abstract A032

SiC-Fe3O4 Hybrid Filler Effect on Microstructure, Magnetic

Permeability and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Matrix

Composite

Negin Ashrafi1*, M.A. Azmah Hanim1,2*, S Sulaiman1, Tang Sai Hong1 &

Masoud Sarraf3 1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Research Center Advance Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC),

Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor,

Malaysia. 3Centre of Advanced Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty

of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 1*[email protected] ; 1,2*[email protected]

Abstract

The development of lightweight aluminum alloys and its application in

various industries such as automotive, aerospace, defense, and



46 | P a g e

electrical are due to its significant properties including excellent corrosion

resistance, high strength to weight ratio, and lower coefficient of thermal

expansion. To increase its coverage of functionality, hybrid fillers addition

into aluminum makes them multifunctional low-weight materials by

developing magnetic permeability and electrical conductivity. Mechanical

properties of the composite depend on the percentage of reinforcement

materials, and microstructure and volume fraction of dendritic α-Al and

other factors. Based on that, the different weight percentage of hybrid

fillers added into Aluminium matrix, and an optimum amount of hybrid

filer (Sic-Fe3O4) needed to modify the magnetic property has been

investigated. In this experiment, powder metallurgy method was used for

the manufacturing process. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

equipped with EDS and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) has been utilized for

metallographic examination of the composite. Mechanical tests such as

tensile and hardness test were conducted to study the mechanical

properties. The aim was to define the influence of hybrid fillers on

mechanical properties, magnetic permeability and microstructure of the

composite.

Keywords: Aluminum composite, microstructure, mechanical

properties, magnetic property, SiC, Fe3O4, hybrid filler

Abstract A033

Waterproofing Performance of Nano Silicon Based Mortar: A

Response Surface Methodology Approach

Nasiru Zakari Muhammad1, Ali Keyvanfar 2, Muhd Zaimi Abd. Majid 4 & Arezou

Shafaghat3 1Department of Civil Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology,

Wudil, PMB 3244, Kano 20027, Nigeria. 2Jacob School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093,

USA. 3MIT-UTM MSCP Program, Intitute of Sultan Iskandar, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia.



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4UTM Construction Research Centre (UTM CRC), Institute for Smart

Infrastructure and Innovative Construction, Faculty of Civil Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Water penetration into concrete structures can causes alots of iproblems

ranging from reinforcement corrosion, poor aesthetic of building façade,

cracks and other forms of degradation. To avoid these problems and

thus, for the purposes of eliminating maintenance cost, a number of

waterproofing admixtures are currently used to increase concrete

service life. This study investigates and established waterproofing

performance of nano silicon based mortar. In this regard, nano silicon

was characterized using water contact angle and nuclear magnetic

resonance Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to

establish the optimum mix ratio. The relationship between the

experimental factors (nano silcon dosage and water cemet ratio) and

response (water absorption) was modelled and validity of the model was

further evaluated to ensure accurate predictions. Optimum mix ratio,

required to reduce water absorption was established at nano silicon

dosage of 6.6% by weight of cement and w/c of 0.42. To this effect, the

results indicated that resistance to water absorption by immersion

increased by 37%.. Macrostructure test indicated a good quality mortar

specimen recorded an Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) value of 3623

(m/s). In addition, FESEM indicated the formation of a crystalline

hydrophobic thin film layer of nano silicon within the pore structure of the

mortar specimen. In conclusion, Nano silicon can be used as

waterproofing admixture.

Keywords: Waterproof, Nano silicon , Water absorption, Microstructure



48 | P a g e

Abstract A034

Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Mortars with Fine

Recycled Concrete Aggregates

Sallehan Ismail1*, Mohammad Asri Abd Hamid2 & Zaiton Yaacob2 1Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying

1Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus, 32610 Seri

Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

Green Safe Cities Research Group, Green Technology and Sustainable

Development Research Community

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor. 2Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor.

[email protected]

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of replacing natural fine aggregate

(NFA) or natural sand with fine recycled concrete aggregate (FRCA) on

the mechanical properties, including density, compressive strength, and

flexural strength, of high-strength cement-based mortar. Several mortar

mixtures were produced by adding various FRCAs to the mixture in

percentages of replacing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of NFA

content. The dynamic behavior of the recycled mortar under impact

loading using a Split–Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was also

evaluated. Overall, results showed that the mechanical performance of

the recycled mortar decreased with increasing FRCA replacement level.

FRCA at ratios of up to 25% exerted minimal adverse effects on the

mechanical properties of mortar

Keywords: Compressive strength; Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregate;

Flexural strength; Recycled Mortar; split Hopkinson pressure bar test



49 | P a g e

Abstract A035

CZT Thin Film using Simultaneous Vacuum Evaporation

Monisha Chakraborty1 & M.S.J.Hashmi2 1Associate Professor, School of Bio-Science & Engineering, Jadavpur

University, Kolkata-700032, India. 2Emeritus Professor, School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering,

Dublin City University, Dublin-9, Ireland. [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Ternary semiconductor Cd1-xZnxTe is a solid state material for high

energy radiation detection. This has wide and tunable bandgap (1.45-

2.25 eV). It has high resistivity and low noise generation. This can be

used for room temperature radiation detection. It has improved charge

collection efficiency and very good radiation absorption power for high

energy radiations. High energy imaging for diagnostic and surveillance

science demands for large area detectors. Large area imaging can only

be addressed in thin film form. Thin films of ternary semiconductor can

be deposited by various methods like PVD, CVD, MOCVD, Liquid Phase

Epitaxy (LPE), Closed Space Sublimation (CSS), Magnetron Sputtering

etc. In this paper, fabrication of thin film of Cd1-xZnxTe by simultaneous

vacuum evaporation and fusion of CdTe and ZnTe powders from the

same vacuum evaporation unit is discussed. Fabricated film is then

subjected to characterization studies.

Keywords: Semiconductor, CdTe, ZnTe, Cd1-xZnxTe, simultaneous

vacuum evaporation, PVD, thin films

Abstract A036

A Study on The Effect of Cr Addition on The Mechanical

Properties of a Cold Rolled Fe-Ni Laterite Bainitic Steel

Fatayalkadri Citrawati, Septian Adi Chandra, Dedi Irawan & Joko Triwardono



50 | P a g e

Research Center for Metallurgy and Materials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences,

Indonesia.

[email protected]

Abstract

In this study, the role of Cr addition in increasing strength and its

drawback with impurities and segregation in a deformed Fe-Ni lateritic

steel followed by austempering is observed. The effect of adding as

much as 2 wt% and 3 wt% of Cr to mechanical properteis of Fe-Ni alloy

and its formability is also studied. Two alloys with a variation in Cr content

were used. Prior to austempering, two different cold rolling reduction

were performed, which are 10%, and 70%, to both samples. The

following austempering process was carried out at 400°C for 30 mins to

obtain bainite structure in the sample. The samples then mechanically

prepared and tested. The structure distributions in each samples were

observed throguh optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.

The hardness test and tensile test of each samples were also performed.

The results then compared to Cr-free Fe-Ni deformed and undeformed

samples. The correlation obtained between the resulted mechanical

properties and the structure of all samples is then evaluated.

Keywords: bainite, lateritic steel, cold rolling, deformation,

austempering, chromium, nickel.

Abstract A039

Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Silica Source in Sn-Cu Solders on

Bare Copper Surface Finish

N. Muhamad Kamil1*, M.A. Azmah Hanim1,2*, T.T. Dele-Afolabi1 & K.

Vidyatharran1 1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of



Malaysia.



51 | P a g e

1*[email protected] ; 1,2*[email protected]

Abstract

Soldering plays an essential role in ensuring the technology growth in

these modern days due to its quick and neat connections in between

electronic boards. Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) solders has been widely used for a

long time in the electronics packaging industry. However, due to its

toxicity, the usage of lead has been a big concern. The adoption of

Restriction on Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive has resulted in

extensive trend of research towards the development of high-

performance lead-free solders. Based on that, different weight

percentage of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as silica source added into Sn-

0.7Cu solders on bare copper surface finish, has been investigated. In

this experiment, powder metallurgy method were used for the

manufacturing process. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope

(FESEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) has been

utilized for metallographic examination of the composite. Mechanical

tests such as shear test was conducted to study the mechanical

properties of the interconnection. The aim was to investigate the

intermetallic compound formation between Sn-Cu solder reinforced with

RHA on basic copper surface finish, to investigate the distribution and

interaction of RHA with the solder bulk ecosystem and to evaluate the

thickness of intermetallic joints of the solder compound and the shear

properties.

Keywords: Lead-free solder, rice husk ash (RHA), Sn-Cu solder, bare

copper, electronic packaging

Abstract A040

Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Additive for Functional Protective

Coating

Iling Aema Wonnie Ma, Ammar Shafaamri, Ramesh Kasi & Ramesh T.

Subramaniam



52 | P a g e

Center for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, University of

Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603

Abstract

Functional coatings are specialized with barrier properties to perform

protection on the material surface. They are designed to be a superior

resistance towards corrosive species that causes corrosion on demand

when in a corrosive atmosphere. In order to enhance the properties of

the protective coating, the reinforcing agent is needed to be incorporated

in coating fabrication. In this study, a series of composites coating based

on hybrid organic/inorganic additive with an undiluted clear difunctional

bisphenol A/epichlorohydrin derived liquid epoxy resin was prepared and

were applied on mild steel under room temperature. The corrosion

protection performances of the nanocomposite coated mild steel

substrates were comparatively studied using electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy (EIS)

Keywords: Composite, Corrosion, Coating, Hybrid, Electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy

Abstract A041

Remaining Creep Life Prediction of High Temperature

Pressure Primary Superheater Components of Heat

Recovery Steam Generator

Juliana Ab. Kadir1, Hashim Othman2 & Hambali Chik3

Group Technical Solutions, PETRONAS [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract

Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) is a type of boiler that normally

identified as critical equipment in the plant. Remaining life assessment

of HRSG is crucial as it required for technical, economic, and statutory

justifications. Creep is a main damage mechanism identified for

superheater components that prolong operated at high temperature and



53 | P a g e

pressure in a water tube boiler. This paper presents a systematic

approach to predict the remaining life due to creep damage mechanism

on primary superheater components of HRSG which made of 1.25Cr-

0.5Mo material and operated at 434.3◦C. The assessment also includes

review of wall thickness measurement trending, metallographic

investigation by in-situ replication test, design data and operating

condition trending to be used as an input to estimate the remaining life

in the form of creep damage accumulation rate calculated from life

fraction using MPC Project Omega Data. The results indicate that the

primary superheater components have satisfied the technical and

statutory requirement for extension service life. The remaining creep life

prediction shall be repeated to update the creep life consumption

estimation as well as reiterate remaining creep life projection at suitable

interval in the future when there is an indication of advancement in creep

damage detected from in-situ replication test or when substantial change

in component operating temperature detected.

