PowerPoint

Understanding DiseasesUnderstanding Diseases

Types of PathogensTypes of Pathogens

VirusesViruses BacteriaBacteria FungiFungi OthersOthers

– RickettsiaRickettsia– ProtozoaProtozoa– ParasitesParasites

Always assume every animal is shedding

pathogens

What are Diseases?What are Diseases? Caused by harmful microorganisms, usually Caused by harmful microorganisms, usually

bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites that bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites that enter the bodyenter the body

Microorganisms reproduce in the animal’s Microorganisms reproduce in the animal’s bodybody

Make animals sick by using body tissues Make animals sick by using body tissues and fluids for their own needsand fluids for their own needs

Takes hours to weeks for disease to show Takes hours to weeks for disease to show up (incubation period)up (incubation period)

Types of PathogensTypes of Pathogens VirusesViruses

– Less likely to be transmitted from one species Less likely to be transmitted from one species to another than the other infectious agentsto another than the other infectious agents

– Examples:Examples:» ParvovirusesParvoviruses – canine parvovirus, panleukopenia – canine parvovirus, panleukopenia» CoronavirusesCoronaviruses – canine coronavirus, FIP – canine coronavirus, FIP» ParamyxovirusesParamyxoviruses – canine parainfluenza, canine – canine parainfluenza, canine

distemper, mumps, measlesdistemper, mumps, measles» RetrovirusesRetroviruses – Feline leukemia, FIV, HIV – Feline leukemia, FIV, HIV» HerpesvirusesHerpesviruses – CHV, FHV, chickenpox, fever – CHV, FHV, chickenpox, fever

blisters, herpes simplexblisters, herpes simplex» Caliciviruses Caliciviruses – feline calicivirus– feline calicivirus» AdenovirusesAdenoviruses – CAV-2, common cold – CAV-2, common cold

Diseases of DogsDiseases of Dogs

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases Upper respiratory infection (URI)Upper respiratory infection (URI)

– Also known as “kennel cough,” CONTAGIOUSAlso known as “kennel cough,” CONTAGIOUS– Caused by:Caused by:

» bacteria (Bordetella, Mycoplasma) bacteria (Bordetella, Mycoplasma)

» and/or viruses (parainfluenza CPI, adenovirus type-2 and/or viruses (parainfluenza CPI, adenovirus type-2 CAV-2)CAV-2)

– Symptoms of common cold – coughing, gaggingSymptoms of common cold – coughing, gagging» normally goes away on its ownnormally goes away on its own

» can develop into chronic cough or bronchopneumonia can develop into chronic cough or bronchopneumonia in young, ill, stressed dogsin young, ill, stressed dogs

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases Other diseases causing signs of URIOther diseases causing signs of URI

– Canine Distemper (also neurologic and GI) - CDVCanine Distemper (also neurologic and GI) - CDV– Canine herpesvirus (also reproductive) - CHVCanine herpesvirus (also reproductive) - CHV– Mycoplasma (many other diseases)Mycoplasma (many other diseases)– Pneumonia (many causes)Pneumonia (many causes)

» ViralViral –canine influenza, canine distemper –canine influenza, canine distemper

» BacterialBacterial – many, including Bordetella and Mycoplasma – many, including Bordetella and Mycoplasma

» FungalFungal – Histoplasma, Blastomyces, others – Histoplasma, Blastomyces, others

» ParasiticParasitic – migrating parasites (many), lungworms – migrating parasites (many), lungworms Capillaria and AelurostrongylusCapillaria and Aelurostrongylus


– Transmission: Transmission: » Aerosol – CDV, CPI, Bordetella, CAV-2Aerosol – CDV, CPI, Bordetella, CAV-2

» Direct – CHV, MycoplasmaDirect – CHV, Mycoplasma

» Fomites – CHV, BordetellaFomites – CHV, Bordetella

» Fecal-oral - CDVFecal-oral - CDV

– Incubation: 1-14 days, depending on agentIncubation: 1-14 days, depending on agent– Agents can be shed for 1 week to many months, Agents can be shed for 1 week to many months,

depending on the causedepending on the cause– Asymptomatic carriersAsymptomatic carriers

» CHV, Bordetella, MycoplasmaCHV, Bordetella, Mycoplasma


– Diagnosis:Diagnosis:» PCR for virusesPCR for viruses

» Culture for bacteriaCulture for bacteria

– Treatment:Treatment:» Antivirals for herpesvirusAntivirals for herpesvirus

» Tetracycline for bacteriaTetracycline for bacteria

– Vaccines available – intranasal works faster (2 Vaccines available – intranasal works faster (2 days) than injectable (2 weeks)days) than injectable (2 weeks)

» Best protection when both are used in seriesBest protection when both are used in series

– ZOONOSES: BordetellaZOONOSES: Bordetella

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases Canine Distemper Canine Distemper

– Highly contagious and often fatalHighly contagious and often fatal

– Caused by virus – canine distemper virus (CDV)Caused by virus – canine distemper virus (CDV)

