Network Type How Switched Persistence of Link Bandwidth

1 Circuit Permanent Highest; dedicated

2 Circuit Temporary Medium; dial-up

3 Packet Virtual circuit High

4 Packet None; no circuit Low to medium

Sharing: SDM, FDM, TDM, CDM

One way; broadcast radio, TV

Two ways, but one way at a time; 2-way radio

Two ways, two ways at a time; phones

Uses common clock to control flow of information

Uses local clock to control flow of information

Lots of theaters in a single location

10googol, where googol = 10100

• Cineplex

• Googolplex

Sharing: SDM, FDM, TDM, CDM

One way; broadcast radio, TV

Two ways, but one way at a time; 2-way radio

Two ways, two ways at a time; phones

Uses common clock to control flow of information

Uses local clock to control flow of information

Lots of theaters in a single location

10googol, where googol = 10100

Network Type Typical Radius Typical Data Rate Typical Media

PAN 2 m 100 kbps Wireless

LAN 100 m 100 Mbps CAT5, 6 (twisted pair)

CAN 5 km 1 Gbps MM Fiber

WAN 100 km 10 Gbps SM Fiber

Type

Access

Protcol

Typical Data

Rate Typical Media Typical Reach

Ethernet CSMA/CD 10 – 100 Mbps,

non-deterministic

CAT 5, 6 100 meters

Token Ring Token

passing

10 – 100 Mbps,

deterministic

CAT5, 6

(twisted pair)

100 meters

FDDI (Fiber

Distributed Data

Interface)

Token

passing

1 Gbps SM Fiber 1 – 10,000 km

DSL OFDM 5 Mbps Phone lines 5000 meters

Networking: Tolkien Ring

Type Access Protcol Typical Data Rate Typical Media

Ethernet CSMA/CD 10 – 100 Mbps,

non-deterministic

CAT 5, 6

Token Ring Token passing 10 – 100 Mbps,

deterministic

CAT5, 6 (twisted pair)

FDDI (Fiber

Distributed Data

Interface)

Token passing 1 Gbps SM Fiber

DSL OFDM 5 Mbps Phone lines

Flavor Maximum Distance

Downstream

Speed

ADSL (A=asymmetric) 18,000 ft (≈3.6 miles) 1.544 Mbps

ADSL 12,000 ft (≈2.4 miles) 6.312 Mbps

ADSL 9,000 ft (≈1.8 miles) 8.448 Mbps

VDSL (V=Very high

data rate)

4,500 ft (≈0.9 miles) 12.96 Mbps

VDSL 3,000 ft (≈0.6 miles) 25.82 Mbps

VDSL 1,000 ft (≈0.2 miles) 51.84 Mbps

Access Medium %age of World Using

DSL ≈ 50%

Cable Modem ≈40%

FTTx ≈5%

Wireless (land-based) ≈4%

Satellite ≈1%

Special Networks Small Computers System Interface (SCSI)

50 Mbps, 1984; Ultra-5: 640 Mbps (2003)

iSCSI: Ethernet/network dependent

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

v. 1.0: 12 Mpbs; 1994; v. 2.0: 480 Mbps; 2000; v. 3.0: 4.8 Gbps (2009)

Firewire (IEEE 1394; AppleTalk)

400 Mbps; 1996; 800 Mbps (2006); declining

Thunderbolt

10 Gbps; 4 lanes, differential, 5.4 Gbps/lane; 15 ft (5m) with copper; 100 m with MMF; Both PCI-e and DisplayPort

ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)

1064 Mbps over 16 parallel differential lines (40 conductors)

SATA (Serial ATA)

1.o = 1.5 Gbps over 2 pairs; 2.0 = 3 Gbps; 3.0 = 6 Gbps (same cable)

last mile

Internet Access: Platforms

Internet Access:

Penetration

Cell Phones: 4G-5G Comparison

Genera-

tion

Intro

Year

Freq.

Band

BW

(MHz)

Cell size

Modu-

lation

Advanced

Antenna

Technologies Latency

Data Rate

(Mbps) Hardware

4 2011 380-2500

MHz

5, 10, 20 1000 m OFDM Small MIMO 10 ms 26 Mostly

CMOS

5 2017 3.5, 5, 14-

79 GHz

500-1000 100 m Adv.

OFDM

Big MIMO;

phased-arrays;

beam-steering

1 ms 1000 –

10,000

GaAs;

SiGe

Generation Features Power Deployment Costs

4 Whatever $$

5 Network function virtualization; Self-organizing

networks; Software-defined networking

Low-power

focus

$$$