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VECTOR FSDIGITALLY-ENABLED FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOOD RESEARCH SYSTEM
D’Haese L., Manyise T., Swanepoel J., D’Haese M., van Rooyen J, Frazao S
There is a growing interest from policymakers for the social and security impact of food security
The foundation of our system is based on:
• A comprehensive digitally-enabled food and livelihood data collection system
• Relevance for baseline, follow-up and evaluation studies
• Applicable in developing and developed contexts
Underpinning is the collection of indicators linked to the different dimensions of household food
security at:
• Reduced cost for reliable data.
• Analysis of the data in a very short time post data-collection due to preprogrammed
analytics and facilities
• Ability of the system to provide complex multivariate analysis’s
HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY
DIGITAL MOBILE DATA MANAGEMENT
DIGITAL MOBILE DATA MANAGEMENT
The system includes
• A digital questionnaire allowing for
• Time and geo-stamped data collection on a range of mobile devices
• Data uploads occur immediately
• data collection can be tracked and managed live from any connected location in the
world making
• making it possible to audit implementation and test the validity of the data collection.
In-field data collection Real-time Data processing
Menu-based and document-based
reporting.
FAST-TRACK ANALYSIS
HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY CONCEPT AND HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY INDICATORS
First step in our approach is to find out what and how to measure food security.
Food security is a valuable concept if used with a clear understanding of what it means, its limitations,
and how it interacts with behaviour and non-food factors (Per Pinstrup-Andersen 2008).
• First there is confusion in using the term “Food Insecurity” , “ Malnutrition” and “Hunger”
• What is enough food
• The difference between ‘Food Security‘ and ‘Nutrition Security’ and
• Intra-household food allocation adds to the complexity of measuring household food security.
STEP 1:
Food (in)security is a continuum of experiences ranging from the most severe form, starvation, to complete food security
(Hendriks 2015)
(Hoddinott, 1999; Rose & Charlton, 2002, Leroy et al,2016)
Maxwell, 2001; outlines the shift from:
• The global and national to the household and individual level
• A ‘food first’ perspective to a livelihood perspective and
• Objective indicators to subjective perception of food insecurity
Food security analysis becomes more associated to poverty and inequality.
Households become food insecure when the livelihood system changes or fails to adapt to challenges and
shocks from the external environment (Swift & Hamilton, 2001).
SHIFT IN THINKING ABOUT FOOD SECURITY
The multi-dimensionality of food insecurity makes it technically complicated to develop food security
indicators.
• There is no consensus on a so called composite Household Food Security Index
• The choice of an appropriate composite food security indicator is arbitrary and open to dispute
(Oosthuizen, 2012)
• If there is a political and social consensus that converges around the choice of an indicator it
could determine the “success” of the use of a composite food insecurity indicator.
Sadly, the majority of household and individual food security studies last several months, from data
collection to reporting.
To assess the level of food insecurity in the areas
• To identify and analyse characteristics of food insecure households
• To classify the determinants of food insecurity at household level
• To determine the effect of agriculture in addressing food insecurity
STEP 2 THE APPROACH SEEKS TO:
Demographic, livelihood and capability factors are important in determining the level of food insecurity.
Multivariate approach showed a high level of food insecurity attributed to:
• Higher household sizes
• Are subject on age
• Gender and education level
• Household dependency ratio
• Livelihood strategies including the number of income sources
• Limited access to assets ( capital, land, water)
• Poor access to services and input and output markets.
Agriculture production at household level has the potential to address food insecurity.
Each these determinants implies data collection and specific analytical tools to test the hypotheses.
STEP 3 HYPOTHESISES
• Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)
• Household expenditure and the share of the food consumption
• Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
• Months of food insecurity adequate food provision
• Food poverty (FP) and Low Energy Availability (LEA)
• Income sources and income level and stability
• Formal/informal income
• Access to food safety nets/ social grants/ school feeding schemes
• Access to remittances
• Proportion of the population living under the poverty line and its link with food poverty
• Access to production factors and - markets
• Resilience strategies
STEP 4 HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY INDICATORS
HOUSEHOLD FOOD INSECURITY ACCESS SCALE (HFIAS)
The household food insecurity access scale is a 9-item food insecurity experiential measure that was
developed by the USAID Food and Nutrient Technical Assistance project (FANTA) (Coates et al.,
2007).