– Puppies highly susceptiblePuppies highly susceptible

– Transmitted by fecal-oral or aerosolTransmitted by fecal-oral or aerosol

– Incubation period 9-14 daysIncubation period 9-14 days

– Begins as URI, followed by intestinal symptoms, then Begins as URI, followed by intestinal symptoms, then damages nervous systemdamages nervous system

– High fever, eye and nose discharge, hard footpads, High fever, eye and nose discharge, hard footpads, twitching, seizurestwitching, seizures

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases Canine Distemper Canine Distemper

– Can shed virus up to 3 monthsCan shed virus up to 3 months– Asymptomatic carriers are possibleAsymptomatic carriers are possible– Diagnosis – PCR, conjunctival swab, electron Diagnosis – PCR, conjunctival swab, electron

microscopy of urine, characteristic retinal lesionsmicroscopy of urine, characteristic retinal lesions» Recent vaccination can cause false positive PCRRecent vaccination can cause false positive PCR

– Therapy – supportive onlyTherapy – supportive only– Highly effective recombinant vaccination availableHighly effective recombinant vaccination available– Mortality >50% in adults and >80% in puppiesMortality >50% in adults and >80% in puppies– Survivors can have long term neurologic problemsSurvivors can have long term neurologic problems

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases Canine InfluenzaCanine Influenza

– Influenza type A virusInfluenza type A virus– 2 clinical syndromes:2 clinical syndromes:

» Mild formMild form cough for 10-30 days, looks like kennel coughcough for 10-30 days, looks like kennel cough May have nasal dischargeMay have nasal discharge Resolves without treatmentResolves without treatment


– 2 clinical syndromes2 clinical syndromes» Severe formSevere form

High fever – 104-106FHigh fever – 104-106F Hemorrhagic pneumonia – coughing blood and Hemorrhagic pneumonia – coughing blood and

difficulty breathingdifficulty breathing Secondary bacterial pneumoniaSecondary bacterial pneumonia Rapid onset – death the same day if severeRapid onset – death the same day if severe 5-8% mortality rate in high risk populations (kennels)5-8% mortality rate in high risk populations (kennels)


– 50-80% of infected dogs show disease – mostly 50-80% of infected dogs show disease – mostly mildmild

– Virus is shed for 5-7 daysVirus is shed for 5-7 days– TreatmentTreatment

» Mild form – Mild form – Antitussives (cough suppressants)Antitussives (cough suppressants) Antibiotics (doxycycline) only in high risk patients Antibiotics (doxycycline) only in high risk patients

(shelters)(shelters)


– TreatmentTreatment» Severe form – Severe form –

IV fluidsIV fluids IV Antibiotics – doxycycline and penicillinIV Antibiotics – doxycycline and penicillin TamifluTamiflu


– PreventionPrevention» Vaccine – limited usefulnessVaccine – limited usefulness» Does not prevent infection or sheddingDoes not prevent infection or shedding» Lessens severity of symptoms and duration of sheddingLessens severity of symptoms and duration of shedding» Killed vaccine requires at least 2 doses, 2 weeks apart to Killed vaccine requires at least 2 doses, 2 weeks apart to

take effecttake effect Immunity is best 1-2 weeks after the second doseImmunity is best 1-2 weeks after the second dose Little help to dogs in shelter less than 3 weeksLittle help to dogs in shelter less than 3 weeks Vaccine is only conditionally licensed at this timeVaccine is only conditionally licensed at this time

» Susceptible to most disinfectants, including quatsSusceptible to most disinfectants, including quats


– DiagnosisDiagnosis» Send 2 serum samples taken 2 weeks apart to Cornell Send 2 serum samples taken 2 weeks apart to Cornell

University Vet SchoolUniversity Vet School

» PCR is available but unreliablePCR is available but unreliable

– Canine flu (H3N8) is not zoonoticCanine flu (H3N8) is not zoonotic

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases ParvovirusParvovirus

– Came about in 1978 – feline panleukopenia virus Came about in 1978 – feline panleukopenia virus mutated (some think it was the vaccine virus)mutated (some think it was the vaccine virus)

– Highly contagious and sometimes fatalHighly contagious and sometimes fatal

– Caused by canine parvovirusCaused by canine parvovirus

– Attacks rapidly dividing cells in the bodyAttacks rapidly dividing cells in the body» intestinal lining – bloody diarrhea and vomitingintestinal lining – bloody diarrhea and vomiting

» heart - very young puppies, when heart is formingheart - very young puppies, when heart is forming

» Bone marrow – low white counts and severe infection (this is Bone marrow – low white counts and severe infection (this is usually what causes death)usually what causes death)

– Affects puppies more frequently and severely, and Affects puppies more frequently and severely, and rarely adult unvaccinated dogsrarely adult unvaccinated dogs

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases ParvovirusParvovirus

– Transmission – fecal-oral Transmission – fecal-oral » CPV-2b can be transmitted to catsCPV-2b can be transmitted to cats

– Incubation period: 4-14 days Incubation period: 4-14 days – Sheds virus for 7-12 daysSheds virus for 7-12 days– Virus remains in the environment for months to Virus remains in the environment for months to

yearsyears– Diagnosis – fecal ELISA test, low CBCDiagnosis – fecal ELISA test, low CBC

