Power Quality Awareness Program - Energy …...Power Company SARFI90 SARFI80 SARFI70 Singapore Power Grid 13.2 10.6 7.8 United State DPQ Project 49.7 27.3 17.7 Europe Mixed System

Power Quality Awareness Program

1

Khalid Mohamed NorKhalid Mohamed NorPh.D (Manchester), B.Eng (L’pool, 1st Class Hons), SMIEEE.

Perundingan [email protected]

Introduction

Project Objectives

Overview of PQ Standards Voltage Sags

o ITIC

o SEMI F47

2

OutlineOutline

o SEMI F47

Harmonics

Methodology

Result summary

Lessons Learned

Conclusion

IntroductionIntroduction

Definition of Power Quality

Power quality or conducted Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is defined by IEC as "the ability of a device, equipment or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment."

3

intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment." [IEC 61000-1-1]

In IEC there are two sides to the EMC equation:

Source equipment whose emissions must be limited; and

Equipment that needs to have sufficient immunity to those disturbances in its environment within which it operates.

Voltage Sag Standard: Voltage Sag Standard: ITIC & SEMI F47ITIC & SEMI F47

90

100

No Interruption Region

4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

% N

om

inal

Vol

tag

e

Duration (s)

SEMI F47 IEC 61000-4-34 (Class 3)

No Interruption Region

Equipment Shutdown Region

Power Company SARFI90 SARFI80 SARFI70

Singapore Power Grid 13.2 10.6 7.8

United State DPQ Project 49.7 27.3 17.7

Europe Mixed System (UNIPEDE) 103.1 0 44

5SARFI Comparison among SARFI Comparison among Power Utility Companies in Power Utility Companies in Selected Countries in 2010Selected Countries in 2010

Europe Cable System (UNIPEDE) 34.6 0 11

South Africa NRS-048 Indicate Levels 153 78 47

Tenaga National Berhad 34 21 15

Extracted from Suruhanjaya Tenaga report

Bentong , Malaysia, Year 2011ITIC = 6 SEMI F47 = 2 11 6 5

Power Quality Project in Power Quality Project in SingaporeSingapore

In Singapore, Singapore_Power publishes a SARFI map on its website.

The System Average RMS (Variation) Frequency Index, or SARFIx in short is the number of sags per year a customer on the average would have experienced, with remaining voltage is less than x percent of the declared voltage.

6

In Malaysia, the power quality survey focused on the following tasks:

Analysis of power quality events (ie: voltage sag, harmonics)

Power quality survey to analyze the economic losses due to power

7

Power Quality Baseline Power Quality Baseline Study: Peninsular MalaysiaStudy: Peninsular Malaysia

Power quality survey to analyze the economic losses due to power

quality events

Determine the suitable mitigations

Validation of power quality standards with respect to Malaysia and

Malaysia regulatory framework.

TNB and AAIBE has conducted a PQ study in year 2001 and 2002 for Peninsular Malaysia. Internationally many study have been done on Power Quality.

The present study used the latest and up-to-date standards and better equipment than the study in by TNB and AAIBE in 2002.

In contrast to the previous study which is strictly from utility perspective, the present

8Comparison to Previous Comparison to Previous StudiesStudies

In contrast to the previous study which is strictly from utility perspective, the present study used measurements from customer side of the meter.

The present study include study on harmonics which was not done in 2002.

Another important aspect is the estimation of the cost impact to the customer as well for utility and thus by extension to all stakeholders, which has not been done before in Malaysia.

The present study benchmarks its findings and recommendations against international standards and findings.

9

Project ObjectivesProject Objectives

To obtain baseline data on power quality events and sources of events through power quality monitoring programs and ascertain in power quality

limits based the results obtain.

To estimate the economic loss to industry due to power quality events.

To validate the international standards applicability to Malaysian Environment.

To determine the suitable period for implementation & enforcement of the regulations and standards.

To determine the standard utility and consumer reference impedance of the Malaysia electricity supply network.

The duration of this project is approximately 30 months

The study is carried out at sites covering the northern, southern, eastern and central region of Peninsular Malaysia, involving all utilities and customers in the said area.

10Scope of Consultant Scope of Consultant WorkWork

the said area.