Keywords: HRSG, primary superheater, creep, MPC Project Omega

Data, remaining life assessment, high temperature

Abstract A042

Preventing Brittle Fracture of Metallic Materials in Oil and

Gas Companies through Mandatory Control Framework

during Design, Engineering and Construction

M Hasbi A Razak1, a & Noor Syamiza Abdul Malik2, b

PETRONAS Group Technical Solutions, Menara Dayabumi, Jalan Sultan

Hishamuddin, 50050, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

The consequences of a catastrophic failure of equipment are very

serious, both in terms of financial implications and the risk to human life.

Essential requirements in the design and operation of pressure

containing equipment such as pressure vessels, piping, and pipelines



54 | P a g e

particularly those made from ferritic steel and operating at low

temperatures shall be seriously considered in avoiding the possibility of

brittle failure. The specification of material requirements was developed

to prevent process safety incident and mitigate the consequences

resulting from the unintentional release of energy or hazardous by

adopting lessons learned from major process safety incidents that have

occurred in PETRONAS and in international hydrocarbon processing

industries. Therefore, a governance document i.e. Mandatory Control

Framework (MCF) was developed in PETRONAS by verifying the HSE

management systems and practices in assuring the technical design

integrity and quality during installation. The establishment of MCF in

most major oil and gas companies took place especially after the Texas

refinery and Macondo incidents. The main intent of MCF is to ensure that

all capital projects, plant modifications and the existing facilities with

HIGH and VERY HIGH process HAZARDS complies with PETRONAS

Technical Standard (PTS) requirements to safeguard the interest of all

relevant parties.

Keywords: Brittle Fracture, metallic materials, HAZARD, ALARP, PTS

Abstract A043

Synthesis of Co/CNT Composites Derived from ZIF-67 and

their Application to Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Nguyen Thi My Hao1, Yunhwa Kim2, Ho-Jung Sun2,Gyungse Park3 &

Joongpyo Shim1*

1*Department of Nano & Chemical Engineering, Kunsan National University,

South Korea. 2Department of Material Science & Engineering, Kunsan National University,

South Korea. 3Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, South Korea.

[email protected]



55 | P a g e

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) being constructed from metal ions or

clusters and bridging organic ligands (or linkers) have attracted

signification attention during the past decades as promising materials

compared to conventionally used microporous and mesoporous

inorganic materials. These hybrid structures possess tremendously

outstanding characteristics such as high surface area, flexible rational

design through control of the architecture and functionalization of the

pores. If imidazole as organic ligand and metal ion were used, zeolitic

imidazolate framework (ZIFs) is simply obtained. Thermally and

chemically stable ZIFs materials have received extensive research and

application interests. In particular, ZIF-67 can be synthesized by a facile

and environmentally friendly organic synthesis method. The

nanostructures and mean particle sizes of ZIF-67 can be adjusted by

controlling experimental conditions carefully. The resulting ZIF-67

possesses the characteristics having tetrahedral nanostructures were

revealed for the admirable chemical and thermal stability and everlasting

porosity, highly stable structure, catalytic activity. Furthermore, ZIF-67

and its derivatives have aroused great interest of scientists and have

potential to be applied to gas adsorption, molecular separation,

electrochemistry, catalysis. Hence, in this study, Co/CNT composites

derived from ZIF-67 were synthesized by calcination under 10%H2/N2

atmosphere at 700oC. Firstly, ZIF-67 was synthesized using 2-

methlyimidazole and cobalt acetate in water. Two chemicals were reactd

in room temperature, and the reaction was finished within 30min. During

calcination of ZIF-67, the organic ligand was carbonized and growed with

cobalt particles, and then numerous carbon nanotubes or carbon

nanofibers were synthesized. The obtained Co/CNT composites was

used as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, and mixed with polymer

binder to make slurry. And then, it was cased on Cu foil to make anode.

The coin cell was assembled in Ar-filled glovebox, The cobalt

nanoparticles in Co/CNT composites was reacted with Li ions. The

content of Co in composites was identified by TGA and EDS, and the

morphology of composite was observed by SEM. Detail results will

showed in conference



56 | P a g e

Keywords: ZIF, Co/CNT, carbonization, anode, lithium-ion battery

Abstract A044

Numerical and Experimental Study of Semi-Rigid Beam-to-

Column Composite Connections in Cold-Formed Steel

Faisal Amsyar, Tan Cher Siang, Arizu Sulaiman & Ma Chau Khun

Department of Structure and Materials, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

The concept of cold-formed steel has been expanded recently from the

semi-rigid bolted moment connection to the composite construction.

Partial strength beam-to-column composite connection is performed by

anchoring reinforcement bars to the column member and embedded into

concrete slab. In this paper, series of numerical studies have been

carried out to describe the complex interactions between different

components in composite joint. Two laboratory test specimens of the

non- and composite cold-formed steel joints have been tested and the

results are used for validation of FE model. A 2 mm thick of hot-rolled

steel gusset plate bolted by M12 grade 8.8 tension bolts are used to

connect the I-shaped beam to the column. Multi-purpose software

ABAQUS was used in this study to model a three dimensional (3-D) finite

element model to investigate the nonlinear behavior of the composite

connections. Approach of nonlinear material characteristics and

geometric behavior, contact and sliding between different elements and

bolt pretension are proposed in this model. The proposed FE model can

satisfactorily predict the full-range moment-rotation relationship and

load-displacement correlation of the composite joints. The predictions

agree very well with the experimental results and analytical predicted

based on design guides of Joints in Steel Construction: Composite

Connections and BS 5950-1:2000.



57 | P a g e

Keywords: semi-rigid connection, composite joint, finite element

analysis, moment resistance, initial stiffness, cold-formed steel

Abstract A045

The pH of Concrete as Durability Assessment of Concrete

Structures

Sumra Yousuf*1,a, Payam Shafigh2,b , Salmia Beddu3,c & Zainah Ibrahim1,d 1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya,

50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Department of Building Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, University of

Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Center for Building, Construction & Tropical Architecture (BuCTA), Faculty of

Built Environment, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga, Nasional Putrajaya

Campus, Malaysia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract

The pH of concrete is an important factor for the durability, sustainability

and long service life of concrete building structures. Naturally, the pH of

concrete is high from about 12.5 to 13.5. The main reason of this high

pH of concrete is the existing oxide mineral of portlandite and alkali metal

contents in Portland cement. The pH of concrete does not remain

constant and may vary with the passage of time. The variation in

concrete pH value is mainly due to the processes like carbonation,

corrosion, chloride ingress, biodegradation and acid attack. The major

problems associated with the strength and durability of concrete

structures like various structural and non-structural cracks, corrosion of

steel rebars, scaling, spalling, abrasion and carbonation are caused due

to reduction in pH of concrete. In addition, the high pH of concrete may

also cause deterioration and durability related issues like alkali silica

reaction, expansion, porosity and other moisture related damages in

concrete structures.



58 | P a g e

Keywords: pH, concrete, durability, portlandite, corrosion

Abstract A046

Effect of Cd2+ cations on AC conductivity of stearic acid

MIS diode

Syed A. Malik1* & Asim K Ray2 1*Department of Physics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim,

Malaysia. 2Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University,

London, UK.

Abstract

Composite Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were deposited onto n-type

silicon substrate to fabricate a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS)

diode. The fabrication of MIS diode involved a careful preparation of

silicon substrates, and deposition of thin organic film and electrical

contacts. Cadmium chloride solution with concentration of 0.1 mol/l was

prepared by dissolving 18.3 g of CdCl2 salt into 1 liter of water. An

amount of 6 ml of the solution was mixed thoroughly into the subphase

and a CdCl2 solution was produced with a concentration of

approximately 5 x 10-4 M. A small AC signal of 20mVrms was applied

across the device and swept from -3V to +3V i.e. from reverse to forward

bias. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of MIS devices formed

with the as-deposited 40-layer LB films of stearic acid were measured

with a varying modulating signal frequency and biasing voltage. The

capacitance was found to be highly dependent on the AC modulating

frequency. For AC signal frequency up to 100 kHz, a typical C-V

behaviour of MIS structure showing three distinct regions: inversion,

depletion and accumulation were observed when the biasing voltage was

swept from -3V up to approximately 0.8 V. When a signal frequency is

greater than 100 kHz, a drastic drop in capacitance occurred. The dip in

the curve at a bias voltage greater than 0.8V may be due to high leakage

DC current flowing through the device in the accumulation region. As the

frequency increased, the capacitance in the accumulation region



59 | P a g e

decreased more than in the inversion region. This type of behaviour is

believed was caused by the creation of high density of surface states at

the interface between insulator and semiconductor. The flattened in C-V

curve could also be due to the presence of a series resistance (RS)

owing to contacts and low substrate doping.

Keywords: Langmuir-Blodgett films, Cadmium ions, MIS diode, AC

conductivity, Capacitance-Voltage

Abstract A047

Synthesis and Catalytic Performances of Calcinated Co and

Ni ZIF-67 (Zeolitic-Imidazolate Framework-67) as Air

Electrodes in Zn-Air Batteries

Sheraz Ahmed1, Ho-Jung Sun2, Joongpyo Shim3 & Gyungse Park1* 1*Department of Chemistry Kunsan National University, South Korea.

2Material Science & Engineering, Kunsan National University, South Korea. 3Department of Nano & Chemical Engineering, Kunsan National University,

South Korea.