» Recent vaccination can give false positiveRecent vaccination can give false positive

– Treatment – supportive, antibiotics, dewormTreatment – supportive, antibiotics, deworm– ““High Titer” vaccines are much more effectiveHigh Titer” vaccines are much more effective

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases CoronavirusCoronavirus

– Contagious intestinal virusContagious intestinal virus– Similar to parvo but less severeSimilar to parvo but less severe– Usually affects puppies, and is usually self Usually affects puppies, and is usually self

limiting in healthy dogslimiting in healthy dogs– Can be more severe in stressed or malnourished Can be more severe in stressed or malnourished

dogsdogs– Transmission: fecal-oralTransmission: fecal-oral– Incubation: 1-4 daysIncubation: 1-4 days

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases CoronavirusCoronavirus

– Virus is shed for about 2 weeksVirus is shed for about 2 weeks– Asymptomatic carriers are possibleAsymptomatic carriers are possible– Signs – vomiting, yellow to orange diarrhea Signs – vomiting, yellow to orange diarrhea

(may have blood) (may have blood) – Diagnosis: PCRDiagnosis: PCR– Treatment: supportiveTreatment: supportive– Vaccine is not recommended by AAHAVaccine is not recommended by AAHA– More of a problem in a shelter setting than in More of a problem in a shelter setting than in

the “real world”the “real world”

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases Infectious Canine HepatitisInfectious Canine Hepatitis

– Contagious viral diseaseContagious viral disease– Caused by an adenovirus (CAV-2)Caused by an adenovirus (CAV-2)– Transmitted by exposure to the urine of an Transmitted by exposure to the urine of an

infected doginfected dog– Causes inflammation of the liverCauses inflammation of the liver

» Acute liver failureAcute liver failure

» Chronic liver diseaseChronic liver disease

– Effective vaccine availableEffective vaccine available

Dog DiseasesDog Diseases WhipwormsWhipworms

– Trichuris vulpisTrichuris vulpis– Causes diarrhea with mucus and flecks of Causes diarrhea with mucus and flecks of

blood.blood.– Transmission: fecal-oralTransmission: fecal-oral– Pre-patent period – several weeksPre-patent period – several weeks– Asymptomatic carriers possibleAsymptomatic carriers possible– Diagnosis: fecal flotationDiagnosis: fecal flotation

» Eggs are shed intermittentlyEggs are shed intermittently

– Treatment: fenbendazole (Panacur)Treatment: fenbendazole (Panacur)

Sarcoptic Mange - ScabiesSarcoptic Mange - Scabies

Caused by mite Caused by mite Sarcoptes scabiei Sarcoptes scabiei that that burrows in the skinburrows in the skin

Highly contagious to other dogs (any age)Highly contagious to other dogs (any age) Causes hair loss and intense itchingCauses hair loss and intense itching Transmission: direct, fomitesTransmission: direct, fomites Incubation often 1-2 weeks or longerIncubation often 1-2 weeks or longer Shed organisms until treatedShed organisms until treated No asymptomatic carriersNo asymptomatic carriers

Sarcoptic Mange - ScabiesSarcoptic Mange - Scabies

Diagnosis:Diagnosis:– Can be very difficult to find (“Sarcoptes Incognito”)Can be very difficult to find (“Sarcoptes Incognito”)– Sometimes see mites on deep skin scraping (use Sometimes see mites on deep skin scraping (use

mineral oil)mineral oil)– Pinnal-pedal reflex – back leg scratches when you fold Pinnal-pedal reflex – back leg scratches when you fold

the ear flap on the same sidethe ear flap on the same side Treatment: Mites are generally easy to kill; treat Treatment: Mites are generally easy to kill; treat

every 2 weeks until healed (2-3x)every 2 weeks until healed (2-3x)– Ivermectin, Revolution (selamectin)Ivermectin, Revolution (selamectin)– LymDyp, Paramite DipLymDyp, Paramite Dip

ZOONOSIS: Can temporarily infect humans and ZOONOSIS: Can temporarily infect humans and cats (up to 3 weeks)cats (up to 3 weeks)

Diseases of CatsDiseases of Cats

Cat DiseasesCat Diseases Upper respiratory infection (URI)Upper respiratory infection (URI)

– Highly contagious, rarely causes death, Highly contagious, rarely causes death, normally goes away on its ownnormally goes away on its own

» can develop into bronchopneumonia in young, ill, can develop into bronchopneumonia in young, ill, stressed catsstressed cats

» Chronic infections possible (FHV and calici)Chronic infections possible (FHV and calici)

– Caused by:Caused by:» Calicivirus – eyes, nose, oral ulcersCalicivirus – eyes, nose, oral ulcers

» Herpesvirus – eyes, nose (chronic)Herpesvirus – eyes, nose (chronic)

» Bacteria - Bordetella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma – Bacteria - Bordetella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma – eyes are worsteyes are worst


– Transmission:Transmission:» Aerosol – FCV, FHV (rhinotracheitis), BordetellaAerosol – FCV, FHV (rhinotracheitis), Bordetella