25 Power quality monitors are to be purchased by the Suruhanjaya Tenaga, maintained by its contractor.

500 LV sites are to be logged for 24 hours at one minute interval.

In the first year the 25 power quality monitor will be installed at the Northern and Eastern Region and in the second year the 25 Power Quality monitors will be installed in the Central and Southern region.

The logging sites is 250 in the north and eastern region and 250 for the central and southern region.

11Scope of Consultant Scope of Consultant WorkWork

and southern region.

Customer sites are chosen to be logged for 24 hours at one minute interval.

Logging sites and monitoring sites are to be proposed by the consultants, with consultation with ST and TNB and agreement with the study technical committee.

Sites selection is based on proper sampling so that the results are representative of all stakeholders’ loads and equipment.

Customer participation on voluntary basis

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Overall MethodologyOverall Methodology

All measurement will use IEC standards equipment with emphasis on safety and accuracy.

Data collection is through efficient computer network with sufficient backup and redundancy to ensure no corruption or missing data.

Raw data are archived so that it can be verified independently.

Analysis of data and cost use internationally accepted standards and techniques taken from publication of high international standings. The analysis technique will be transparent such that independent party can repeat the analysis for verification.

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Overall MethodologyOverall Methodology

Manufacturers’ equipment data will be used in this study.

Data and results of analysis are benchmarked against international findings to help in verification and validation.

Recommendation will be based on real data, data analysis, simulation of practical scenarios and feedback from all stakeholders.

Stage 1: Literature study on power quality.

Stage 2: Selection of

Methodology Flow ChartMethodology Flow Chart14

Selection of industrial

site.

Stage 3: Measurement

and data collection.

Stage 4: Data analysis.

Stage 5: Evaluation and validation on International and

Correlate power quality events with TNB system disturbances

Perform analysis and simulation based on the monitoring statistics and

manufacturer data to study cost of harmonics effects

Developed a simulation technique to determine which customers that will be affected due to any voltage sag

event

Data Analysis

Determine reference impedance from logged data

PQ Database

Methodology Flow ChartMethodology Flow Chart15

International and Malaysian Standards

on power quality.

Stage 6: Formulation of recommendation

Determine and estimate the cost of voltages sags and harmonics

by using customer survey

Compare data with the first year result to ensure no erroneous or spurious results that can give misleading interpretation. Benchmark with

equivalent international survey data

Propose a new mitigation and suitable technique to overcome power quality problems

Give recommendations and suggestions on the Malaysian power quality standards based on IEC

standards and the findings from PQ data measurement, analysis and simulation

Each event will be compared with MS IEC-61000-4-11 to determine event severities

Readings will be compared with MS IEC-61000-3-2 and MS IEC

61000-3-4 to determine the harmonic limit for Malaysia

Determine and estimate the cost voltage sag mitigation and harmonic mitigation

For power quality monitoring, the event recorded from January 2011 until August 2012 are analysed by the consultant.

From January 2011 until December, 2011, the power quality monitors, Fluke 1750 recorded 781 voltage sag events. The events can be viewed by using Fluke Power Analyzer software.

Overall Voltage Sag Overall Voltage Sag ResultsResults

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viewed by using Fluke Power Analyzer software.

From January 2012 until August 2012, the power quality monitors recorded258 voltage sag events.

Voltage sag can be caused by an internal or external factor. These factors can be determined by analysing the voltage and current waveform.

17Location of Monitoring Location of Monitoring SitesSites

Overview on External and Overview on External and Internal Factor that Internal Factor that caused Voltage Sagcaused Voltage Sag

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Voltage and current waveform (Internal Factor)

Voltage and current waveform (External Factor)

During a fault, the load is considered constantand the occurrence of voltage sag can beanalysed using Ohm’s Law, v=IR.

When the voltage from the supply dropped, thecurrent tends to drop because the energy is notsupplied to the load, but diverted to the fault thatoccurred outside of the premise.

Power, P = VI where V and I is voltage andcurrent respectively.

During start-up of large load/motor, theincoming power is considered constant. Thecurrent will be increased as it has to supply thelarge load which will make the voltage tend toincrease. This condition can also be caused bythe internal fault.