[email protected]

Abstract

Co & Ni embedded in the carbon nanotubes (CNT) were obtained by the

calcination of Co and Ni-ZIF-67. A general and high-yield strategy for the

formation of CNTs from the metal−organic frameworks (MOFs)

developed at a temperature of 700 °C by the calcination process. The

purpose for the formation of CNTs is to obtain small nanocatalysts with

high activity. The formation of metallic Co embedded in the carbon

nanotubes was investigated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the

graphitization was analyzed by the Raman Spectroscopy. The resulting

Co & NI-ZIF-67 are highly porous with a high specific surface area of

253.4 and 290 m2/g. Furthermore, the porous ZIF-67 exhibited superior

electrochemical performance when applied as a cathode material for the

Zn-air batteries. The cyclic test for charging and discharging was

performed for 200 h revealing a potential catalyst, having splendid



60 | P a g e

stability for the OER and ORR in the Zn-air batteries. The excellent

electrochemical performance for these catalysts may be attributed to the

various factors. Including (i) presence of carbon nanotubes prevents

from aggregation (ii) the high porosity increases the active sites (iii) the

calcination under nitrogenous atmosphere improves the conductivity for

the frameworks.

Keywords: ZIF-67, Oxygen Reduction Reactions, Oxygen Evolution

Reactions, Zn-air battery, Carbon nanotube

Abstract A048

Corrosion Resistant Alloy Pipeline: Creating Knowledge

behind the Scenes

M Hasbi A Razak1, a & Nur Izyan Mukhtar2, b

PETRONAS Group Technical Solutions, Menara Dayabumi, Jalan Sultan

Hishamuddin, 50050, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

The high pressure high temperature (HPHT) with significantly high

contaminants of CO2 and H2S in full well stream demands the selection

of Corrosion Resistant Alloy (CRA) pipeline for an offshore gas field. This

pipeline system comprises of metallurgically bonded CRA layer

produced by roll bonding called Metallurgical Cladded Pipe (MCP) and

mechanically expanded and fitted CRA layer in a backing steel called

Mechanical Lined Pipe (MLP). Several issues arise during manufacturing

and installation of the pipeline such as undulation appearance and rise

indications at MLP internal surface, fit-up and girth welding constraint at

the pipe end of MLP and MCP during installation phase. Thorough

investigation including special tests were conducted to find the root

causes and mitigations to ensure the integrity of the pipeline throughout

the operating life. The findings demonstrated that the MLP and MCP are

able to satisfactorily meet design requirements for the pipeline. Lessons



61 | P a g e

learnt and best practices were also established for future reference in the

manufacturing and installation of CRA pipeline.

Keywords: Mechanical Lined Pipe, Metallurgical Cladded Pipe,

Corrosion Resistant Alloy

Abstract A050

Master Curve of Dynamic Modulus for Polymer Modified

Asphalt Mixtures

Ali M. Babalghaith1*, Hamad A. Alsolieman2, Abdulrahman S. Al-Suhaibani2 &

Suhana Koting1 1Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

2Faculty of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia.

[email protected]

Abstract

The master curve model is one of the widely used models to describe

the variation of dynamic modulus of asphalt mixtures with mixture

temperatures and time rate of loading (loading frequency). The main

objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of modifiers on the

performance of asphalt mixtures using their dynamic modulus (E*) which

was measured by Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT). Six

types of modifiers that are widely used in Riyadh city were investigated.

These modifiers include five types of polymers (Lucolast7010, Anglomak

2144, Pavflex140, SBS KTR 401and EE-2) and Crumb Rubber.

Unconfined samples were tested at four temperatures; 14ºF (−10 ºC),

40ºF (4.4 ºC), 70ºF (21.1 ºC) and 130ºF (54.4◦C) and six load

frequencies; 25, 10, 5, 1, 0.5 and 0.1 Hz. The modulus values at these

temperatures and frequencies are used to construct the master curves.

Results showed that all the modified asphalt mixtures showed higher

mixture stiffness when compared to the unmodified mixture. A master

curve model with excellent goodness-of-fit was obtained which can be

used to predict the dynamic modulus of these modified asphalt mixtures.



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Keywords: Master curve, dynamic modulusm, Polymer modified

asphalt, modified mixture

Abstract A051

Shear Analysis of Sn0.7Cu Solders with Rice Husk Ash as

Silica Source on Electroless Nickel/Immersion Silver

(ENIAg) Surface Finish

M.A. Azmah Hanim1,2, Chuan Khang Wei1* & T T Dele-Afolabi1 1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of



Malaysia. 1,2 [email protected]; 1*[email protected]

Abstract

Miniaturization of electronic devices or related components has coupled

with the increasing functionality demand incorporated in each electronic

product increased the performance issue in terms of reliability of the

solder joint, Therefore, lead-free solder composites such as SAC solder

incorporated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or Graphene Nanotubes

(GNTs) were able to provide performance and quality that are crucial to

the integrity of a solder joint. However, CNT and GNT are expensive and

this put a dent on the cost aspect of the product. As a cheaper alternative,

this project explores the possibility of incorporating rice husk ash (RHA)

that are rich in silica (SiO2) into Sn0.7Cu solder as a reinforcement

agent. The objective is to determine the reliability of this alternative

solder reinforced with agricultural waste. The optimum weight

percentage of RHA added into the solder matrix was investigated to

optimise the mechanical strength. In addition, to replace the costly

Electroless Nickel/Immersion Gold (ENIG) surface finish on the copper

substrate, the effects of ENIAg as the surface finish were studied.

Powder metallurgical route was used to prepare the sample and reflow

soldering was used to produce the solder interconnection. Field Emission



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Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) equipped with EDX has been

utilized for metallographic examination of the solder composite.

Mechanical testing was conducted to study the shear properties using a

single solder lap-joint method. The aim was to define the influence of

RHA and ENIAg surface finish on the shear strength, and microstructure

of the solder composite.

Keywords: Lead-free solder, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Sn0.7Cu, ENIAg,

microstructure, shear strength

Abstract A054

Characterization Investigation of ZnO, Graphene, and

ZnO/Graphene Nanoparticles as Nanoscale Lubricants

Additives

Waleed Alghani1,2, Mohd Sayuti Ab Karim3*, Samira Bagheri4, Suriani Ibrahim5

& M. Gulzar6 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Midland Refineries Company, Ministry of Oil, Al Doura, 10022 Baghdad, Iraq. 3*Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Ave.,

Medford, MA 02155, USA. 5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 6Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of

Engineering & Information Technology, Punjab, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan. 3*[email protected]; 1,[email protected]

Abstract

This research article investigates carefully the effect of different

concentrations of nanoparticle ZnO, Graphene, and combinations

thereof in pure base oil group two (PBO-GΙΙ) on standard steel balls. The

characterization of these two nanomaterials of ZnO and graphene were

depicted by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Oleic acid was a



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surface-active agent used to stabilize the nanolubricants. A four-ball rig

was used to identify the tribological parameters, including coefficient of

friction (COF), wear scar diameter (WSD), and specific wear rate (SWR).

Correspondingly, a digital imaging system was utilized to conclude the

WSD. Moreover, several surface characterization tools (FE-SEM,

EDX/EDS and elements mapping microanalyses, Raman spectroscopy,

and surface roughness measurements were applied to specify the

metallographic depiction of the ball scars. The experiments

demonstrated that mixing 0.04wt% ZnO + 0.02wt% Graphene with PBO-

GΙΙ optimized the lubricant’s tribological behavior. The mean deduction

in COF, WSD, and SWR were 43.81%, 36.78%, and 39.47%

respectively. The dual influence of nano-ZnO and nano-platelet

graphene are proved to be favorable lubricant additives that excel pure

group ΙΙ base oil. The upgraded tribological behavior could be ascribed

to the ideal structural perfection of the blend (ZnO and Graphene) and

the tribofilm generated by the nanoparticles during the sliding motion.

Keywords: Nanomaterials, Characterization, Transmission Electron

Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission, Elements Mapping, Raman

Spectroscopy, and Surface Roughness

Abstract A056

Crack Growth Model for Thermal Barrier Coating with

Various Rare-Earth Elements in Static Condition Application

Salmi Mohd Yunus1*, Abreeza Manap2 & Savisha Mahalingam2 1*Materials Engineering & Testing Group, TNB Research Sdn. Bhd.

2Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional.

[email protected]

Abstract

Thermal barrier coating (TBC) has been applied on the gas turbine hot

components to increase their exposures temperature beyond the

material limits. The modification in TBC by the addition of rare-earth

elements theoretically may improves its properties. However,



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evaluations are needed to obtain their performance limit. Crack Growth

Model for the modified TBC system has been established throughout this

study which found that over time, the crack growth rate has reached

almost zero. Images of cracks which captured from SEM have been used

to verify the measured crack and has increased the reliability of the

established model.

Keywords: Thermal barrier coating, rare-earth elements, static

condition, TGO growth rate, Crack Growth Model

Abstract A057

Characterisation of the Tensile and Fracture Properties of

Filament Wound Natural Fibre Rings

Sujith Bobbaa*, Z. Lemana,b, E.S. Zainudina & S.M. Sapuana,b aDepartment of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia. bAdvanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Faculty of

Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Fiber splitting which is the chief preliminary form of impairment in fiber

reinforced polymer composites. In succession to delay the rapid crack

propagation in polymer matrix and provide to increase of the fracture

toughness of FRP composite, the polymer matrix of fiber reinforced

polymer composite is modified by using different natural fiber

composites such as sugar palm, kenaf, coir and data palm impregnated

with polyester resin and then split-disk tests according to ASTM D-2290

standard were performed on the natural fiber specimens with a winding

angle of 900 .By determining the hoop tensile strength and hoop tensile

modulus of these natural fibre composite rings, the effects of filament-

winding processing parameter in winding angle were evaluated. The

results indicate that kenaf yarn fibre with unsaturated polyester has the

highest hoop tensile strength compared with other natural fiber



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composite specimens. Finally in this study, various different natural fibres

were used as reinforcement material to contribute to the research study.