4 feet in all directions4 feet in all directions

» Fomites – FCV, BordetellaFomites – FCV, Bordetella» Direct – Chlamydia, MycoplasmaDirect – Chlamydia, Mycoplasma» Live for only a few hours off the feline bodyLive for only a few hours off the feline body

– Incubation – 1-14 days (viruses shorter)Incubation – 1-14 days (viruses shorter)– Asymptomatic carriers possible for all Asymptomatic carriers possible for all

(Chlamydia is rare)(Chlamydia is rare)– Definitive Diagnosis rarely necessaryDefinitive Diagnosis rarely necessary


– Symptoms:Symptoms:» eyes – red, dischargeeyes – red, discharge

FHV can cause corneal ulcersFHV can cause corneal ulcers

» Coughing and sneezingCoughing and sneezing

» FeverFever

» Anorexia, lethargy, dehydrationAnorexia, lethargy, dehydration

» Oral ulcers – especially FHV and calicivirusOral ulcers – especially FHV and calicivirus

» Joint pain and bruising – “killer” calicivirusJoint pain and bruising – “killer” calicivirus


– Treatment: supportiveTreatment: supportive» Antivirals – FHV (not FCV)Antivirals – FHV (not FCV)

» Bacteria – tetraycycline (PO and eye ointment) Bacteria – tetraycycline (PO and eye ointment)

» CAREFUL of triple antibiotic eye ointment. Rare CAREFUL of triple antibiotic eye ointment. Rare but fatal anaphylactic reactions have been reportedbut fatal anaphylactic reactions have been reported

» Use Terramycin or erythromycin eye ointmentUse Terramycin or erythromycin eye ointment

– Vaccines available, partially effectiveVaccines available, partially effective– ZOONOSIS – Bordetella, ChlamydiaZOONOSIS – Bordetella, Chlamydia

Cat DiseasesCat Diseases Panleukopenia (feline parvovirus)Panleukopenia (feline parvovirus)

– Also known as feline distemperAlso known as feline distemper– Viral disease that may be fatalViral disease that may be fatal– Affects kittens and rarely unvaccinated cats, Affects kittens and rarely unvaccinated cats,

also raccoonsalso raccoons– Causes abortions and fetal brain defects in Causes abortions and fetal brain defects in

pregnant catspregnant cats– Not the same as canine distemper, and not Not the same as canine distemper, and not

contagious to dogscontagious to dogs– Similar to Parvo in dogs—diarrhea with blood, Similar to Parvo in dogs—diarrhea with blood,

vomiting bile, lethargy, fever then subnormalvomiting bile, lethargy, fever then subnormal

Cat DiseasesCat Diseases Panleukopenia (feline parvovirus)Panleukopenia (feline parvovirus)

– TransmissionTransmission» fecal-oralfecal-oral» Also shed in urine, saliva, vomit and blood (fleas)Also shed in urine, saliva, vomit and blood (fleas)

– Incubation 4-14 days (usually less than 10)Incubation 4-14 days (usually less than 10)– Shed virus for 10-12 daysShed virus for 10-12 days

» Canine parvo test positiveCanine parvo test positive» No asymptomatic carriersNo asymptomatic carriers

– Treatment: same as for canine parvovirusTreatment: same as for canine parvovirus– Deadly to kittens, often within 12-72 hoursDeadly to kittens, often within 12-72 hours

» 75% mortality < 4 months, 50% > 4 months75% mortality < 4 months, 50% > 4 months

– Very effective vaccine availableVery effective vaccine available

Cat DiseasesCat Diseases Feline leukemia (FeLV) Feline leukemia (FeLV)

– Contagious fatal viral diseases, no cure Contagious fatal viral diseases, no cure – Attacks and destroys the immune systemAttacks and destroys the immune system

» Chronic infections and poor healing are commonChronic infections and poor healing are common

– Kittens that become infected may die, become Kittens that become infected may die, become immune, or not show symptoms for years immune, or not show symptoms for years

– Adults less often infectedAdults less often infected– Once infected, survival is usually less than 2 Once infected, survival is usually less than 2

yearsyears– Transmission: direct contact with saliva, urine, Transmission: direct contact with saliva, urine,

bloodblood


– Incubation can be as long as yearsIncubation can be as long as years– Asymptomatic carriers are common Asymptomatic carriers are common – Diagnosis: ELISA (SNAP)Diagnosis: ELISA (SNAP)

» Should be considered for any cat who is not healthyShould be considered for any cat who is not healthy» Blood testing all cats on admission highly Blood testing all cats on admission highly

recommendedrecommended» If positive, mean virus is in the body; retest in 60-If positive, mean virus is in the body; retest in 60-

90 days90 days» If still positive, cat is infected for lifeIf still positive, cat is infected for life» There are false negativesThere are false negatives


– Treatment: supportiveTreatment: supportive» Isolate from FeLV negative catsIsolate from FeLV negative cats

» FeLV + cats should be adopted out only in very FeLV + cats should be adopted out only in very special circumstancesspecial circumstances

– Very effective vaccine is availableVery effective vaccine is available» Every kitten should receive FeLV seriesEvery kitten should receive FeLV series

