Powerpoint Immunology

5/24/2018 Powerpoint Immunology

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- Local and specific defensive response of the

tissues to injury or infection


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-is the specific resistance of the bodyto infection


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1. ACTIVE IMMUNITY

-host produces its own antibodies in

response to natural antigens andartificial antigens

2. PASSIVE IMMUNITY

-host receives natural or artificialantibodies produced by anotherperson


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5 SIGNS:

PAIN

SWELLING

REDNESS

HEAT

IMPAIRED FUNCTION OF THEPART


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I. ISOLATION

PRECAUTION STRICT ISOLATION

REVERSE ISOLATION


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TYPES:

1.AIRBORNE-more than 3 feet

-N95/Hepa filter mask

-private room

-minimize travel; pt should wear mask


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-within 3 feet-protective equipment w/in 3 feet

-private room-cohabitation with the same disease

-minimize travel

-patient wears mask


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-discharge, excretions

-intimate contact

-gloves,gowns are worn beforeentry

-private-cohabitation w/ the same disease

-minimize travel


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-universal precaution

-applies to all blood, body

fluids, secretions

-reduce risk of transmission of

microorganisms


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-hand washing-one of the most common

and most effectiveinfection control measures


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-worn to protect the hands-used during procedures or

treatment


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-if splashes, or sprays offluid can be expected


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-protection from splashesor sprays of blood or fluids


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-soiled particles should beenclosed in bags impervious tomicroorganisms duringtransport


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-scalpels, needles are thrownto puncture-resistant bottles


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-broken skin

-traumatized tissue


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-Decrease WBC

-immunosuppression


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-conceptualizes that normalcells maybe transformed into

cancer cells d/t exposure tosome etiologic agents


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-all individuals possess cancer cellsbut they are recognized by theimmune response thereby undergo

destruction. Failure to immuneresponse leads to inability todestroy cancer cells


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Viruses

Chemical carcinogensPhysical agents

Hormonesgenetics


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-Greek word:KARKINOS

-uncontrollable,purposeless, excessive

growth of abnormal cells


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-ANY MASS OR

SWELLING


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-More precise technicalterm f cells or new growthand uncontrollable

production o


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-cerebral functioning

-involves:

conscious thoughtReality orientation

Problem solvingJudgement

comprehension


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CEREBRUM

-largest part of the

brain


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1.TEMPORAL-hearing and

memory


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-relay station for

sight and hearing


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-THALAMUS(relaystation for

sensation)


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-appetite


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-ability to perceive

environmental stimuli and body

reactions and to respond

appropriately through thoughtand action


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1. full conscious-alert,oriented, and understand

verbal and written words


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SENSORY PROCESSES:

SENSORY RECEPTION -process of receiving stimuli either internal

or external

-external-visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile,gustatory

-internal:

>kinestetic-awareness of position andmovement of the body

>visceral-organs inside the body


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SENSORY PERCEPTION

-conscious organization andtranslation of data/ stimuliinto meaningful information

(takes place in the brain)


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Stimulus / stimuli-excitesorganism to become active,

or to respondCerebral cortex-where

stimulus is perceived andinterpreted

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION FOR


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PHYSICAL EXAMINATION FOR

SENSES:

VISUAL ACUITY-Snellen

chart; reading materialHEARING ACUITY-observeclient conversation to others;perform whisper test; weber andRinne test


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OLFACTORY-identify specificaromaGUSTATORY-identify three

tastes e.g. lemon, salt, sugarTACTILE-by light touch; sharp/ dull sensation; heat- cold

discrimination


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POSSIBLE NURSING DIAGNOSIS:

Disturbed Sensory Perception(specify: Visual, Auditory,Kinesthetic, Gustatory, Tactile,Olfactory)

Acute infectionImpaired memory


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Risk for injury r/t

Visual impairmentReduced tactile sensation

secondary to neurologic orcirculatory alterations

Decreased sense of smell

Hearing impairmentDecreased kinaesthetic sense


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Impaired homemaintenance r/t

oDeclining visualactivities

Risk for impaired skin

integrityoAltered tactile sensation


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Impaired verbal

communicationAltered level of

consciousnessHearing impairment

Sensory overloadSensory deprivation


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Self-care deficit: Bathing /

Hygiene

Visual impairment

Diminished kinesthetic senseInability to perceive body parts

Inability to perceive body partor spatial relationship


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Social isolation

Impaired visionImpaired hearing


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HEALTH PROMOTION

Preventing sensorydisturbances

Have regular health exam

Seek early medical attention

If signs suggesting visual

impairment arise e.g. failure toreact to light, reduced eyecontact from an infant


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If the child complains of

earache or ear infectionIf persistent eye redness,

discharge or increased tearing,growths on or near eye, pupilasymmetry, pain or discomfort