Site Name Numberof Event

ITIC violation

Kangar, Perlis 4 4Alor Setar, Kedah 1 0Alor Setar, Kedah 2 0Kulim, Kedah 1 1Kulim, Kedah 1 0Sg.Petani Kedah 1 1

Site Name Numberof Event

ITIC violation

Jelapang, Perak 3 2Ipoh, Perak 1 1Ipoh, Perak 6 3Ipoh, Perak 0 0Kota Bharu, Kelantan

4 4

Summary of Summary of External and ITIC External and ITIC Voltage sag Events for 2011Voltage sag Events for 2011

19

Sg.Petani Kedah 1 1Bayan Lepas, Penang 2 2Nibong Tebal,Penang

0 0

Bukit Minyak, Penang

1 0

Seberang Prai, Penang

0 0

Georgetown, Penang 2 2Bayan Lepas, Penang 2 1

Kelantan 4 4

Kemaman, Terengganu

1 0

Cukai, Terengganu 5 3K.Terengganu, Terengganu

2 2

Kuantan, Pahang 3 3Pekan, Pahang 2 2Bentong, Pahang 11 6

TOTAL 55 37

Site NameNumber

of Event

ITIC

Violation

Petaling Jaya, Selangor 0 0

Jalan Duta, Kuala

Lumpur6 2

T. Panglima Garang,

Selangor2 0

Klang, Selangor 1 0

Site NameNumber

of Event

ITIC

Violation

Cyberjaya, Selangor 2 1

Senawang, Negeri

Sembilan5 2

Gemas, Negeri

Sembilan1 0

Muar, Johor 3 1

Summary of Summary of External and ITIC External and ITIC Voltage Sag Events for 2012Voltage Sag Events for 2012

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Klang, Selangor 1 0

Precint 2, Putrajaya 2 2

Klang, Selangor 0 0

Balakong, Selangor 1 1

Parcel E, Putrajaya 4 2

Sepang , Selangor 1 1

Rawang, Selangor 2 2

Shah Alam, Selangor 1 0

Kuala Lumpur 3 1

Precint 4, Putrajaya 0 0

Muar, Johor 3 1

Batu Pahat, Johor 3 2

Merlimau, Melaka 2 1

Kota Tinggi, Johor 5 3

Gelang Patah, Johor 3 1

Pasir Gudang, Johor 1 0

Larkin, Johor 5 2

Pasir Gudang, Johor 12 2

TOTAL 65 26

Leonardo Power Quality Initiative has sponsored study on the impact of Power Quality in European Countries (EU)

21Benchmarking Benchmarking Cost Cost against against European European StudiesStudies

As a benchmark against the Suruhanjaya Study we present salient point of the studies.

Spain (12)

France (13)

Slovenia (21)

22European Countries PQ European Countries PQ Questionnaire: Respondents Questionnaire: Respondents

((by Country)by Country)

Portugal (1)

Italy (4)

Austria (1)

United Kingdom (5)

Poland (5)

Respondents in the European Countries (by country)

ManufacturingBanks, 3Food Beverage, 4

Semiconductor, 1

Continuous Manufacturing, 6

Retail, 1Pulp Paper, 6

23European Countries European Countries PQ PQ Questionnaire: Questionnaire:

RespondentsRespondents (by sector)(by sector)

Transport, 5Design, 1

Telecom, 4Hotels, 1

Newspaper Publishing, 2

Hospitals, 6

Pharmaceutical, 4

Oil Chemical, 7Metallurgy, 5

Manufacturing, 5

Banks, 3

Respondents in the European Countries (by sector)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2Voltage Dip

Short Interruption

Long Interruption

Transient & Surges

Cost in million €

24European Countries PQ European Countries PQ Questionnaire:Questionnaire:

PQ Cost per PQ Cost per EventEvent

0

0.2

PQ Cost per Event for Different Disturbance

Industry € 141 635

Services € 22 064

25European Countries PQ European Countries PQ Questionnaire: PQ Questionnaire: PQ Cost Cost per Voltage Sag per Voltage Sag EventEvent

Average € 119 357

Industry* € 4 682

Services* € 2 120

Average* € 4 177

*Note: 2 out of the 62 companies surveyed (semiconductor and retail) filtered out

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Total number of respondents = 87

Malaysian PQ Questionnaire Malaysian PQ Questionnaire Results: RespondentsResults: Respondents

Industry Cost (RM)Glass/ Stone/ Clay/ Cement & Ceramic & Tiles RM 400,000

Metal / aluminium / copper products RM 700,000

Plastics/Rubber RM 153,000

Services (Hospitals / Pharmaceuticals/ Banks/Hotels/ leisure/Commercial Premise/Wholesale Business)