» Boosted at 1 yearBoosted at 1 year

» Further boosters only if an outdoor catFurther boosters only if an outdoor cat

Cat DiseasesCat Diseases Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

– Also known as feline AIDSAlso known as feline AIDS– Some cats can live healthy lives for many years Some cats can live healthy lives for many years

without progressing to AIDs – not necessarily a without progressing to AIDs – not necessarily a death sentence, though it can bedeath sentence, though it can be

– Attacks and destroys the immune system if Attacks and destroys the immune system if AIDsAIDs

– Kittens that become infected may die, become Kittens that become infected may die, become immune, or not show symptoms for yearsimmune, or not show symptoms for years

– Transmission: bite and sexual transmissionTransmission: bite and sexual transmission


– Lifelong asymptomatic carriersLifelong asymptomatic carriers– Diagnosis: blood testsDiagnosis: blood tests

» ELISA + means exposure to virus at some timeELISA + means exposure to virus at some time

» Western Blot can rule out false + on ELISAWestern Blot can rule out false + on ELISA

» Vaccines makes cats test positiveVaccines makes cats test positive

» No test (including PCR) that reliably distinguishes No test (including PCR) that reliably distinguishes between vaccination and infectionbetween vaccination and infection

» Kittens can test positive an dclear infectionKittens can test positive an dclear infection

» Retest in 120 daysRetest in 120 days


– Therapy: supportiveTherapy: supportive– Controversial vaccines provides questionable Controversial vaccines provides questionable

immunity and causes positive testimmunity and causes positive test» Always ask on surrender if ever got FIV vaccineAlways ask on surrender if ever got FIV vaccine

» Green tag not widely used, but indicates vaccinationGreen tag not widely used, but indicates vaccination

» Tattoo or microchip is a great ideaTattoo or microchip is a great idea

Cat DiseasesCat Diseases FIP (Feline Infectious Peritonitis)FIP (Feline Infectious Peritonitis)

– Fatal, contagious viral disease Fatal, contagious viral disease – Effusive (wet) form – fever, swollen abdomenEffusive (wet) form – fever, swollen abdomen– Noneffusive (dry) form – fever, weight loss, Noneffusive (dry) form – fever, weight loss,

neurologic, with no fluid build upneurologic, with no fluid build up– Transmission: unknownTransmission: unknown

» Happens when nonpathogenic GI coronavirus Happens when nonpathogenic GI coronavirus mutatesmutates

» May be directly infectiousMay be directly infectious

– Incubation: 2 weeks-2 months, no cureIncubation: 2 weeks-2 months, no cure

Cat DiseasesCat Diseases FIP (Feline Infectious Peritonitis)FIP (Feline Infectious Peritonitis)

– Diagnosis: multifactorialDiagnosis: multifactorial» Blood test for FIP can give false negatives, and cannot Blood test for FIP can give false negatives, and cannot

distinguish between FIP virus and similar ones that do not distinguish between FIP virus and similar ones that do not cause FIPcause FIP

» Other blood tests can be supportiveOther blood tests can be supportive

» Abdominal fluid - yellow, sticky, high protein, low cellsAbdominal fluid - yellow, sticky, high protein, low cells

» The only real test is biopsy or necropsyThe only real test is biopsy or necropsy

– Therapy: supportive, Trental, prednisoneTherapy: supportive, Trental, prednisone

– Questionable vaccine may cause enhanced infection in Questionable vaccine may cause enhanced infection in some casessome cases

Notoedric Mange - ScabiesNotoedric Mange - Scabies

Caused by mite Caused by mite Noteodres cati Noteodres cati that burrows that burrows in the skin in the skin

Highly contagious to other cats (any age)Highly contagious to other cats (any age) Causes hair loss and intense itching, mostly Causes hair loss and intense itching, mostly

on the headon the head Transmission: direct, fomitesTransmission: direct, fomites Incubation often 1-2 weeks or longerIncubation often 1-2 weeks or longer Shed organisms until treatedShed organisms until treated No asymptomatic carriersNo asymptomatic carriers

Notoedric Mange - ScabiesNotoedric Mange - Scabies

Diagnosis:Diagnosis:– Usually see mites on deep skin scraping (use Usually see mites on deep skin scraping (use

mineral oil)mineral oil) Treatment: Mites are generally easy to kill; Treatment: Mites are generally easy to kill;

treat every 2 weeks until healed (2-3x)treat every 2 weeks until healed (2-3x)– Ivermectin, Revolution (selamectin)Ivermectin, Revolution (selamectin)– LymDypLymDyp

NOT ZOONOTICNOT ZOONOTIC

Cat DiseasesCat Diseases FLUTD (FelineLower Urinary Tract FLUTD (FelineLower Urinary Tract

Disease)Disease)– Feline urologic syndrome (FUS) – old termFeline urologic syndrome (FUS) – old term– Should be suspected on all cats not using Should be suspected on all cats not using

litterboxlitterbox– Accounts for 10% of feline hospital admissions, Accounts for 10% of feline hospital admissions,

and very common reason for surrender and very common reason for surrender – 22-55% mortality rate (often euthanasia) 22-55% mortality rate (often euthanasia)

without lifelong treatmentwithout lifelong treatment– Symptoms – blood in urine, straining to urinate, Symptoms – blood in urine, straining to urinate,

urinating outside the litter box, urinary urinating outside the litter box, urinary blockageblockage