Keep pointed instruments awayfrom children


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Wear protective eye goggles

when using power toolsriding motorcycles, spraying

chemicals, and so onWear dark glasses with UV

protection to avoid damagefrom UV rays and never lookdirectly into the sun

Interventions for specific sensory


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Interventions for specific sensory

impairments

Visual impairment

1. Orient client to the

arrangement of roomfurnishings and maintain anuncluttered environment

2. Keep pathways clear and do notrearrange furniture without

orienting the client


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3.Organize self-care articleswithin clients reach andorient client to his location

4.Assist client withambulation

5.Keep call light within reach


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Olfactory impairment

Teach about dangers of cleaningwith chemicals such as ammonia

Keep gas stoves and heaters in good

order because gas leak can goundetected

Instruct clients to carefully inspect

food for freshness (color andtexture) and expiration dates toprevent food poisoning


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Tactile impairmentClients with decreasedsensation must changeposition frequently

Test water temperature withthermometer beforebathing


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COORDINATION


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Activity- energetic action oras being in a state ofmovement

-a person must move toobtain food, to protect

themselves, and to meetother basic needs


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Movement-mobilitystatus; is an activity

-indicator of overall healthbecause it influences the

correct body systemfunctioning

I BODY MECHANICS


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I. BODY MECHANICS-the efficient, coordinate and

safe use of the body to producemotion and maintain balance

during activity-purpose: to facilitate safe and

efficient use of appropriate

groups of muscles (preventionof strain , injury and fatigue)

3 El t


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3 Elements:

1. Body alignment (goodposture)

-geometric arrangement of bodyparts in relation to each other

-good alignment promotes

optimal balance and maximalbody function in whateverposition the client assumes

( )


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2. Balance(equilibrium)

-balance is the result of properalignment

Line of gravity -imaginary

vertical line drawn through theobjects center of gravity

Center of gravity-the point atwhich all of the mass of anobject is centered


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Base of support-foundationan which object rests

To maintain balance, line of

gravity must pass throughcenter of gravity and base of

support

3 Coordinated body movement


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3.Coordinated body movement

-there should be integratedfunctioning ofmusculoskeletal and nervous

systems as well as jointmobility

-purpose: to have balanced,smooth and purposefulmovement

PRINCIPLES OF BODY MECHANICS:


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PRINCIPLES OF BODY MECHANICS:1.Balance is maintained and muscle

strain is avoided as long as the lineof gravity passes through the baseof support.

Start body movement with properalignment

Stand as close as possible to the objectto be moved

Avoid stretching, reaching, andtwisting


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2.the wider the base of

support and the lower thecenter of gravity, the greaterthe stability

Before moving objects,increase your stability by

widening your stance andflexing your knees, hips, andankles

3 Objects that are close to the


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3.Objects that are close to thecenter of the gravity are moved

with the least effortAdjust the working area to the

waist, and keep the body closeto the area

Elevate adjustable beds andoverhead tables or lower siderails to prevent stretching and

reaching

4 Balance is maintained with


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4.Balance is maintained withminimal effort when the baseof support is enlarged in thedirection in which the

movement will occurWhen pushing an object,

enlarge the base of supportby moving the front footforward


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When pulling an object,enlarge the base of supportby either moving the rear leg

back if facing the object ormoving the front foot

forward if facing away fromthe object


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5.The greater the preparatoryisometric tensing, or contractionof muscles before moving anobject, the less the energy required

to move it and the lesser thelikelihood of musculoskeletalstrain injury.

Before moving objects, contract yourgluteal abdominal leg and armmuscles to prepare them from action


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6.The synchronized use of as

many large muscle groups aspossible during an activityincreases overall strength and

prevents muscle fatigue andinjury

To move objects below yourcenter of gravity, begin with thehips and knees flexed


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Use gluteal and leg muscles

rather than the sacrospinalmuscles of the back to exert

an upward thrust whenlifting weight

Face the direction of themovement to preventtwisting of the spine


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7.The closer the line of gravity to

the center of the base ofsupport, the greater its stability

When moving or carryingobjects, hold them as close aspossible to the center of gravity

Pull an object toward selfwhenever possible rather thanpushing it away


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8.The greater the friction

against the surface beneathan object, the graeter the

force required to move anobject

Provide a firm smooth, drybed foundation beforemoving the client in bed


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9.Pulling creates lessfriction than pushing

Pull clients rather thanpush them whenever

possible


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10.The heavier an object, the

greater the force needed tomove the object

Encourage clients to assist asmuch as possible by pushingor puling themselves toreduce the muscular effort ofthe nurse


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Use arms as levers whenever

possible to increase liftingpower

Obtain the assistance of otherpersons or use mechanicaldevices to move objects that are

too heavy


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10.Moving an object along a level

surface requires less energy thanmoving an object up an inclinedsurface or lifting it against the force

of gravityAvoid working against gravity

Pull, push, roll or turn objectsinstead of lifting them

Lower the head of the bed before

moving client up in bed

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12.Continous muscle

exertion can result inmuscle strain and

injuryAlternate rest periodsof muscle use to helpprevent fatigue


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Powerpoint Immunology