Keywords: Fiber cracking; Natural fiber composites; split-disk tests;

hoop tensile strength; hoop tensile modulus

Abstract A058

Bouc-Wen Hysteresis Parameter Optimization for

Magnetorheological Damper Using Cuckoo Search

R. Rosli1, Z. Mohamed1, G. Priyandoko2 & M.F.F.A. Rashid1 1Advance Structural Integrity and Vibration Research Group, Faculty of

Mechanical and Manufacturing, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia. 2Teknik Elektro, Universitas Widyagama, Malang, Indonesia.

[email protected]

Abstract

This paper proposed an optimized phenomenological Bouc-Wen model

for a magnetorheological damper (MR damper). Cuckoo search (CS)

algorithm was utilized to heuristically search the parameters in the

phenomenological Bouc-Wen model. The parameters mainly control the

hysteresis loop shape of the model. The objective function returned the

root mean square error (RMSE) of the optimized phenomenological

Bouc-Wen model compared to the real experimental data of MR damper.

The optimizing efficiency of the proposed CS algorithm was evaluated

by computing the final value of the fitness function and the iteration

numbers it took to converge. Efficiency comparison was done against

particle swarm optimization (PSO) and sine-cosine algorithm (SCA). The

CS algorithm showed best results in terms of the lowest RMSE and

fastest convergence rate among the three algorithms.

Keywords: cuckoo search algorithm, phenomenological Bouc-Wen,

magnetorheological damper



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Abstract A059

Oxicams – The Potential Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase-1 and

Cyclooxygenase-2

Sia Sararu1, Floarea Nicolae2 & Adrian Beteringhe3* 1Faculty of General Medical Assistance, Bioterra University of Bucharest.

2Faculty of Engineering and Management in Public Food and Agro-Tourism,

Bioterra University of Bucharest. 3*Faculty of Control and Expertise of Food Products, Bioterra University of

Bucharest

Abstract

The research aims to involve the "Molecular Docking" technique for

selecting structures of some oxicams with potential inhibitory activity for

cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX 1 and COX2). COX1 and COX2 differ by

a single amino acid, but the active sites of the enzymes are identical.

Currently, piroxicam is known to have all the properties of non-steroidal

anti-inflammatory drugs, but the duration of the effect is long, so it can

be given once a day. Determines a strong gastric irritation. Piroxicam is

an anti-inflammatory with selectivity for COX1 and COX2 but especially

for COX1. Meloxicam affects more actively cyclooxygenase-2. From the

data presented, it can be concluded that Ampiroxicam-COX1 and

Meloxicam-COX2, respectively, have the lowest energy values. These

oxicams are potential COX inhibiting agents. The data presented are

consistent with the data from the literature.

Keywords: oxicams, COX1 and COX2, molecular docking, inhibitors,

ampiroxicam, meloxicam

Abstract A060

In-situ Study of Electrochemical Migration of Tin in

Presence of Bromide Ion

Ee Lynn Lee1, A. S. M. A. Haseeb1*, Y. H. Wong1, M. F. M. Sabri1 &



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B. Y. Low2 1Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya.

2NXP Semiconductor Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

As the miniaturization of electronic devices take place, problem related

to electrochemical migration (ECM) in the circuit become serious. ECM

is an electrochemical reaction that occurs in presence of electrolyte and

bias voltage, causing metallic components to dissolve and redeposit at

another place in the form of dendrites. The growth of dendrite leads to

bridging between metallic components and will eventually cause short

circuit in the device. Closer spacing in conduction paths causes an

increase in electric field, shorter ion diffusion and dendrite growth path,

therefore leads to greater risk of ECM. The presence of contaminants in

the environment can speed up the ECM process. Some common

contaminants are chloride, bromide, sulphate and flux residue. This work

investigates ECM process of tin in the presence of bromide ions. Water

drop test (WDT) was conducted in the two-probe semiconductor

characterization system under a high-power optical microscope for the

in-situ investigation. The effects of bromide ions concentration (1×10-6M

to 0.5M) on ECM process of tin were investigated. The products of ECM

such as dendrites and precipitates were characterized by SEM/ EDX and

XPS. Anodic polarization test (APT) was carried out to study the

relationship between electrochemical properties of Sn in NaBr and ECM.

Preliminary results showed that rate of anodic dissolution increases with

bromide ion concentration and voltage, indicating the harmful effect of

bromide ions. The probability of short caused by ECM first increases and

then decreases with NaBr concentration. SEM/ EDX analysis showed

that the dendrite morphology was tree-like and the main element of

dendrite was tin. The mechanism of ECM of tin in bromide ion is

suggested based on the in-situ investigation.

Keywords: ECM; dendrite; bromide ion; WDT; APT



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Abstract A061

Effect of Varying Voltage and Concentration of Adipic Acid

on Electrochemical Migration of Tin

Yi Sing Goh1, A. S. M. A. Haseeb1*, Y. H. Wong1, M. F. M. Sabri1 &

B. Y. Low2 1Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya.

2*NXP Semiconductor Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abstract

Miniaturization of electronics poses great challenges to the reliability

aspect. Highly dense packaging with closer interconnection spacing in

small electronics can lead to severe electrochemical migration (ECM)

related failure. ECM is a phenomenon where metal dendrites will form

and bridge neighboring electronic components due to presence of

moisture layer and direct current voltage. Flux residues such as adipic

acid will accelerate ECM failure by increasing conductivity of moisture

layer. This paper varies the voltage and concentration of adipic acid to

study their effects on ECM of tin (Sn). Water drop tests (WDT) were

conducted to check ECM at voltage between 3 to 12V and at adipic acid

concentration between 1ppm to saturated condition. Dendrites formed

and caused short circuit at very low concentration of adipic acid (1 ppm),

indicating that adipic acid is dangerous to electronics. Scanning Electron

Microscopy (SEM) were used to observe the morphology of the dendrites

and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed that the

dendrites formed consisted of pure Sn.

Keywords: ECM; dendrite; flux residue; Sn; water drop test; adipic acid

Abstract A065

Brazing of Porous Copper Foam Using Cu-Sn-Ni-P Foil for

Heat Sink Application



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Nur Amirah Mohd Zahri1, Nur Elyiana Sahira Shafee1, Farazila Yusof1, 2, Siti

Nurmaya Musa1, 2, Nazatul Liana Sukiman1, 3, A. S. M. A. Haseeb1,3 & Tadashi

Ariga4 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Centre of Advanced Manufacturing & Material Processing (AMMP Centre),

University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia. 4Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-

1292, Japan.

[email protected]

Abstract

Porous copper foam (PCF) was brazed between copper (Cu) using a Cu-

9.7Sn-5.7Ni-7.0P filler foil. The large surface area of PCF allows it to be

used in a particular heat sink. Brazing processes were conducted in a

furnace to evaluate the effect of pore per inch (PPI) of PCF and the

brazing holding time on the brazed interface microstructure and strength.

Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Energy

dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were employed on Cu/PCF brazed

interface for the microstructure and elemental composition analysis. X-

ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out on the shear fractured

surfaces of Cu/PCF for phase determination. The results exhibited

distinct phases of Cu, Cu3P, Ni3P and Cu6Sn5 (P: phosphorus; Ni:

nickel; Sn: Tin). The thicker filler layer was formed as an island-shaped

consist of brittle phases Cu3P and Ni3P for 10 min brazing holding time.

While at different number PPI of PCF illustrated a similar thickness of

filler layer. The brazed strength of Cu/PCF 15 PPI with a 10 minutes

brazing holding time yield a maximum shear strength of 2.9 MPa.

Keywords: Brazing; Porous copper foam; Cu-Sn-Ni-P foil; Shear

strength; Microstructure; Heat sink



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Abstract A069

A Comparative Analysis of TOPSIS and VIKOR for

Composite Material Selection

Aamir Adeeb Abdul Rahim1,2 , S. Nurmaya Musa1 & S. Ramesh1 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Department of Decision Sciences, School of Quantitative Sciences, University

Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Composite has fast becoming the future aerospace material for its

versatile combination of high strength and low weight. Also, the interplay

by the constituent materials dictates the characteristics and the strength

of the composites itself. When combined and bonded in multiple layers,

the composite airframe component can take on the strength and load-

bearing properties that compliant with aviation standard. Being cost-

prohibitive, one could argue that the most efficient solution would lie

within the extremes cost and weight. The price of fiber vary dramatically

depending on current market condition, fiber grade (aerospace vs.

commercial) and the fiber tow size. Therefore, composite selection is

bound to be on physical, mechanical and cost characterization. Hence,

some selection methods capable of handling alternatives and multiple

criteria are required to overcome this confusion state. For this purpose,

compromise methods from Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM);

Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)

and VIse Kriterijumska Optimizacija kompromisno Resenja (VIKOR)

methods are adopted. Finally, TOPSIS and VIKOR methods were

compared and the result shows good agreement between both methods

for material selection. The analysis for VIKOR that used v = 0.1, 0.5 and

0.9 values suggested similar agreement. The results of the analysis were

then compared using Spearman's rank correlation. Owing to the

potentiality, the results of this study can be used in aerospace industry

in improving the material selection process.



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Keywords: Material Selection, MCDM, TOPSIS, VIKOR,C-VIKOR,

Composite

Abstract A070

Sound Absorption Performance of Napier Fibre

Zaiton Haron, Khairulzan Yahya , Nurathirah Mohd Fasli & Siti Nuranis

Shaikh Abdul Hamid

Department of Structures and Materials, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor,

Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

The acoustics performance in lecture rooms has been questioned in

recent years. The unpleasant noise generated from the room

surrounding has become a nuisance to people. In addition to that, the

absence of sound absorption material has impacted the production of

noise in the room. Therefore, the acoustic panel has been introduced to

overcome the problem while improving the hearing level for individual.

However, many of the available acoustic panels in the current market are

composed of hazardous materials. Thus, there are demands for the

utilisation of sustainable materials in the making of acoustic panel. This

research was conducted to investigate the sound absorption potential of

Napier fibres in which can be an alternative used for acoustic panel

materials. Different thickness of Napier fibre samples with binder have

been prepared and tested by using the impedance tube test to get the

sound absorption coefficient (SAC). The result revealed that the sound

absorption was good and achieved a satisfactory level at low frequency

from 160 Hz to 2000 Hz. The highest SAC obtained in the frequency of

500 Hz is 0.48 while for 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz is 0.9. Besides, the highest

noise reduction coefficient (NRC) achieved was 0.59. This study

indicated that the use of non-toxic Napier fibres can be potentially

expanded in the production of cheap and sustainable acoustic panels.