Cat DiseasesCat Diseases FLUTD (FelineLower Urinary Tract FLUTD (FelineLower Urinary Tract

Disease)Disease)– Causal agents unknown, probably not Causal agents unknown, probably not

contagious contagious – Diagnosis – rule out urinary tract infection, Diagnosis – rule out urinary tract infection,

tumor, stones, Urinary tumor, Physical defecttumor, stones, Urinary tumor, Physical defect– Treatment: increase water intake, stress Treatment: increase water intake, stress

reduction, environmental enrichment, etc.reduction, environmental enrichment, etc.– Other names: FIC – feline interstitial cystitis, Other names: FIC – feline interstitial cystitis,

sterile cystitis, idiopathic cystitissterile cystitis, idiopathic cystitis

Diseases Affecting Dogs and CatsDiseases Affecting Dogs and Cats

RabiesRabies All warm-blooded animals susceptibleAll warm-blooded animals susceptible

– Most common skunks, bats, canines, and raccoons.Most common skunks, bats, canines, and raccoons. Caused by a virus that attacks nervous systemCaused by a virus that attacks nervous system Contagious to animals and peopleContagious to animals and people Spread by bites (saliva), contact with wildlifeSpread by bites (saliva), contact with wildlife Usually fatal (treatable in humans if treated before Usually fatal (treatable in humans if treated before

symptoms begin) symptoms begin) Incubation: 2 weeks to yearsIncubation: 2 weeks to years Once symptoms begin, death within 2 weeksOnce symptoms begin, death within 2 weeks Diagnosed in animals by testing brain tissue after Diagnosed in animals by testing brain tissue after

deathdeath

RabiesRabies Symptoms: neurologic – aggression, strange Symptoms: neurologic – aggression, strange

behavior, difficulty swallowing, stupor, behavior, difficulty swallowing, stupor, incoordination, seizuresincoordination, seizures

Diagnosed in animals by testing brain tissue after Diagnosed in animals by testing brain tissue after deathdeath

Treatment: possible (if prior to clinical signs Treatment: possible (if prior to clinical signs developing) not recommended due to public health developing) not recommended due to public health risk risk

Very effective vaccine: Very effective vaccine: – Puppies kittens vaccinated at 3-4 mos. Puppies kittens vaccinated at 3-4 mos. – then annually or every 3 years, depending on state lawthen annually or every 3 years, depending on state law

RabiesRabies Due to risk of rabies, do not put the Due to risk of rabies, do not put the

following up for adoption:following up for adoption:– Animals with bite wounds fo unknown originAnimals with bite wounds fo unknown origin– Feral animalsFeral animals– Animals who have bitten or scratched, Animals who have bitten or scratched,

especially within the past 14 daysespecially within the past 14 days– Wolf hybrids (no approved vaccine)Wolf hybrids (no approved vaccine)– Animals susceptible to but that can not be Animals susceptible to but that can not be

vaccinated for rabiesvaccinated for rabies

RingwormRingworm Fungal infection of skin – not a wormFungal infection of skin – not a worm Transmission: direct, fomitesTransmission: direct, fomites

– Ringworm can be very difficult to eliminate from a Ringworm can be very difficult to eliminate from a shelter, once it is infectedshelter, once it is infected

– Infected hairs fly through the air and infect all they land Infected hairs fly through the air and infect all they land on; gets in the air ductson; gets in the air ducts

– All surfaces must be cleaned with strong bleach 1:10All surfaces must be cleaned with strong bleach 1:10– Infected animals must be isolated, and probably should Infected animals must be isolated, and probably should

be removed from the shelter ASAPbe removed from the shelter ASAP– Infected foster homes may need to be rested until cleanInfected foster homes may need to be rested until clean– All cats in the shelter should be testedAll cats in the shelter should be tested

RingwormRingworm Incubation: 4 days or moreIncubation: 4 days or more Some cats are carriers with no symptomsSome cats are carriers with no symptoms

– Especially long hair cats (Persians)Especially long hair cats (Persians) Diagnosis: Diagnosis:

– Sometimes can see fungal hyphae on infected hairs Sometimes can see fungal hyphae on infected hairs under the microscopeunder the microscope

– fungal culture of hairs at the edge of the round hairless fungal culture of hairs at the edge of the round hairless lesionlesion

– DTM media turns red, and RSM turns blue-greenDTM media turns red, and RSM turns blue-green– MUST examine culture growth to tell ringworm from MUST examine culture growth to tell ringworm from

another fungal contaminantanother fungal contaminant– Ultraviolet light – infected hairs glow green (50%)Ultraviolet light – infected hairs glow green (50%)

Fungal hyphae on an infected hair

Ringworm macroconidia

RingwormRingworm Treatment:Treatment:

– Mild cases resolve on their own or with topical Mild cases resolve on their own or with topical treatment (Tresaderm, Lotrimin, Lymdyp)treatment (Tresaderm, Lotrimin, Lymdyp)