RM 100,000

Semiconductors/ wafer RM 3,000,000

27PQ Cost Per Sector for PQ Cost Per Sector for Malaysian’s Malaysian’s IndustriesIndustries

Semiconductors/ wafer RM 3,000,000

Semiconductors/ EMS (Electronics Manufacturing Services)/Electrical & Electronics

RM 500,000

Oil / petroleum refining/ Gas product /Petrochemicals & Polymers RM 200,000

Wood based / Furniture RM 200,000

Food products Manufacturing RM 200,000

Automotive/Machinery & Equipment RM 229,537

Printing/Packaging (Paper) RM 91,000

Garment Textile /Apparel RM 300,000

Petrochemicals RM 164,000

ITIC Standard < 70% of Vnominal

SEMI F47 Standard < 50% of Vnominal

Duration = 0.0689 s

28

Voltage Sag Event AnalysisVoltage Sag Event Analysis

Area of Vulnerability Due to Single Line to Ground Fault at Line between Bus ABBA132 and SRDG132 (5 May 2012)

Duration = 0.0689 sLPC Affected = 386 SitesTotal Cost of Losses = RM94, 334, 554

ITIC Standard < 70% of Vnominal

SEMI F47 Standard < 50% of Vnominal

Duration = 0.0799s

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Voltage Sag Event AnalysisVoltage Sag Event Analysis

Area of Vulnerability Due to Kuala Lumpur East 275 kV Bus Coupler Tripped (16 April 2012)

Duration = 0.0799sLPC Affected = 1149 SitesTotal Cost of Losses = RM 317,044,165

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No. Site Name Date Voltage

Drop (pu)Detected by

no of monitorNo. of TNB

LPC AffectedCost (RM)

1 Sepang, Selangor 6 Feb 2012 0.6648 1 108 29,416,759

2 Kota Tinggi, Johor 10 Feb 2012 0.534 1 47 20,639,000

3 Senawang, Negeri

Sembilan

27 Feb 2012 0.5697 1 98 19,382,537

4 Balakong, Selangor 1 Mar 2012 0.4766 9 114 29,956,000

5 Gelang Patah, Johor 05 Mar 2012 0.6885 5 253 73,192,000

Cost per Voltage Cost per Voltage sagEventsagEvent that that violate ITIC for 2012violate ITIC for 2012

5 Gelang Patah, Johor 05 Mar 2012 0.6885 5 253 73,192,000

6 Larkin, Johor 29 Mar 2012 0.6923 1 309 50,032,537

7 Rawang, Selangor 3 Apr 2012 0.6117 1 12 9,711,611

8 Precint 2, Putrajaya 15 Apr 2012 0.6864 7 114 31,274,148

9 Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur 16 Apr 2012 0.6457 15 1149 317,044,165

10 Merlimau, Melaka 24 Apr 2012 0.5545 10 668 176,427,702

11 Senawang, Negeri

Sembilan

24 Apr 2012 0.7941 1 35 7,588,573

12 Pasir Gudang, Johor 01 May 2012 0.574 6 377 101,186,685

13 Precint 2, Putrajaya 05 May 2012 0.6405 6 386 94,334,554

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No. Site Name Date Voltage

Drop (pu)Detected by

no of monitorNo. of TNB


14 Muar, Johor 23 May 2012 0.5603 1 178 50,092,000

15 Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur 25 May 2012 0.3978 15 377 81,286,907

16 Rawang, Selangor 21 June 2012 0.8898 1 176 46,044,074

17 Batu Pahat, Johor 4 Jul 2012 0.7501 1 75 23,100,000

18 Kuala Lumpur 05 Jul 2012 0.681 9 441 101,087,592

PQ Cost per Event that PQ Cost per Event that violate ITIC for 2012violate ITIC for 2012

19 Pasir Gudang, Johor 31 Jul 2012 0.7888 2 75 23,100,000

20 Kota Tinggi, Johor 8 Aug 2012 0.644 1 47 20,639,000

21 Parcel E, Putrajaya 11 Aug 2012 0.6883 1 31 3,100,000

22 Parcel E, Putrajaya 12 Aug 2012 0.6836 5 307 74,827,833

23 Kota Tinggi, Johor 18 Aug 2012 0.6102 1 156 43,559,000

24 Larkin, Johor 18 Aug 2012 0.67 6 156 43,559,000

25 Batu Pahat, Johor 18 Aug 2012 0.5608 1 75 23,100,000

26 Cyberjaya 19 Aug 2012 0.6037 6 127 23,182,537

TOTAL 1,516,864,214

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200,000,000

250,000,000

300,000,000

350,000,000

Cos

t (R

M)

