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University of California, Irvine
http://www.apep.uci.edu
National Fuel Cell Research Center
Advanced Power and Energy Program
POWERING THE FUTURE
OF TRANSPORTATION
Scott Samuelsen, Director
Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium
April 10, 2009
2/27Portland State University, April 2009
3/27Portland State University, April 2009
COMBUSTION
CO2 + H2O + N2 + POLLUTANTS
GHG SMOG
AIR
FUEL COMBUSTION
ENGINEEXHAUST
THERMAL ENERGY
• 94% OF WORLD’S CO2
• 90% OF WORLD’S POLLUTANTS
SOURCE: SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
• 80% OF WORLD’S POWER
TON
4/27Portland State University, April 2009
WORLD ENERGY DEMAND
ENERGY DEMAND
WORLD ENERGY DEMAND[Million B/D Oil Equivalent]
SOURCE: IEA WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
Other
Transportation
Industry
Electric Power
Residential and Services
TRANSPORTATION
ELECTRIC POWER
2000
2030
5/27Portland State University, April 2009
SOURCE: IEA WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
GHG INTENSITY
WORLD GHG INTENSITY[Billion Metric T/Y]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2000 2030
Transportation
Residential and Services
Other
Electric Power
Industry
ELECTRIC POWER
TRANSPORTATION
6/27Portland State University, April 2009
#1 GREEN HOUSE GAS INTENSITY (1990)
FORCES FOR CHANGE
#2 POLLUTANT IMPACTS (1940)
#3 HUBBERT’S CURVE (1980)
#4 FUEL INDEPENDENCE (9/11)
#5 NATIONAL SECURITY (9/11)
7/27Portland State University, April 2009
HUBBERT’S CURVEB
ILL
ION
B
BL
/Y
YEAR
2020P
ET
RO
LE
UM
PR
OD
UC
TIO
N R
AT
E
8/27Portland State University, April 2009
#1 GREENHOUSE GAS INTENSITY (1990)
#2 POLLUTANT IMPACTS (1940)
#3 HUBBERT’S CURVE (1980)
#4 FUEL INDEPENDENCE (9/11)
#5 NATIONAL SECURITY (9/11)
PARADIGM SHIFTS
• ELECTRIC POWER
• TRANSPORTATION
– FUEL
– ENGINE
• CONSERVATION
– ELECTRICAL POWER
– PERSONAL VEHICLE
– PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
• BUILDING DESIGN
• URBAN DESIGN
FORCES FOR CHANGE
9/27Portland State University, April 2009
CALIFORNIA
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1990 2000 2004 2020 2050
Year
80% Reduction
30% Reduction
GH
G E
mis
sio
ns
[M
MT
CO
2e]
AB 32
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
1990 2000 2004 2020 2050
0
Year
10/27Portland State University, April 2009
#1 GREENHOUSE GAS INTENSITY (1990)
#2 POLLUTANT IMPACTS (1940)
#3 HUBBERT’S CURVE (1980)
#4 FUEL INDEPENDENCE (9/11)
#5 NATIONAL SECURITY (9/11)
PARADIGM SHIFTS
• ELECTRIC POWER
• TRANSPORTATION
– FUEL
– ENGINE
• CONSERVATION
– ELECTRICAL POWER
– PERSONAL VEHICLE
– PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
• BUILDING DESIGN
• URBAN DESIGN
FORCES FOR CHANGE
11/27Portland State University, April 2009
COMBUSTION
AIR
FUEL COMBUSTION
ENGINEEXHAUST
THERMAL ENERGY
12/27Portland State University, April 2009
FOSSIL FUEL
FUEL CELLS
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
COMBUSTION
ELECTRICITY
COMBUSTION
THERMAL ENERGY
EXPANSION
PISTON
GENERATOR
ELECTRICITY
FOSSIL FUEL
• 80% OF WORLD’S POWER
• 94% OF WORLD’S CO2
• 90% OF WORLD’S POLLUTANTS
13/27Portland State University, April 2009
Load
e
Product Gases
Residual Fuel
Fuel Oxidant
Anode CathodeElectrolyte
(ION CONDUCTOR)
Product Gases
Residual Oxidant
ee
H2H2O
O2H+
FUEL CELL STACK
14/27Portland State University, April 2009
Fuel Cell Types Slide
© National Fuel Cell Research Center