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Keywords: Sound absorption coefficient; acoustic panel; Napier fibre;

Fibrous materials, noise reduction coefficient, low frequency, high

frequency

Abstract A071

Biostable Highly Aligned Polyurethane Fibres for the

Potential Application of Small Calibre Vascular Grafting

Chin Joo Tan1,2, Bee Chin Ang2,3,a), Andri Andriyana1,2 & Grégory Chagnon4 1Centre of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya,

50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 4Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-

IMAG, F-38000, Grenoble, France.

[email protected]

Abstract

Synthetic vascular grafting is necessarily when the autografting is not

possible in some cases. Conventional polyethylene terephthalate and

polytetrafluoroethylene vascular grafts are found to be effective for

diameter bigger than 6 mm but not for the diameter smaller than 4 mm

due to the compliance mismatch and thrombogenicity. Endothelization

on the surface of the graft can reduce the risks of compliance mismatch

and thrombogenicity. In order to catalyst the endothelization process,

fibrous morphology similar to the extracellular matrix of our body is

preferable in the vascular grafts. Apart from that, the biostability of the

grafts is also an essential element to be considered as the

biodegradation may reduce the efficiency of the grafts. Many

polyurethanes have been recognised as biostable materials. Hence, in

this study, highly aligned polyurethane fibres are fabricated using a facile

dry spinning technique in the view of providing effective sites for

endothelization process to occur. These fibres are immersed into the



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simulated body fluid for as long as 24 weeks before conducting the

biostability characterisations. The biostability is assessed in three

aspects, physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Results show

that the fibres do not have observable or significant deteriorations in all

the three aspects mentioned.

Abstract A072

The Effect of Agitation Rate on the Free Radical

Polymerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide

Yong Hsin Nam Ernest, Lim Siew Shee, Gan Suyin & Tshai Kim Yeow

Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Radical polymerization of hydrophilic N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm)

monomer was conducted at elevated temperature of 80℃ and at varying

agitation rates of 50, 100 and 200 rpm in the presence of potassium

persulfate (KPS) as thermal initiator and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)

as the surfactant to investigate the effect of agitation on the final

properties of the resulting polymer. Under the controlled condition of

oxygen deprived environment and temperature exceeding the thermal

decomposition of KPS, high conversion of NIPAm monomer can be

observed by the cloudiness of the solution, a phenomenon resembling

typical behavior of thermal responsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

(PNIPAm) where the polymer precipitated out of the aqueous phase

above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The synthesized

polymer can be further verified with the aid of Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)

responses. The presence of PNIPAm polymer molecules is evident from

FTIR spectrum of the polymer synthesized at 50 and 100 rpm agitation

rates, where distinct peaks representative of PNIPAm functional groups

were identified. However, FTIR spectrum of polymerization mixture

produced at 200 rpm showed high transmission peak at 1619 cm-1,



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corresponding to unsaturated C=C group signifying large proportion of

monomer species remained and hence unsuccessful polymerization at

high agitation rate of 200 rpm. Thermal stability of polymer prepared at

agitation rates of 50 and 100 rpm as characterized by TGA showed

responses similar to the typical degradation behavior of PNIPAm, where

major weight loss in the range of 88 to 92% took place between 330 and

430˚C, where maximum rate of weight loss occurred at 400. The particle

size and distribution as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS)

method shows that lower agitation rate at 50 rpm yield PNIPAm with

smaller average particle size (average hydrodynamic diameter, Zavg =

153.4 nm) and lower apparent viscosity at a constant volume fraction of

polymer in methanol, ha = 33 cP compared to those produced at

agitation rate of 100 rpm, where the measured Zavg and ha being 250.5

nm and 963 cP. Nevertheless, low agitation rate at 50 rpm led to a

polymer with large variation in particle size distribution, with the

measured polydispersity index (PDI) being 0.535 while a uniform

distribution of polymer particles with PDI of 0.09 was obtained at agitation

rate of 100 rpm. At agitation rate of 200 rpm, the non-cloudy, clear

polymerization mixture suggested minimal conversion of monomer to

polymer, and the process did not yield any solid polymer particle after

dialysis and freeze drying. Visual observation of the synthesized

PNIPAm (dissolved in water) at temperatures of 25 and 40˚C depicted

transition from clear to increased cloudiness of the solution, confirming

the thermal responsiveness of the purified samples across its LCST. The

paper demonstrated that agitation rate affects the efficacy of the

polymerization process and the PNIPAm polymer synthesized at

different agitation rates showed variation in the resulting particle size,

particle size distribution and apparent viscosity.

Keywords: Free radical polymerization, agitation rate, hydrophillic

monomer, N-isopropylacrylamide, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), thermo-

responsive polymer, smart polymer



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Abstract A073

Evaluation of Force-Deflection Behavior of NiTi Archwire at

Different Configurations of Bracket System

M.N. Ahmad1*, A.S. Mahmud2, M.F. Razali2, N. Mokhtar3 & C. W. Ng2 1*Engineering Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Spanish Institute,

Kulim Hi-Tech Park, 09000 Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia. 2Nanofabrication and Functional Materials Research Group, School of

Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,

14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. 3Craniofacial and Biomaterial Science Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental

Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang,

Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

NiTi shape memory alloy archwire is widely used in orthodontic

treatment, replacing stainless steel, for the flat and low deactivation force

it can offer. However, the presence of friction at the contact region of wire

and brackets may cause the low deactivation force to be ineffective to

induce tooth movement. This work evaluated the force-deflection

behavior of NiTi archwire upon bend at different bracket configurations

in levelling treatment. Experimental test rig was developed to perform

three-brackets bending test and five-brackets bending test at room

temperatures (27°C). The bracket used was 0.022 stainless steel and

the wire used was 0.016-in NiTi round wire. Fabricated Teflon bracket

was also used as a control experiment to represent the bending behavior

of the archwire in a frictionless condition. Additionally, elastomeric

ligature was also used at three-brackets jig to evaluate the effect of

ligating friction towards the force trend exhibited by the archwire.

Bending tests were done at different deflections of 2 mm, 3 mm and 4

mm. The results show that the wire bent on Teflon brackets produced a

flat force plateau, both on activation and deactivation cycle. On the other

hand, when stainless steel brackets were used, the force plateau

transformed into positive gradient on the activation and negative gradient

on the deactivation.



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Keywords: Force-deflection; Three-brackets bending test; Five-bracket

bending test; fabricated Teflon bracket; Binding friction;

Abstract A074

Role of ZrO2 Addition on Microstructure and Tensile

Characteristics of Commercial Al-20Mg2Si-2Cu Metal Matrix

Composite

Hamidreza Ghandvar, Tuty Asma Abubakar* & Nur Afiqah Sukiman

Department of Materials, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, School of

Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

(UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Aluminum hybrid metal matrix composites benefit the properties of two

or more reinforcement materials and could contain unique physical,

mechanical and tribological properties which are not achievable in other

materials. In this study, different amounts of ZrO2 particles were added

to Al-Mg2Si composite using stir casting method. The effect of different

amounts of ZrO2 on the microstructure and tensile properties of Al-

Mg2Si in-situ composite was investigated using optical, scanning

electron microscopy and tensile test respectively. The results showed

that addition of ZrO2 into the Al-Mg2Si composite decreased the average

mean size of primary Mg2Si particles. Adding ZrO2 particles up to 10wt.

% had a good dispersion in the Al-Mg2Si matrix; however, increasing the

ZrO2 content to 15wt. % led to agglomeration of ZrO2 particles.

Furthermore, tensile results showed that Al-Mg2Si composite with 10wt.

% ZrO2 addition showed the highest UTS (75.35 MPa) and El% (0.69)

compared to other fabricated composites. Fracture surface of the hybrid

composite with 10wt.% ZrO2 revealed more ductile fracture mode

compared to other fabricated composites.

Keywords: Hybrid composite, Al-Mg2Si, ZrO2, Microstructure, Tensile

properties



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Abstract A075

Comparative Study of Engineering Properties Using Natural

Rubber (NR) and Specialty Rubber Reinforced Bio-

Composite Material

Shamsul Kamaruddin1*, Muhammad Hasif Zakaria2 & Ai Bao Chai2 1*Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Malaysian Rubber Board, Malaysia.

2Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering,

University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus.

[email protected]

Abstract

ENR-25, ENR-50, deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) and NR rubber

compounds were developed in this research. A comparative study was

carried out to determine the rheological properties, mechanical and

dynamic behaviour of the compounds. Oil palm fibre (OPF) and eggshell

powder (ESP) were incorporated as hybrid bio-fillers with a ratio of 10/30

due to its superior findings. The ENR and DPNR compounds showed

lower curing time and scorch time than NR indicating their improved

processibility performance. NR resulted in the highest hardness, tensile

strength and compression set as expected. The performance of ENR is

found to deteriorate as the mol% expoxide increases. However, DPNR

obtained some comparable mechanical properties with NR. A double

shear test was also conducted to study the dynamic behaviour of the

compounds. The vibration profile, dynamic stiffness, loss angle and

damping ratio are reported. It was observed that ENR-25, DPNR and NR

presented similar dynamic behaviour trends as opposed to ENR-50. In

addition, ENR-25 and DPNR tend to perform well when subjected to high

frequencies. Thermogravimetric analysis observed in OPF suggested

that modifications can be done to improve its thermal stability that affects

the OPF and rubber adhesion. The experimental results showed

promising potential for ENR-25 and DPNR to be utilized in future

developments along with the current NR.

