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GHG Emissions & Carbon Sequestration in AFOLU Sectors

Estimating & Accounting

Training Session by:

Mei Xie, Ph.DSr. NRM Specialist Climate Change Knowledge World Bank Group

Mobilizing Investment for Low-Emission Development in Asia’s Agriculture SectorOct. 28-30, 2015, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Yu Huan Consultant Climate Change Knowledge World Bank Group

Emit GHGIncrease carbon

sequestration

AFOLU Sector and Climate Change

Deforestation Land degradationOver-grazing

PlowingFlooded rice fieldsResidue burning

Sources of GHG emissions

Increase soil carbonRetain crop residues

• Will it cause more GHG emissions or will it sequester carbon? • Impact on carbon stock change?• How to minimize climate change impact?

Crop diversification

Reforestation

Grassland restoration

Livestock management

Water harvesting

For AFOLU ….

Project start Year 1 Year nYear 5

EX-ante estimation of carbon benefit at project start for the entire project capitalization period - based on reliable, verifiable assumptions and models

…………

EX-Ante Carbon Balance TooL

Developed by FAO EXACT Team Applicatin in collaboration with WB AG Team

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FAO EXACT Application

1. Carbon pool2. Emission and sequestration

3. CO2-e

4. Baseline scenario; project scenario

5. Implementation phase, capitalization phase

6. Ex-ante; Ex-post estimation

7. IPCC Tier Levels

8. MRV

Concept Review

Knowledge check 21. Carbon pool

Below-ground biomass

Deadwood

Litter

Above-ground biomass

Photo: William Critchley

Soil organic matter

A. Carbon emission

B. Carbon sequestration

C. Emission factor

1. Carbon emitted per unit from an activity

2. release of greenhouse gasses into atmosphere

3. Natural or artificial isolation of carbon dioxide from earth’s atmosphere by increasing its storage in another form of reservoir or pool.

2. Emission and sequestration

3. CO2-equivalent

If potential of 1 unit CO2 for 100 yr is 1 CO2-e, potential of methane is about 30 CO2-e, nitrous oxide is about 300 CO2-e

4. With project; without project

Sequestration

carbon emissions, or sequestration at project start

Carbon balance

“without project” scenario - hypothetical scenario that carbon emissions & sequestration would occur without project.

“with project scenario” - carbon emissions & sequestration as result of project in the future

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5. Implementation phase, capitalization phase

Implementation phase

Capitalization phase

EX-ACT: Overall Structure

Project

description

Project name LocationClimateSoil typeTimeframe

Project

activities

Carbon balance

results

carbon balance

changes:

• with project

• without project

Land Use Change

Crop production

Grassland & Livestock

Land degradation

Inputs investment

Down-load EXACT File from FAO, Google “EXACT FAO”

forest

deforested

annual crops

set aside land

perennial crops

reforested

What is Land Use Change in EX-ACT?

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maize cotton

Flooded rice is an exception !

Upland riceSoy bear

What is Land Use Change in EX-ACT?

Upland rice

80% of 350,000 ha 100 ha/yr or 4,200 ha in 42 yr

Set aside

2008

1. Conserve rainforest 2. Reforestation

2050

350,000 ha

Implementation = 42 years

80%

Brazil Amazon Rainforest Protection Project

Set aside

Exercise 1: Indonesia Palm Tree Project

3 years 17 yearsImplementation phase

Capitalization phase

10,000 ha

open your file

EX-ACT_v6_Indonesia_Empty.xlsx

Exercise 1

Your turn

1. Cotton Production

3. Cashew Development

2. Cassava Production

No till, agronomic

No till

Conservation agriculture

EX-ACT – Crop Production BlockExercise 2: Benin Agriculture Diversification Project

4. Farm inputCurrent , without P

Urea 15 Kg/haWith P

50 Kg/ha3 L /ha for herbicide, insecticide each

Benin Agriculture Diversification Project

2015 2035

Implementation = 5 yr

2020

Capitalization = 15 yr

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Exercise 2 Open your file: EX-ACT_v6_Benin_Empty.xlsx

Your turn

Benin Agriculture Diversification Project

Explain the results?

Show final Benin file results on screen

EX-ACT Results (Bening Agriculture Diversification Project)

EX-ACT – Crop Production Block (Rice)Exercise 3: Ghana Flooded Rice Improvement Project

In your view, which factors would impact the amount of GHG emissions from paddy field?

• Length of rice cultivation?• How to manage water during cultivation?• How you manage water during land preparation?

Current (ha)

Without project (ha)

With project (ha)

Upland Rice Traditional upland rice

4250 4250*0.7 = 2975 0

Improved upland rice

0 0 4250

Other annual crops

0 4250*0.3 = 1275 0

Flooded Rice

Traditional deep water rice

6375 6375*0.9 = 5738 0

Intermittent Irrigated rice

0 0 6375*0.3 = 1913

Improved deep water rice

0 0 6375*0.7 = 4463

Private initiative

0 6375*0.1 = 638 0

Ghana Flooded Rice Improvement Project

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EX-ACT - Livestock and Grassland Block

Grasslands

Source of methane gas emissions

Carbon stock &

GHG emissions due to degradation

Overgrazing leads to degradation

Livestock

Tier: equations + coefficients level of estimation complexity

IPCC Tier Levels

Tier 1

Tier 2

Tier 3

Based on country, project data

Equations, default values by IPCC (global/regional)

Based on complex modeling

Collaboration of WB - FAO

New online e-Course

World Bank /FAO e-Course:

1. Go to “worldbank.org”2. Click “Learning”3. Search “EX-ACT”

Project start Year 1 Year nYear 5

EX-ante estimation of carbon benefit at project start for the entire project capitalization period - based on reliable, verifiable assumptions and models

…………

1. Farmer adoption of SLM practices2. Monitoring system3. Collect farm data

SALM Methodology for soil carbon

Carbon credit

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How to account for soil carbon ?

Cost

Accuracy

Direct Field Measure

Activity Monitoring & Modeling

Activity-BasedEstimation

Parameterize

Quantify “soil carbon change”

Roth-C Model – ton/ha

Carbon seq.t CO2-e

Seques. Factort CO2-e/ha

Areaha

Monitoring (farm survey)

Carbon Input – ton/ha

Monitoring & Accounting for Soil Carbon

Agriculture‘s Potential to Reduce Climate change Impacts

World Bank /BioCarbon Fund e-Course:

1. Go to “worldbank.org”2. Click “Learning”3. Search “SALM”