PQ Cost per Event

PQ Cost per Event that PQ Cost per Event that violate ITIC for 2012violate ITIC for 2012

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Cos

t (R

M)

Event

33

Mitigation OptionsMitigation Options

Mark Stephens, EPRI Solutions, Power Quality and Utilisation Guide,“PQ In Continuous Manufacturing”, 2006

34

Mitigation OptionsMitigation Options

Source: Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. McGranaghan and H. Wayne Beaty,TK1001.D84 (1996) “Electrical Power Systems Quality”, Mc Graw-Hill. Pages

1-8 and 39-80.

No Site Name DateDetected by no

of Monitor

No. of TNB


1 Sepang, Selangor 6 Feb 2012 1 108 29,416,759

2 Kota Tinggi, Johor 10 Feb 2012 1 47 20,639,000

3 Senawang, Negeri Sembilan 27 Feb 2012 1 98 19,382,537

4 Balakong, Selangor 1 Mar 2012 9 114 29,956,000

5 Larkin, Johor 29 Mar 2012 1 309 50,032,537

6 Rawang, Selangor 3 Apr 2012 1 12 9,711,611

7 Precint 2, Putrajaya 15 Apr 2012 7 114 31,274,148

35PQ Cost per Event that PQ Cost per Event that violate SEMI F47 for 2012violate SEMI F47 for 2012

7 Precint 2, Putrajaya 15 Apr 2012 7 114 31,274,148

8 Senawang, Negeri Sembilan 24 Apr 2012 1 35 7,588,573

9 Muar, Johor 23 May 2012 1 178 50,092,000

10 Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur 25 May 2012 15 377 81,286,907

11 Batu Pahat, Johor 4 Jul 2012 1 75 23,100,000

12 Pasir Gudang, Johor 31 Jul 2012 2 75 23,100,000

13 Kota Tinggi, Johor 8 Aug 2012 1 47 20,639,000

14 Parcel E, Putrajaya 11 Aug 2012 1 31 3,100,000

15 Larkin, Johor 18 Aug 2012 6 156 43,559,000

16 Batu Pahat, Johor 18 Aug 2012 1 75 23,100,000

Total 465,978,072

36

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

Co

st (

RM

)

PQ cost per event in 2012

PQ Cost per Event that PQ Cost per Event that violate SEMI F47 for 2012violate SEMI F47 for 2012

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Co

st (

RM

)

Events

According to IEC 61000-3-4, IEC 61000-3-6 and IEEE 519-92, thecurrent and voltage harmonic limits are as follows:

37

Harmonics Maximum Permissible Harmonic Current

(%)

Maximum Permissible Harmonic Voltage

(%)

Harmonic Standard:Harmonic Standard:Voltage & Current Voltage & Current Harmonic Limits Harmonic Limits

(%) (%)

THD(Total Harmonic Distortion)

16.0 5.0

3rd 21.6 6.5

5th 10.7 6.0

7th 7.2 5.0

9th 3.8 1.5

11th 3.1 3.5

38

From the total of 500 logged sites in Peninsular Malaysia, it is found that343 sites exceeded the Current THD limit.*343 sites from 500 sites is 68.6%

All 500 Logged Sites in Peninsular Malaysia

Current THD for all 500 sites Current THD for all 500 sites in Peninsular in Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia

All 500 Logged Sites

68.6%

31.4%

All 500 Sites

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From the total of 500 logged sites in Peninsular Malaysia, it is found that236 sites exceeded the Voltage THD limit.*236 sites from 500 sites is 47.2%

All 500 Logged Sites in Peninsular Malaysia

Voltage THD for all 500 sites Voltage THD for all 500 sites in Peninsular in Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia

47.2%

52.8%

40

The figures show Current THD(%) versusindustrial, commercial and residential sites Commercial Sites

Current THD by Current THD by Sectors (Sectors (1)1)

Industrial Sites Residential Sites

Commercial

ResidentialExceed Limit

58.20%

41.80%

Industrial

The number of sites that exceed theCurrent THD Limit are as follows: Industrial Sites: 173 sites (58.2%) Commercial Sites: 118 sites (79.2%) Residential Sites: 52 sites (96.3%)