HOUSEHOLD DIETARY DIVERSITY SCORE (HDDS)
Dietary diversity is assumed to produce the best outcome in the well being of individuals.
Food poverty has been linked to:
•Insufficient food intake
•Poor health eating
•Restricted food choices
The calculation is than based on the cost of meeting the individual energy requirements whilst
respecting consumption habits of the poor and prevailing economic conditions (StatsSA, 2015).
FOOD POVERTY LINE
MONTHS OF ADEQUATE HOUSEHOLD FOOD PROVISIONING (MAHFP)
This MAHFP indicator is meant to capture the months of the year when greatest food shortages in a household or
a population occur (Bilinsky & Swindale, 2010).
To a certain extent, this measure captures household food stability during the year.
PROPORTION OF EXPENDITURE ON FOOD ITEMS
in a household’s total expenditure per month.
TOTAL VALUE OF FOOD CONSUMPTION
referring to the value of household food purchases per month and the value consumed of home production.
In addition to indicators on the level of food security, data must also be collected on the determinants of food security.
Subsequently following procedure is used:
•Identify and analyse the characteristics of food insecure households
•Determine the factors associated with food insecurity among households
•Determine the effect of agriculture in addressing food insecurity
STEP 5 DATA ON THE DETERMINANTS OF FS
Particular attention has been paid to:
•Household size,
•Gender, education level and age of household head
•Working status of household members and
•Dependence ratio
HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES
Diversified income source has been documented to be positively correlate with food security, but also the
nature of livelihood strategy has been shown to have influence on household food insecurity (Fekadu & Muche
Mequanent, 2010; Akinboade & Adeyefa, 2017).
There has been growing evidence that households’ location and markets are important factors
influencing household food insecurity (Zakari et al., 2014; Sakyi, 2012 ; Cohen & Garrett 2010).
•Type and nature of local markets is important for dietary diversity
•Urban food insecurity is mostly influenced by increased price fluctuation
Type and nature of local markets are important for dietary diversity.
Battersby (2011) found higher levels of food insecurity to be linked with higher food prices and
longer geographical distances from formal food markets.
GEOGRAPHICAL
AND MARKET FACTORS
Rural household food insecurity analysis paid attention on to access assets on:
•Land ownership
•Government support programmes
•Social grants
•Aid
•Remittances
(Akinloye et al., 2016; Musemwa et al., 2015; Smith et al., 2000).
Household income level shows to be an important determinant of food insecurity (Akinboade & Adeyefa,
2017).
HOUSEHOLD ENTITLEMENTS AND CAPABILITIES
Urban agriculture has been viewed by many as a potential livelihood strategy.
The extent to which urban agriculture can play an important role has not been widely examined.
However ; Battersby et al. (2015) cites little evidence to build a valid case for the support of urban
agriculture.
URBAN ENVIRONMENT AGRICULTURE IS A
POTENTIAL STRATEGY
•
• Household characteristics
• Household food availability, consumption and dietary diversity
• Household food production – crops, vegetables, fruit, livestock
• Access to production factors including land, water and input and output markets
• Household income and expenditure
• Stresses, shocks, coping strategies and aid programmes
• Measures of shocks and coping strategies
STEP 6 DATA COLLECTIONTHE QUESTIONNAIRE INCLUDES:
DATA ENTRYAND REPORTING
Response screening during the data collection and for more
complex screenings a special script has been written in SPSS
Explore outliers
Explore missing values
VALIDITY OF THE DATA
Transfer data to SPSS
Validity test
run scripts additional data creation
run scripts tabulation and data analysis
DATA CREATION AND ANALYSIS
assess the level of food insecurity in the low-income areas.
analyze characteristics of food insecure houeholds.
determine the factors associated with household food insecurity.