– Severe cases need oral antifungals for weeks to months Severe cases need oral antifungals for weeks to months (griseofulvin, itraconazole)(griseofulvin, itraconazole)

– ITRACONAZOLE SUSPENSIONS MAY NOT BE ITRACONAZOLE SUSPENSIONS MAY NOT BE EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE

– Severe cases can be disastrous for herd healthSevere cases can be disastrous for herd health– Program (lufenuron) was thought to help years ago, but Program (lufenuron) was thought to help years ago, but

studies have shown that it does notstudies have shown that it does not ZOONOSIS: contagious to humansZOONOSIS: contagious to humans

Intestinal WormsIntestinal Worms How to tell if an animal has wormsHow to tell if an animal has worms

– See them in the stool (roundworms)See them in the stool (roundworms)

– Fecal examination (hookworms, etc.)Fecal examination (hookworms, etc.)

– Tapeworms seen at the anusTapeworms seen at the anus Why treat worms?Why treat worms?

– Susceptibility to other diseasesSusceptibility to other diseases

– Anemia, even death (hookworms)Anemia, even death (hookworms)

Intestinal WormsIntestinal Worms DiagnosisDiagnosis

– Fecal flotationFecal flotation

Tapeworm egg basketHookworm eggRoundworm egg

Intestinal WormsIntestinal Worms Treatment: Types of wormersTreatment: Types of wormers

– Pyrental (strongid T, Nemex) – hookworms, Pyrental (strongid T, Nemex) – hookworms, roundworms, stomach wormsroundworms, stomach worms

» Resistance to hooks has been observedResistance to hooks has been observed– Fenbendazole (Panacur) – hooks, rounds, Whipworms, Fenbendazole (Panacur) – hooks, rounds, Whipworms,

GiardiaGiardia– Praziquantel (Droncit) – tapewormsPraziquantel (Droncit) – tapeworms– Ivermectin (200 ug/kg) – hooks, rounds, stomachIvermectin (200 ug/kg) – hooks, rounds, stomach– Drontal = pyrental + praziquantelDrontal = pyrental + praziquantel

Wormers must be repeated in 2-3 weeks, as new Wormers must be repeated in 2-3 weeks, as new eggs hatch outeggs hatch out

Worm eggs may be hard to kill in the soilWorm eggs may be hard to kill in the soil– Can do “fecals” on dirt to check for contaminationCan do “fecals” on dirt to check for contamination

HeartwormsHeartworms Affects mostly dogs, but also catsAffects mostly dogs, but also cats

– More dangerous for cats, as a few heartworms cause More dangerous for cats, as a few heartworms cause more problems in small heartmore problems in small heart

Worms live in the blood and tissues, and then Worms live in the blood and tissues, and then migrate to the heart and organs over a period of migrate to the heart and organs over a period of months, grow to 14” longmonths, grow to 14” long

Transmission: mosquitoes, more prevalent in Transmission: mosquitoes, more prevalent in moist areasmoist areas– Dogs with heartworms are sources of infection to Dogs with heartworms are sources of infection to

mosquitos and thus other dogs nearbymosquitos and thus other dogs nearby Incubation: 6 months to many yearsIncubation: 6 months to many years

HeartwormsHeartworms Heartworms can be fatal, whether or not treated, in Heartworms can be fatal, whether or not treated, in

dogs and catsdogs and cats Treatment is expensive and risky for dogs, Treatment is expensive and risky for dogs,

especially in advanced casesespecially in advanced cases– ImmiticideImmiticide– Putting on Heartguard my clear worms over several Putting on Heartguard my clear worms over several

years if dog does well that longyears if dog does well that long– Cats can not be treated – only managedCats can not be treated – only managed

Every Adoptive Owner should be counseled on Every Adoptive Owner should be counseled on Heartworm prevention appropriate for their areaHeartworm prevention appropriate for their area

Giving any HWPrev except Heartguard to dog Giving any HWPrev except Heartguard to dog with heartworms can be very dangerouswith heartworms can be very dangerous

GiardiaGiardia Protozoon affects mostly dogs, but also catsProtozoon affects mostly dogs, but also cats Causes diarrhea and sometimes vomitingCauses diarrhea and sometimes vomiting Transmission – fecal-oral, including contaminated Transmission – fecal-oral, including contaminated

waterwater Incubation: 5-12 daysIncubation: 5-12 days Asymptomatic carriers possibleAsymptomatic carriers possible Diagnosis: fecal wet mount or flotation, ELISADiagnosis: fecal wet mount or flotation, ELISA Treatment: metronidazole, fenbendazoleTreatment: metronidazole, fenbendazole ZOONOSIS – Beaver FeverZOONOSIS – Beaver Fever

cyst

trophozoite

CoccidiaCoccidia Protozoon causes diarrhea and sometimes Protozoon causes diarrhea and sometimes

vomitingvomiting Transmission – fecal-oralTransmission – fecal-oral Incubation - daysIncubation - days Asymptomatic carriers possibleAsymptomatic carriers possible Diagnosis: fecal direct or flotationDiagnosis: fecal direct or flotation Treatment: Albon for at least 2 weeks, Treatment: Albon for at least 2 weeks,

sometimes longersometimes longer

Demodectic MangeDemodectic Mange

DemodexDemodex mites normally live on dogs and cats mites normally live on dogs and cats Overgrow and cause problems in young, ill and Overgrow and cause problems in young, ill and

immunocompromised petsimmunocompromised pets– Disease much more common in dogs than catsDisease much more common in dogs than cats