41Current THD by Sectors Current THD by Sectors (2(2))

Industrial

Residential

Exceed Limit79.2%

20.8%

Commercial

Industrial

Commercial

ExceedLimit

96.3%

3.7%

Residential

Residential Sites: 52 sites (96.3%)

42

The number of sites that exceed the 3rd

Harmonic Current Limit are as follows: Industrial Sites: 68 sites (22.9%) Commercial Sites: 80 sites (53.7%) Residential Sites: 38 sites (70.4%) Commercial Sites

33rdrd Harmonic Harmonic CurrentCurrent3rd Current Harmonic Limit : 21.6%


3rd Current Harmonic Limit : 21.6%


43

The number of sites that exceed the 5th


55thth Harmonic Harmonic CurrentCurrent5th Current Harmonic Limit : 10.7%

Residential SitesIndustrial Sites

5th Current Harmonic Limit : 10.7%5th Current Harmonic Limit : 10.7%

44






45

The number of sites that exceed the 3rd


33rdrd Harmonic Harmonic CurrentCurrent3rd Current Harmonic Limit : 21.6%




46






47






NO OF SITES (TOTAL)Sites

Industrial Commercial Residential297 149 54

48

96.3100

120

Sit

es t

ha

t ex

ceed

TH

D Summary of Summary of THDTHD

58.2

79.2

96.3

43.449

63

0

20

40

60

80

100

Industrial Commercial Residential

Sit

es t

ha

t ex

ceed

TH

D

lim

it (

%)

Current THD

Voltage THD

49

51.957.2

67.3

53.7

75.2 75.2 77.984.6

70.4

90.787

94.488.9

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sit

es t

ha

t ex

ceed

cu

rren

t h

arm

onic

lim

it (

%)

Summary of Summary of Harmonic Harmonic spectrumsspectrums

22.9

36.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

3rd 5th 7th 9th 11th

Sit

es t

ha

t ex

ceed

cu

rren

t h

arm

onic

lim

it (

%)

Industrial Commercial Residential

Power Factor is the ratio of real power, P(kW) to the apparent power S(kVA). (displacement power factor)

used as an index to determine the electricity charges for thecustomer.

measured from 0 to 1.

50

Power Power FactorFactor

the decreasing in power factor will cause lower electricity efficiency.

for 132kV (and above) customer, the power factor surcharge will beimposed if their power factor is less than 0.9.

for below than 132kV customer, the power factor surcharge will beimposed if their power factor is below than 0.85.

True power factor = Power factor with harmonic effect.

Displacement power factor = Power factor without harmonic effect.

The relation between the displacement and true power factor is as follow:

True power factor = Displacement power factor × Distortion factor

Where the distortion factor (DF) is equal to:

51

True Power True Power FactorFactor

Where the distortion factor (DF) is equal to:

Calculation of power factor by TNB:

This is a monthly average displacement power factor.

52

The percentage of true power factor occurrences that occur less than 0.85 is 82.6%.

The number of sites that have true power factor less than 0.85 is 479 sites.

*479 sites from 500 sites is 95.8%

True Power Factor True Power Factor OccurrenceOccurrence

Costs due to

Supplementary losses and heating

Iron losses (Eddy current losses)

Insulation ageing

53

Losses due to harmonicsLosses due to harmonics

Costs due to harmonics

Insulation ageing

Resonance Phenomena

Derating of equipment (ie: Transformer)

Equipment malfunction

Industrial losses:

54

Type of Losses Rated losses (W)

Losses without harmonic effect (W)

Losses with harmonic effect (W)