determine the effect of urban agriculture
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• household dietary diversity score
• household food insecurity access score
• Food poverty (FTG Approach)
• ANOVA
• T-TEST
• Cluster analysis - 2-Step Cluster
• Multiple linear regression :Value of food consumption
• Tobit (censored) regression HDDS & HFIAS
• Propensity score matching
ANALYTICAL TOOLS
STEP 7 DATA ANALYSIS
TABULATIONS• Chi square
RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS• Oneway• T test• Oneway anova• Equal variance
BIVARIATE ANALYSIS• Correlation
ANALYTICAL TOOLS
FIT MODELS• Linear models• Tobit Analysis
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS• Principal components• Factor analysis• Rortated components
DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS
• P-Alpha poverty index introduced by Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (PTG)
• Propensity score matching econometric model (PSM)
CLUSTER ANALYSIS OTHER ANALYSIS
1. Household characteristics
1.1.Household size
1.1.1. Total household size
1.1.2. Descriptive analysis
1.1.3. Comparing means of household size
1.2.Age household head
1.2.1. Average age of the head of the household
1.2.2. Descriptive analysis
1.2.3. Compare means of average age head of the household
1.3.Education level of the head of the household
1.3.1. Education level head of the household
1.3.2. Descriptive analysis
1.3.3. Compare means of education level head of the household
EACH CHAPTER HAS
A SCRIPT FOR ANALYSIS.
1.1. Household migration
1.1.1. Total Household migration
1.1.2. Descriptive analysis
1.1.3. Months migrating
1.1.4. Remittances
1.2. Active persons (16-65)
1.2.1. Number of active members of the household
1.2.2. Compare means
1.3. Persons working
1.3.1. Total Number of persons working
1.3.2. Compare means
1.3.3. Ratio active population over total population
1.3.4. Adult income earners
1.3.5. Independency ratio
1.3.6. Dependency ratio
1.1. Farm and homestead garden size
1.1.1. Compare means
1.2. Ethnical group
1.2.1. Descriptive analysis
1.2.2. Compare means
1.3. How long has the head of the household been living in the area
1.3.1. Descriptive analysis
1.3.2. Compare means
STEP 8 REPORTING AND ANALYSIS
• Aims, purpose and objectives• Concepts and terminology• Measurement and livelihood
1. Justification and Overview
• Location of the study• Data sources and collection• Analytical framework• Operational program• Project management
2. Research Methodology
• Average household size• Average age of household head• Education level of head of the household• Importance of migrant workers
• Total household migration• Total months spent away from home• Average months spent away from home• Reasons for absence• Migration/Remittances
• Dependency ratios• Number of actives persons/Total household size• Number of persons with income/total household size
• Farm/home garden size• Ethnical group• Period living in the area• Access to land, water and irrigation
3. Household Characteristics
• Household access to food• Fanta indicators, HFISAS score and category• General overview• Overview per province, district, municipality and type of agriculture
• Household diet diversity score• Main sources of food
• Consumption per type• Cost per type• Share expenditure per item consumed
• Intra household food distribution• Poverty measure• Link between human capital and food security status
• Number of people in household/food security status• Link between active persons in household/food security status• Total active adult of the household and HFIA category
• Hungry Periods
4. Household Food Availability, Consumption and Dietary Diversity
• Access to factors of production• Land and tenure structure• Water
• Problems in land cultivation• Food production
• Most important crops• Production per crop• Market value• Subsistence ratio• Importance of processing
5. Household Food Production
REPORTING AND ANALYSIS ( cont.)
• Livestock production• Livestock units owned • Total market value of livestock
• Productions costs• Added value
5. Household Food Production continues
• Income sources, income generation, income decisions• Main Income Sources
6. Household Income
• Analysis by province, district, municipality, type of agriculture, ethnical groups and income.
• Occurrences in the last 12 months• Household experiences with specific stresses• Household experiences with specific shocks• Household application of specific coping strategies• Coping with Hunger
7. Stresses, Shocks and Coping Strategies
• Ongoing aid projects• Overview by province, district, municipality and farm type• Number of total aid programmes
8. Aid Programmes
9. Additional Determinants of the Household Food Security
BENEFITS
BENEFITS
The preconfigured foundation survey can be implemented
• On very short timeframes
• Addresses the full complexity of food and nutrition security.
• Additional customisation allows for quick adaption to unique local questions or
conditions.
• Digital data collection and management leads to reduced implementation risks, improved
data quality and significantly faster project completion.
• Once all data is collected the researcher/policymaker can verify different hypotheses;
make graphs and statistical analysis with various statistical packages.
PROJECT TIMELINE
START END2 DAYS 3 DAYS1 - 6
WEEKS7 DAYS
Enumerator training
Standard form adaption
and preparation
On-site monitoring
Analysis and reporting
14 DAYS
Off-site Monitoring
(Depending on size of the sample)
Client receives a menu-based
and/or document-based report
dependent on client preferences
Approval of quotation and project parameters
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