Keywords: oil palm fibre, eggshell, vibration, dynamic stiffness, damping



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Abstract A078

Micro Fracture Analysis of Transformation Induced

Plasticity Steel

Iori Sanou*1, Takashi Matsuno1,2, Ikumu Watanabe2 & Tomohiko Houjo3 1Tottori University

2National Institute for Materials Science 3Tohoku University

Abstract

This study analyzed the ductile fracture of TBF (TRIP-aided steel with a

Bainitic Ferrite matrix) steel in a view of microstructure. TBF steels are

composed of two phases, bainitic ferrite and retained austenite; and they

present good compatibility of high strength and elongation. Further,

improving fracture strain is one of remaining tasks of these steels. Then,

the study carried out tensile tests for evaluation of true fracture strains,

and the specimen after the tensile test were observed by SEM for

analysis of initiation sites of micro-voids. We also measured nano-

hardness distribution around micro-voids. The measurement presented

that hierarchical strain distribution in prior and residual austinite grain-

sizes, residual austenite grain-size scales to initiate and grow the micro

voids.

Abstract A079

Stress-Strain Curve Measurement of Hardened Steel SKD-11

by Piercing Tests

Kouta Nakagiri*1, Takashi Matsuno1,2, Takashi Yasutomi3, Shigeru Yonemura,

Hiroto Shouji4 & Mitsuru Ohata4 1Tottori University

2National Institute for Materials Science 3Nippon Steel Corporation

4Osaka Universtiy



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Abstract

In this study, work-hardening parameters and fracture strain of a

hardened tool steel (SKD11) is identified. The SKD11 steel sheets with

1.0 mm thickness were plastically deformed by piercing test with 5.0 μm

clearance, and punching force and stroke were recorded for inverse

analysis using finite element(FE) simulations. In this piecing test, a

carbide punch and die with rounded edges were used to avoid their

failure. Furthermore, the tools were coated with TiCN. As a result of

repeating FE simulations with optimizing Swift parameters, we can find

the parameters so that the punching force and stroke measured

corresponds with the numerically simulated curve. Fracture strains of the

SKD11 were also evaluated as the maximum equivalent plastic strain

simulated at the punch stroke of sudden force release.

Abstract A080

Identification of Anisotropic Fracture Strains of Thin Steel

Pipes

Takashi Matsuno*1,2, Iori Sanou1, Hiroto Shouji3, Mitsuru Ohata3 & Tomomi

Hayase4

1Tottori University

2National Institute for Materials Science 3Osaka University 4KYB Corporation

Abstract

Fracture strains of thin steel pipes in axial and hoop directions were

evaluated by two methods. The pipes were made by electron resistance

welding and cold-drawn for setting right circular shape. The thickness of

the pipes was 1.8 mm. The first method is a tensile test using a small

round-bar specimen. Round-bar tensile specimens whose diameters are

1.0 mm were cut from the pipes along both the axial and hoop directions.

As a result, the evaluation of one steel pipe presented anisotropic

fracture strains; the fracture strain in the hoop direction are lower than



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that in the axial direction. That means fracture strain in the hoop direction

decides formability of this steel pipe, despite the difficulty of making small

round-bar specimen. The second method is observation of pieced

surface on the pipes. Although this method is much easier than the

tensile test using the small round-bar specimen, area of sheared surface

showed consistency of fracture strains evaluated by the tensile test.

Thus, combining the two methods will probably give easy and accurate

fracture strain evaluations of thin steel pipes.

Abstract A081

Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) of Bioglass 45S5

Reinforced Zirconia for Biomedical Application

Chin Hao Zac1, AR Bushroa1,2*, M Rizwan1,2 & Masoud Sarraf1,2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Faculty of

Engineering, University of Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Titanium alloys, Ti-6Al-4V has been widely used in biomedical implant

applications, due to its biocompatibility and high mechanical properties.

However, Ti-6Al-4V is a bioinert material and it lacks bioactivity. It will

induce galvanic reaction when contacted with body fluid such as fluoride

or saliva. Bioactivity is a crucial property for an implant material as it

allows them to develop bonding with human tissues. Therefore, coating

of bioglass 45S5 reinforced Zirconia have been suggested to overcome

this inertness. Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) due to its low-cost

experiment set-up, low process temperature and high-quality deposited

coating, was selected to be a method of deposition process. Upon the

coating deposition, the deposited materials were sintered to around 600

℃. Comparisons have been made between the samples deposited with

pure bioglass, pure zirconia and bioglass reinforced Zirconia. Further

comparison was investigated after sintering. Characterizations were



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conducted via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)

for surface morphology and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for phase structure.

The mechanical tests were performed by utilizing scratch and micro-

hardness testing methods. Results showed that all the coatings were

successfully deposited on Ti alloys. Surface morphology rectified

interesting features before and after sintering. Upon sintering, there was

a presence of O2 composition, and amount of bioglass and Zirconia for

all classes have slight variation due to activity of crystallization. XRD

confirmed the presence of all elements in the diffractogram. The coating

hardness varied between the pure, combination and sintered coatings.

The sintered bioglass reinforced presented the highest hardness of 414

HV compared to bare Ti alloy of 266 HV. This goes in consistent with the

adhesive strength. The highest strength executed was 1929 mN. Results

from this research showed that the sintered bioglass 45S5 reinforced

with Zirconia surpassed the mechanical properties of all. Further work on

in-vitro test is in progress.

Keywords: Electrophoretic deposition; Bioglass; Zirconia

Abstract A083

Sequence Analysis and Comparative Modelling of Bromelain

from Pineapple

Nor Ayuni Abdul Manan, Ragheed Hussam Yousif, Kamyar Shameli &

Nurulbahiyah Ahmad Khairudin

Chemical Energy Conversion and Application iKohza, Department of Chemical

Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100,

Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Protein structure can be determined by either experimental method or by

computational prediction, which commonly known as comparative

modelling. The objective of this study is to predict the structure of



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bromelain enzyme from pineapple using computational approaches.

Results from BLAST showed that the most suitable template for

bromelain enzyme was procaricain with 40.58% of sequence identity

determined by sequence alignment. MODELLER was used to predict the

model using the method of satisfaction of spatial restraints. The quality

of the predicted model was then analysed using Ramachandran`s Plot

and Verify3D Profile evaluation. The results suggest that the model is

reliable and has good stereochemical properties.

Keywords: Bromelain, homology modelling, structural bioinformatics

Abstract A084

The Effect of Cement Content on Drying Shrinkage of Roller

Compacted Concrete Pavement

Mehdi Abbasi1,2, Payam Shafigh1,2 &Mohamad Rizal Bin Baharum1,2 1Department of Building Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, University of

Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Center for Building, Construction & Tropical Architecture (BuCTA), Faculty of

Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Abstract

Roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) became a proper

alternative to conventional concrete pavement due to its cost-

effectiveness and easier production. RCCP is a zero slump concrete with

appropriate mechanical properties which make it to be a durable rigid

pavement. It has lower drying shrinkage due to its lower water demand

and less cement content compared to normal vibrated concrete. In this

research, the drying shrinkage behavior of two type of RCCPs with two

different cement dosages of 12% and 15% (of dry materials) was

investigated. The experimental test results were also compared with ACI

209.2R-08 drying shrinkage strain prediction model. The test results

show that increasing cement content from 12% to 15% has not significant

increasing on drying shrinkage strain of the RCCPs at early ages, while,



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the mix with 15% cement content showed 6% higher drying shrinkage

strain in long-term.

Keywords: Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement, Drying Shrinkage,

Cement Content, Mechanical properties

Abstract A086

Improvement of Coating Characteristics via Improvised

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) Set-up

M.S Sharizal1, A.R. Bushroa1,2* & Mitra Akhtari Zavareh1,2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Faculty of Engineering,

University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

The PEO technique is relatively simple, low cost, ability to deposit

mixture of complex compounds as well as depositing layers on complex

geometries. Due to a high temperature operation and easily exposed to

corroded chemicals, it requires proper experimental set-up to produce

quality and uniform coatings. Therefore, the old PEO experimental set-

up has been improvised including 1) electrode holder; 2) cathode-anode,

and 3) water-cooling system. In this paper, the focus is dedicated to the

first two items. For the first item, since the samples were to be held with

the conventional crocodile clip and frequently faced corrosion; a software

of SOLIDWORKS was utilized as a platform to design the holder. Next,

via the CAD model, the new innovative holder was fabricated using a 3D

printer. For the second item, results due to cathode via stainless

container and carbon electrode were exhibited. Performance of the new

set-up PEO was to be tested in comparison between the old setup and

improvised one. For this, compact layer of TiO2 was deposited on

Ti6Al4V substrate. Investigation on the quality of the PEO coating was

executed through surface morphology measurement using FESEM



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machine. FESEM analysis demonstrated that the coating from the new

set-up produced a thicker, denser and lower porosity of coating structure

compared to the specimen deposited via the old set-up. Meanwhile, the

mechanical properties of hardness and adhesive strength showed that

the new set-up improved both aspects. Thus, the new set up is

recommended since it could protect the sample holder from being

corroded, and enhancement in deposition rate without ignoring that the

electrolyte temperature stability is one of the other important issues

during the deposition process.

Keywords: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating; Plasma electrolytic

oxidation (PEO); Micro-hardness; Adhesive strength

Abstract A088

Crustacean Chitin Nanomaterial as Reinforcement for

Biobased Polymer

Miftahul Hidayat Maskur1, Wan Mohd Fazli Wan Nawawi1,*, Fathilah Ali1 &

Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-Khatib1

Department of Biotechnology Engineering, International Islamic University

Malaysia , 53100, Gombak, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Chitin nanofibers extracted from crab shell using chemical treatment

were used to reinforce bio-based polymer, polylactic acid (PLA). In this

study, chlorofom was used to dissolve and disperse both chitin and PLA

homogenously before it was left evaporated naturally at room

temperature. Tensile specimen was prepared by filling the dog-bone

mold cavities with chloroform-free chitin/PLA film followed by

compression molding at 190 °C and 25 bar. Tensile strength test were

performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite

at different chitin concentration loading. Increase in chitin nanofiber

content up to 5 wt% effectively improve the Young Modulus (E) and

tensile strength (σ) of the resulting nanocomposite, in which the highest



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improvement was found at 5% chitin loading ( E = 1.3 GPa , σ = 24 MPa).