No load 3200 3200 3200

Harmonic Cost Harmonic Cost Calculation: Losses in Calculation: Losses in

Industrial SiteIndustrial Site

No load 3200 3200 3200

Copper losses, I2R 16666.67 8166.67 8444.68

Winding eddy current 3344.00 1638.56 2548.25

Other stray 6789.33 3326.77 3540.21

Total losses 30000.00 16332.00 17733.14

Total load losses 26800.00 13132.00 14533.14

55

p.u load 0.7

Interest rate 0.1

Inflation rate 0.031

Transformer lifetime 11

KWh price (RM/kWh) tariff E2 0.304

Loading current 1521

No Load Loss Capitalization, A 19.6690

Load Loss Capitalization, B 4.0950

Total cost of transformer losses without harmonic (1 year)_RM 116,716.71

Total Cost of Losses with harmonic effect (1 year)_RM 122,454.43


Industrial SitesIndustrial Sites

Loading current 1521

Rated current 3333.43

Transformer price (RM) 200000

Transformer price/kVA (RM) 80

Transformer size (kVA) 2500

Present worth 7.3859

Increased cost of losses due to harmonic (RM)/year 5,737.72Imax(pu) 0.906261941

Equivalent kVA 2265.654852

Capacity loss (RM) 18,747.61

Year when the transformer is damaged (years) 18

Present value for 1 year (RM) 9,000.00

Present value before damage (RM) 162,000.00

Present value for aging cost (RM) 18,000.00

Commercial losses:

56

Type of Losses Rated losses (W)

Losses without harmonic effect (W)

Losses with harmonic effect (W)

No load 3200 3200 3200


Commercial SiteCommercial Site

No load 3200 3200 3200

Copper losses, I2R 16666.67 2666.67 2794.43

Winding eddy current 6789.33 1086.29 1900.87

Other stray 3344.00 535.04 582.31

Total losses 30000.00 7488.00 8477.61

Total load losses 26800.00 4288.00 5277.61

57

p.u load 0.4Interest rate 0.1Inflation rate 0.031Transformer lifetime 11KWh price (RM/kWh) tariff E2 0.312Loading current 1100Rated current 3333.43Transformer price (RM) 200000

No Load Loss Capitalization, A 20.1866Load Loss Capitalization, B 2.1982Total cost of transformer losses without harmonic (1 year)_RM 74,022.90Total Cost of Losses with harmonic effect (1 year)_RM 76,198.26

Increased cost of losses due to


Commercial SitesCommercial Sites

Transformer price (RM) 200000Transformer price/kVA (RM) 80Transformer size (kVA) 2500Present Worth 7.3859

Increased cost of losses due to harmonic (RM)/year 2,175.35Imax(pu) 0.298285666Equivalent kVA 745.7141652

Capacity loss (RM) 140,342.87

Year when the transformer is damaged (years) 18

Present value for 1 year (RM) 12,000.00

Present value before damage (RM) 216,000.00

Present value for aging cost (RM) 24,000.00

Malaysia harmonic cost:

58

Sector Total number of consumers

Increased cost of losses due to harmonic

(RM)/year

No of transformers

Annual cost of losses (RM)

Industrial 24929 5,737.72 12500 71,721,485.82

Commercial 1056954 2,175.35 5000 10,876,757.4982,598,243.31

Harmonic Cost Harmonic Cost Calculation: TotalCalculation: Total

82,598,243.31

Sector Total number of consumers

Aging cost if transformer is damage after 18 years

(RM)

No of transformers

Annualized aging cost (RM)

Industrial 24929 18,000.00 12500 12,500,000.00Commercial 1056954 24,000.00 5000 6,666,666.67

19,166,666.67

Financial losses due to voltage sags can be huge

There is a baseline voltage sag frequency in the system due to the background conditions, such as weather related system interruptions.

System operator can minimise the voltage sags to events that cannot be avoided by proper system design, maintenance and operation.

59 LESSONS LEARNED

design, maintenance and operation.

Customer Good engineering practice such as, selecting PQ standard compliance equipment reduces operational disruption due to voltage sag events.

In pre-existing installation, mitigation devices can reduce operation disruption as a results of voltage sags.

It is possible to estimate the risk of financial losses from voltage sag events.

60 LESSONS LEARNED

from voltage sag events.

It is therefore feasible for cost Benefit analysis from financial risk and investment cost for retrofitting and/or installing PQ standard compliance equipment.

HARMONICS

Malaysian industries hardly comply with international best practice as far as harmonic control is concerned.

The loss due to harmonics is chronic and cancer like.

The cost is mainly due to faster aging and

LESSONS LEARNED

The cost is mainly due to faster aging and energy losses.

It is avoidable.

The financial cost makes our economy less competitive.

THANK YOU

Documents

Power Quality Awareness Program - Energy …...Power Company SARFI90 SARFI80 SARFI70 Singapore Power Grid 13.2 10.6 7.8 United State DPQ Project 49.7 27.3 17.7 Europe Mixed System