Red skin and hair loss, not usually itchyRed skin and hair loss, not usually itchy (localized) or over entire body (generalized)(localized) or over entire body (generalized) 80% of puppies with localized outgrow condition80% of puppies with localized outgrow condition Other 20% can be very difficult to treatOther 20% can be very difficult to treat Transmission: from mother to pup when nursingTransmission: from mother to pup when nursing


Diagnosis – skin scraping (mineral oil)Diagnosis – skin scraping (mineral oil)– A few adult mites may not indicate diseaseA few adult mites may not indicate disease– Lots of mites with hair loss indicate disease Lots of mites with hair loss indicate disease – Sometimes skin biopsy required for catsSometimes skin biopsy required for cats– Cats should be checked for FeLV/FIV, and Cats should be checked for FeLV/FIV, and

other illnessother illness– Adult dogs should be checked for illnessAdult dogs should be checked for illness

Treatment (until 2 scrapings 2 weeks apart Treatment (until 2 scrapings 2 weeks apart are negative, and skin is healed)are negative, and skin is healed)– Also treat secondary skin infectionAlso treat secondary skin infection


Treatment for DOGS:Treatment for DOGS:– Mitaban (Amitraz, Taktic) dipsMitaban (Amitraz, Taktic) dips– High dose ivermectin (NOT COLLIES)High dose ivermectin (NOT COLLIES)– Daily Interceptor (milbemycin)Daily Interceptor (milbemycin)– Advantage Multi once monthly for 2-4 monthsAdvantage Multi once monthly for 2-4 months

Treatment CATS:Treatment CATS:– LymDyp works bestLymDyp works best– Amitraz dips are not safe for cats, but amitraz Amitraz dips are not safe for cats, but amitraz

in oil can be used on spots, with cautionin oil can be used on spots, with caution

FleasFleas

MUST TREAT ALL DOGS AND CATS AS MUST TREAT ALL DOGS AND CATS AS THEY COME INTHEY COME IN– Capstar (nitenpyram) – cheap, pill lasts a few daysCapstar (nitenpyram) – cheap, pill lasts a few days

– Advantage (imidocloprid), Frontline (fipronil)Advantage (imidocloprid), Frontline (fipronil)

– Promeris (metaflumizone), Revolution (selamectin)Promeris (metaflumizone), Revolution (selamectin)

– Comfortis (spinosad) – monthly pillComfortis (spinosad) – monthly pill

– Pyrethrin sprays, dips (safe for pups and kittens)Pyrethrin sprays, dips (safe for pups and kittens)

And control fleas in the environmentAnd control fleas in the environment– Fipronil (Over and Out) and spinosad very safe and last Fipronil (Over and Out) and spinosad very safe and last

long periods of timelong periods of time

– Can also use Dursban and other harsh chemicalsCan also use Dursban and other harsh chemicals

TicksTicks

Remove from dogs and cats as they come inRemove from dogs and cats as they come in– Wear gloves to avoid exposure to pathogens in Wear gloves to avoid exposure to pathogens in

blood if they burstblood if they burst– Frontline spray and topical can helpFrontline spray and topical can help– Permethrin can be used on dogs BUT NOT Permethrin can be used on dogs BUT NOT

CATS!!CATS!! Watch for ticks in the shelterWatch for ticks in the shelter

– Brown Dog Ticks (Brown Dog Ticks (Rhipecephalus sanguineusRhipecephalus sanguineus) ) they can live and breed in buildingsthey can live and breed in buildings

– They can be very difficult to get rid ofThey can be very difficult to get rid of

Ear MitesEar Mites

Mostly in cats, but can affect dogsMostly in cats, but can affect dogs causes inflammation of ear canals, itchiness, sores causes inflammation of ear canals, itchiness, sores

behind ears, dark deposits inside earsbehind ears, dark deposits inside ears Contagious, mites can hide out on rest of petContagious, mites can hide out on rest of pet

– Bathe or treat with systemic (ivermectin/selamectin)Bathe or treat with systemic (ivermectin/selamectin) Diagnosis – ear swab with mineral oilDiagnosis – ear swab with mineral oil Eggs hatch and grow to adults in 3 weeksEggs hatch and grow to adults in 3 weeks

– Treat the ears, coat, and animal’s environment for at Treat the ears, coat, and animal’s environment for at least 3-4 weeksleast 3-4 weeks

– Flea control products that kill adult fleas will kill mites Flea control products that kill adult fleas will kill mites in the coatin the coat

– Many ear treatments – mineral oil, tresaderm, Many ear treatments – mineral oil, tresaderm, MitaClear, ivermectinMitaClear, ivermectin

Documents

PowerPoint