This account for 13% Young Modulus and 275% tensile strength

improvement compared to neat PLA specimen ( E = 1.15 GPa, σ = 6.4

MPa). However, further increase in chitin nanofiber content was found to

decrease the tensile strength performance of the nanocomposite. Higher

chitin nanofiber content caused the tendency for the agglomeration likely

to occur, which therefore lead to poor dispersion of the nanofiber within

the nanocomposite. Characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was

conducted to analyze the extracted chitin nanofiber, while Scanning

Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to study the surface morphology

of resulting chitin/PLA nanocomposite.

Keywords: Chitin, nanofiber, polylactic acid, biobased, nanocomposite,

morphology

Abstract A089

Effect of 45s5 Bioactive Glass on the Sintering Temperature

of Titanium-Hydroxyapatite Composite

Dayana Syafiqah Abu Bakar, Muralithran Govindan Kutty, Ali Abdullah Alwan

Al-Maqtari & Noor Azlin Yahya

Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya,

50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Titanium (Ti) has good mechanical properties and anti-corrosion abilities

while hydroxyapatite (HA) is biocompatible with human hard tissue and

has similar composition of mineral component in bone and teeth

structures, which makes Ti-HA composite a great potential to be used as

a biomaterial in dental applications. To minimize the oxidation of titanium

and decomposition of hydroxyapatite is an important step to achieving

this aim. The objective of this study is to reduce the sintering temperature

of Ti-HA by incorporating 45S5 bioactive glass in the system. 45S5



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bioactive glass (with weight composition of 45% SiO2, 24.5% CaO,

24.5% Na2O and 6% P2O5) was prepared via melt-quenched method.

Each materials were weighed, milled and melted at 1380°C before were

quenched rapidly in water. The produced powders of 45S5 bioactive

glass were then incorporated in different ratios (1%-5%) into the Ti-HA

composite and sintered in the air atmosphere furnace. The characteristic

of crystalline phases of Ti-HA composite reinforced with different ratio of

45S5 bioactive glass were analyzed by using Fourier Transformed

Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and X-

Ray Diffraction (XRD). 45S5 bioactive glass was synthesized

successfully with the XRD data indicating an amorphous sample that

agrees with other references. It is expected that this 45S5 bioactive glass

will reduce the sintering temperature via liquid phase sintering during the

diffusion process. The above results prove that 45S5 bioactive glass is a

good sintering aid and could facilitate the improvement of the Ti-HA

composite in terms of its physical and mechanical properties.

Keywords: Biomaterials, Composite Materials, Titanium,

Hydroxyapatite, 45S5 Bioactive Glass, Sintering

Abstract A090

Nickel ferrite / Chitosan Composite as a RADAR Absorbing

Material on Missile: A Review and Prospective

Maspin Apit1 & Romie Oktovianus Bura2* 1Departement of Weaponry Technology, Faculty of Defense Technology,

Indonesia Defense University, Bogor, Indonesia. 2*Department of Weaponry Technology, Faculty of Defense Technology,

Indonesia Defense University, Bogor, Indonesia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Missiles are usually difficult to attack a land target or a surface ship that

is equipped with a RADAR. Therefore, technology needs to be

developed on missiles so that they are not detected by enemy RADAR.



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One of these technologies is the provision of radar absorbing material on

missiles. Nickel ferrite is a cheap material that has high permeability, high

resistivity, and high magnetic saturation, so it can be used as radar

absorbing material. Chitosan is a biopolymer that is polycationic or

possessing lots of positive charges from the nitrogen group. These

polycationic properties tend to classify chitosan into dielectric materials.

Materials with high dielectric properties will be able to absorb

electromagnetic waves. Nickel ferrite and Chitosan are combined to

make a cheap composite and has a prospect to be a RADAR absorbing

material on missile.

Keywords: nickel ferrite, chitosan, composite, RADAR absorbing

material, missile.

Abstract A092

Elastic Properties of Electrospun PVDF Nanofibrous

Membranes: Experimental Investigation and Numerical

Modeling Using Pixel-Based Homogenization Technique

M.S. Sukiman1,2, A. Andriyana1,2,*, B.C. Ang1,3, C.J. Tan1,2, T. Nuge1,2, H.S.C.

Metselaar1,2 & M. Elma4 1Center of Advanced Materials. Faculty of Engineering. University of Malaya.

50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering. University of

Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering. University of

Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 4Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering. Lambung

Mangkurat University. 70714 Banjarbaru, Indonesia.

[email protected]

Abstract

In this paper, experimental investigation and numerical modeling of the

mechanical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibrous

membranes produced by electrospinning are addressed. Membranes



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with three different diameters are fabricated which can be achieved by

adjusting the needle-collector distance during electrospinning. The fiber

morphology and the physical properties of the resulting membranes are

investigated using SEM while their elastic properties are probed using

conventional tensile tests. It is found that the effect of the needle-

collector distance on the fiber morphology is not linear. A low number of

beads are observed on the shortest distance and it decreases for the

intermediate distance. However, a high number of large beads are

present on the furthest distance membrane which indicates poor

electrospinning parameter for the PVDF polymer. Following the same

trend, the fiber diameter is low, lowest and highest for the shortest,

interemediate and furthest distance respectively. It is also interesting to

note that the membrane density is highest when the fiber diameter is

lowest which implies better fiber arrangement and fiber packing.

Consequently, the intermediate distance yielded the highest membrane

Young’s modulus, followed by the shortest and furthest distance. Next,

the experimental results serve as reference for a pixel-based numerical

homogenization technique which is applied directly on the SEM images

of the membranes. This technique has the advantage of providing

estimations of properties from the real membrane structure. The

numerical results are consistent with the experimental ones and have

shown to be a reliable tool for the determination of nanofibrous

membrane’s elastic properties. The pixel-based numerical

homogenization technique can be a nondestructive alternative to the

conventional tensile tests.

Keywords: Electrospinning, Polymer, Nanofiber morphology, Elastic

properties, Computational homogenization.

Abstract A094

Impedance Chracterisation of Carbon Black Epoxy

Composites

Raja Nor Izawati Raja Othman & Nazrul Hakim Abdullah



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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti

Pertahanan Nasioanal Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Carbon black (CB) has been widely used as carbon filler for the epoxy

resin to impart an enhanced electrical properties. CB is highly

agglomerated; which is an important characteristic in enhancing the

formation of percolated network. In this work, CB has incorporated into

epoxy at a loading range from 1 wt.% to 7 wt.%. The electrical

conductivity is measured using impedance spectroscopy, operated in the

frequency range between 10 to 105 Hz. It is found that the higher amount

of CB added resulted in the higher amount of electrical conductivity. The

ac conductivity values and pattern for for 1 wt.% and neat epoxy is

similar, indicating that loading 1 wt.% is insufficient to change the

behavior of the epoxy from insulative to conductive. It is also observed

that the specific conductivity values for the samples containing CB at

loading 5 wt.% and above remains independent of the frequency,

indicating a purely ohmic behaviour. The critical loading is also

calculated and yielded the value of 2.7 wt.%. Impedance measurement

is also performed and demonstrated Nyquist plot of semi circular for CB

loading between 3 wt.% to 5 wt.%. However, the Nyquist plot for loading

6 wt.% and 7 wt.% displayed vertical plot.

Keywords: Carbon Black, Electrical Conductivity, Circuit Equivalance,

Percolation Threshold, Critical Loading

Abstract A095

The Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Residual

Stress Level of A53 Steel Pipe

Raden Dadan Ramdana, Irma Pratiwib, Bagas Ade Senatama, M Bagaskara

Jiwapasca, Emia Yoseva Tarigan, Dwiki Panji Kresna & Suryandaru Martawirya



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Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha Street No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

40132. [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Residual stresses often become the cause of early damage to equipment

or machinery. Residual stress generally appears on components as a

result of improper equipment design and improper of manufacturing

processes. Cold working processes on metals can provide plastic

deformation. Plastic deformation that occurs will cause lattice distortion

on the metal structure. This lattice distortion will cause residual stress.

The greater degree of cold working on the metal, the greater residual

stress level in the metal. In this research, measurement of residual stress

was carried out on as received specimen and treated specimens. The

treatment given is cold work by rolling and thermomechanical treatment

(cold work + normalizing). Residual stress measurement is carried out

using the hole drilling method. The results show that the greater

deformation percentage given, the greater residual stress measured.

One of the methods to relieve residual stresses in material is by heat

treatment process. In this process, the residual stress on material will

decrease significantly accompanied by changes in the microstructure

inside the metal. However, if the application of the heat treatment

process is not right, besides experiencing a decrease in residual stress,

the metal will also experience decreasing in strength and therefore

proper treatment process is needed through understanding the

phenomena that occur during the process of heat treatment of metals

that have high residual stress. For this reason, a detailed understanding

about the effect of thermomechanical treatment on the residual stress

level is important to investigate.

Keywords: Residual stress, stress concentration, hole drilling test,

thermomechanical treatment, heat treatment



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Abstract A096

Design and Development of Engineering Component using

Natural Rubber Biocomposites

Thamish Patmanathan1,a, Chai Ai Bao1,b* & Shamsul Kamaruddin2,c 1Department of Mechanical, Materials and manufacturing Engineering, Faculty

of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia. 2Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Malaysian Rubber Board.

[email protected], b*[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

In this study, the potential usage of natural rubber biocomposites in

engineering products was investigated. The engineering product

fabricated is a rubber bush which is widely used in the automobile

industry. Three different types of rubber matrix: 25% mol epoxidised

natural rubber (ENR25), 50% mol epoxidised natural rubber (ENR50)

and deproteinised natural rubber (DPNR) were studied. The biofillers

used were eggshell powder (ESP) and oil palm fibres (OPF) with a

loading of 30 phr and 10 phr respectively. The mould flow simulation

was carried out to study the flow of the rubber in an existing mould cavity.

The results were used to modify and improve the flow of the rubber

biocomposite material into the mould. A thermogravimetric analysis

(TGA) was carried out on both the ESP and OPF and it was observed

that the ESP is more stable thermally compared to the OPF. Static test

was conducted on the rubber bush to study the static stiffness properties.