15/27Portland State University, April 2009
Fuel Cell Vehicle
FC
60 %
16/27Portland State University, April 2009
Fuel Cell Vehicle
National Fuel Cell Research Center
University of California, Irvine
17/27Portland State University, April 2009
0.20 1.00.4 0.6 0.8
Gasoline Vehicle
CO2 EMISSION: FUEL and VEHICLE
Today Gasoline HV
Hydrogen HV
FCHV
Fuel Vehicle
FCHV(H2O→H2 by Renewable Energy)
FCHV (Coal→Hydrogen)
FCHV (Natural GasHydrogen)
FCHV (Biomass)
Target
Fuel
Vehicle
(Natural GasHydrogen)
18/27Portland State University, April 2009
Fuel Cell Types Slide
© National Fuel Cell Research Center
19/27Portland State University, April 2009
• WASTEWATER TREATMENT 6.10
• MOBILE RENEWABLES 3.90
• HOTELS 2.75
• GOVERNMENT 2.25
• UNIVERSITIES 1.00
• BREWERIES 1.00
• INDUSTRIAL 1.20
• MANUFACTURING 0.50
• FOOD PROCESSING 0.50
• UTILITIES 0.25
TOTAL = 19.45 MW
Sierra Nevada Brewery
Chico
SOURCE: WWW.CASFCC.ORG
Waste Water Treatment Plant
Tulare
California State University
Northridge
Sheraton Hotel
San Diego
20/27Portland State University, April 2009
ENERGY STATION
• Electric Power Generation
• Thermal Power Generation
• Hydrogen Generation
NATURAL GAS
National Fuel Cell Research Center
University of California, Irvine
21/27Portland State University, April 2009
HTFC
47 MJ
electricity
η=47%
43 MJ H2
η=100%
53 MJ high
quality heat
with Tri-
Generation
143 MJ of
CH4
HTFC
43 MJ H2
η=100%
53 MJ high
quality heat
with Tri-
Generation
High-Temperature Fuel Cell with H2 Tri-Generation
22/27Portland State University, April 2009
ENERGY STATION
• Electric Power Generation
• Thermal Power Generation
• Hydrogen Generation
NATURAL GASDIGESTER GAS
LAND-FILL GAS
“GREEN ENERGY STATION”
• Green Electricity
• Green Thermal Power
• Green Hydrogen
National Fuel Cell Research Center
University of California, Irvine
23/27Portland State University, April 2009
STORAGE
TANK
ADG
HOT
WATER
HEAT
EXCHANGER ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION
GAS HOLDER
SLUDGE
DIGESTER
National Fuel Cell Research Center
University of California, Irvine
High-Temperature Fuel Cell with H2 Tri-Generation
BOILER
HYDROGENHYDROGEN
STORAGE
HYDROGEN
DISPENSER
FUEL
TREATMENT
AC
POWER
PROJECT
HIGH-T
FUEL CELL
PROJECT
• Orange County Sanitation District
• Euclid Exit, I405, Fountain Valley
• Support: DOE, ARB, AQMD
• October 2009
24/27Portland State University, April 2009
DUAL FUEL
POWER CONTROL UNIT
SECONDARY
BATTERY
MOTOR
FUEL CELL HYDROGEN
FUEL CELL “PLUG-IN” HYBRID VEHICLE
25/27Portland State University, April 2009
HYBRID FUEL CELL/GAS TURBINE SYSTEMS
C
C
C
AIR
FUEL
C T T GENERATOR
C = Compressor; T = Turbine
60%
70%
70+%
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
HYBRID FC/GT
26/27Portland State University, April 2009
• Locomotives
• Ships
• Trucks
• Aircraft
HYBRID FC/GT
HYBRID FC/GT
HYBRID FC/GT
HYBRID FC/GT
27/27Portland State University, April 2009
NEXUS: TRANSPORTATION and ELECTRICITY
SOURCE: SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
NEXUS: TRANSPORTATION and WATER
NEXUS: ELECTRICITY and WATER
GHGs
POLLUTANTS
CONSUMPTION OF OXYGEN
POWERING THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION
University of California, Irvine
http://www.apep.uci.edu
National Fuel Cell Research Center
Advanced Power and Energy Program
POWERING THE FUTURE
OF TRANSPORTATION
Scott Samuelsen, Director
Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium
April 10, 2009