Dynamic test was also conducted to study the dynamic stiffness and the

loss angle. The results of the tests showed promising mechanical

properties of the natural rubber biocomposites with ENR25 rubber

matrix. Further research should be conducted on other biofillers that is

capable of improving the properties of the rubber to replace the use of

carbon black in the ENR25.



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Abstract A098

Role of Size (Steric) and Charge (Donnan) Exclusion in

Removal of Iron from Water by Hydrophilic Nanofiltration

Membranes

Norherdawati Kasima*, Abdul Wahab Mohammadb,c &Siti Rozaimah Sheikh

Abdullahc aDepartment of Chemistry, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National

Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sg. Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. bResearch Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of

Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600

UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. cDepartment of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and

Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,

Selangor, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

The retention of iron from water by hydrophilic nanofiltration membranes

(TS40 and TFC-SR3) were investigated. In order to better understand

the mechanisms of iron removal by these polymeric membranes, their

surface charge and separation behavior for several salt solutions (NaCl,

Na2SO4, and MgCl2) were first investigated. The ability of both

membranes to remove inorganic species, Fe2+ from water was further

investigated. Low applied pressure and adjustment on feed pH were

shown to influence the divalent Fe2+ ion retention mechanism.

Experimental results showed that retention of this metallic ion by using

TFC-SR3 was higher than TS40 membrane. An increase of applied

pressure has decreased Fe retention for TFC-SR3 (99-94%) and TS-40

(86-69%). This behavior was believed due to solvent permeability. In the

aim to achieve drinking water standard, feed solution pH was adjusted in

the range of 3 to 9. Retention of Fe(II) decreased sharply from 99% at

pH 9 to 67% at pH 3. This results is mainly attributed to changes in Fe(II)

speciation with pH (Fe2+ at pH < 6.8, Fe2+ at pH > 6.8) and to the extent

on changes in membrane charge with decreasing pH. In addition,

permeate concentration (Cp) of iron has achieved the drinking water



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standard by filtration at pH 9 for TFC-SR3 (0.12 mg Fe/L) and TS-40

(0.14 mg Fe/L) membrane. The pH adjustment has dominantly

influenced membrane performance due to solute-membrane interaction

and emphasized the paramount role of size and charge exclusion in

achieving high retention of Fe(II) species in water.

Keywords: Nanofiltration; Iron retention; Drinking water; Membrane

charge; Hydrated radius

Abstract A100

Microstructural, Mechanical and Tribo-Corrosion Behaviors

of Al2O3 Nanotubes Coated on Aluminum Alloys Series 7

(AA7075) for Palm-Based Biodiesel Engine Application

Masoud Sarraf & Nazatul Liana Sukiman

Center of Advanced Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty

of Engineering, University of Malaya,50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Abstract

Aluminium and its alloys are adopted in wide range of applications due

to its outstanding advantageous properties such as high electrical and

thermal conductivities, good corrosion resistance, highly formable,

recyclable and high strength with low density. In the event of corrosive

environment, pure aluminium as well as its alloys can be further

enhanced through surface modification to improve its corrosive property.

In this current research, the focus is on employing novel surface

modification with the formation of aluminium oxide nano-porous arrays

on aluminium alloy AA7075 in order to improve the tribocorrosion

properties. Development of the oxide layer was carried out through

electrochemical anodization. Subsequently, heat treatment at 450 °C for

duration of 1.5 hour. Tribocorrosion behaviour of AA7075 in palm oil

biofuel (B100) is studied with justifications on material properties:

adhesion strength, hardness and surface wettability. Heat treated

sample has the best adhesion strength (2400 mN) of aluminium oxide



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nano-porous layer, the highest hardness (92HV) and lowest contact

angel (18.3◦) compared to substrate and anodized samples. Corrosion

and tribology test in palm oil biofuel (B100) carried out reveals that

anodization able to improve tribocorrosion resistance of AA7075. Heat-

treated AA7075 also enhanced the material properties and increase

tribocorrosion protection of with the lowest corrosion rate (0.002×10-6)

and coefficient of friction (0.33).

Keywords: AA7075; Anodization; Tribocorrosion; Wettability;

Mechanical properties

Abstract A101

Polymer Blending Between Polylactic Acid (PLA) and

Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) for Water Filtration Membrane

Application

Lau Kia Kian

Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

The awareness to develop biopolymers membrane is arising currently for

filtration purpose owing to its renewability and sustainability properties.

At present study, polymer blending between polylactic acid (PLA) and

polybutylene succinate (PBS) through solution casting is an excellent

strategy to enhance the structural properties of membrane. Under the

examination of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM),

the fabricated membrane had improved porosity and well porous

structure. For physicochemical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry

(DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have revealed the increased

crystallinity degree of the blended polymeric membrane with 39.4%.

Meanwhile, both mechanical and thermal properties were slightly

enhanced for membrane with the blending of 80 wt% PLA and 20 wt%

PBS. In water filtration performance, the blended membrane showed

great water permeability in the range from 36 to 55 L/m2h. Also, the



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improved water permeability was in line with the reduction of water

contact angle. Therefore, the well-designed polymeric membrane could

be utilized for water filtration application.

Keywords: membrane; water filtration; polymer blending; polylactic acid;

polybutylene succinate

Abstract A102

PZT Family Epitaxial Thick Film for Ultrasonic Transducer at

Frequencies Below 100MHz

Yuka Mazda1,2 & Takahiko Yanagitani 1,2,3* 1Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University

2ZAIKEN 3*JST-PRESTO

[email protected]

Abstract

The frequency range of 20-100 MHz ultrasonics are promising for

photoacoustic imaging, which is useful to image blood in vivo at high

resolution. PVDF is a well-known material for ultrasonic transducers for

photoacoustic imaging. However, electromechanical coupling of PVDF

(kt2=4%) is not enough for practical use. We previously reported high kt2

of 4.4 m PZT epitaxial thin film (kt2=25%) at 400 MHz. In order to

achieve lower frequency operation, thicker epitaxial film is required.

However, it is difficult to obtain thick epitaxial PZT film due to their large

internal stress. Many studies of PZT thick film transducers, therefore,

were centered on the use of polycrystalline films. In this study we first

report high efficient PZT epitaxial thick film transducer operating in the

20-100 MHz.

PZT thick films (16.0 m) were grown epitaxially on conductive La-

SrTiO3 substrate by RF magnetron sputtering for 100 hours. The

substrate is at the floating potential to reduce the effects of ion-



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irradiation-induced stress during the epitaxial growth. We measured

crystalline quality of the PZT thick film by a X-ray diffractometer

(XRD,X’Per PRO, PANalytical). PZT(002) peak was observed at around

2 =43º. (002) peak rocking curve FWHM of the PZT was measured

to be 0.4º which shows high crystallinity.

We fabricated the high-overtone bulk acoustic resonator (Au/PZT/La-

STO substrate). Longitudinal wave conversion loss(CL) is calculated

from the impulse response, which is obtained by the inverse Fourier

transform of the reflection coefficient S11 measured using a network

analyzer. The minimum CL of 2.8 dB was found at 89 MHz. kt2 estimated

by comparison of experimental and theoretical CL was 26.0%, which is

much higher than that of PVDF (4%). This transducer is well suited for

photoacoustic imaging and medical ultrasonic applications.

Keywords: Piezoelctricity, PZT, Epitaxial, Magnetron sputtering,

Ferroelectric material

Abstract A103

ScAlN Free–standing 0.1 mm Piezoelectric Plates in the 30–

50 MHz Resonance Frequency

Chiaki Masamune1, 2, Rei Karasawa1, 2 & Takahiko Yanagitani1, 2, 3 1Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering,Waseda University

2ZAIKEN 3*JST-PRESTO

[email protected] , [email protected]

Abstract

Ultrasonic microscopy for biological imaging uses the frequency range of

100–300 MHz. High frequency ultrasound has high spatial resolution.

Higher frequency, however, induces lower deep resolution because of

the large sound attenuation. In recent years, tissues in vivo observation

by ultrasonic microscopy with 80 MHz PVDF (Polyvinylidene Difluoride)



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transducer was reported. However, their electromechanical coupling

coefficient kt2 of 4% is too small for practical use [1, 2]. We previously

reported the transducer with ScAlN thick film on silica glass rod,

operating at 44 MHz (kt2=11.9%) [3]. Lead–free ScAlN with large

piezoelectricity is suitable for medical applications. In this study, we

report the fabrication of ScAlN free–standing plates with 0.105 mm and

0.117 mm thickness by using high rate sputtering growth.

Two ScAlN thick films (plates) were grown on Ti bottom electrodes/ silica

glass substrates by hot target RF magnetron sputtering technique. We

used self–made ScAl alloy metal target fabricated by e–beam melting in

vacuum. Au top electrodes were deposited on the films. The free–

standing plates were obtained by peeling off the thick films from the

substrates. Next, the real part of admittance (Yreal) and impedance

(Zreal) were measured by a network analyzer. The kt2 was measured by

a resonance anti–resonance method using the peak of Yreal and Zreal.

The rocking curve FWHM (0002) peak of the ScAlN free–standing plate

(0.105 mm) was measured to be 2.6° and that of the plate (0.117 mm)

was measured to be 4.7° by X–ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The

kt2 of each plate was determined to be 12.4% at 43 MHz and 13.6 % at

38 MHz by using a resonance anti–resonance method. These kt2 were

much larger than that of PVDF membrane. Therefore, the lead–free

ScAlN transducer has a bright promise for ultrasound biological imaging.

Keywords: Piezoelectricity, Piezoelectlic film, ScAlN, Sputtering,

biological imaging



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Sponsor: IEEE - EPS

About The IEEE Electronics Packaging Society is the leading international

forum for scientists and engineers engaged in the research, design and development of revolutionary advances in microsystems packaging and

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Its objectives are scientific, literary, and educational in character. The Society strives for the advancement of the theory and practice of electrical and electronics engineering and of the allied arts and

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Sponsor: Aseptec Sdn. Bhd.

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Customized

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Applications

Photocatalyst Reactor

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PowerPoint Presentation - University of Malaya Abstrac… · Biomechanics and Robotics, Hokkaido University, Japan [email protected] Abstract Several methods have been developed