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Power Quality:Power Quality:A Closer Look A Closer Look
Joe WatsonJoe WatsonAPPA – Engineering & Operations Technical ConferenceAPPA – Engineering & Operations Technical Conference
April 18, 2005April 18, 2005
One of the nations largest 4 service utility providers.
Electricity Natural Gas
Water Wastewater
603,025 total customers for all combined services over 470 sq. miles.
Electric = 194,369 customers
1,978 employees for all 4 utilities.
Generate up to 77% of our own electricity (633 MW).
More than 2900 miles of distribution lines
(70% ug vs. 25% nation avg)
More than 220 miles of transmission lines
19 Transmission Substations, 40 Distribution Substations
…just a few facts
Springs Utilities’ Springs Utilities’
CustomersCustomers High Tech / R&D
Intel, Atmel, Honeywell, Kaman Science, LSI Logic, Lockheed Martin, Mitsui, Quantum, Ramtron, UTMC Aeroflex, Vitesse
Data/Call Centers
HP, MCI, Oracle, FedEx, Progressive Insurance, T Rowe Price, Qwest
Manufacturing Western Forge, Metso Minerals, Schlage Lock
Military Installations NORAD, Fort Carson Army Base, Peterson Air Force Base, Air
Force Academy
Springs Utilities’ Springs Utilities’ PQ HistoryPQ History
BMI – 8010 PQ Nodes (1993)
Portable Monitoring
Metrosonic PA7, Metrosonic MR4, Dranetz 658, Dranetz-BMI Power Platform
SquareD - Power Logic (1998)
Power Measurement – ION (1999) Enterprise Software
ION 7700
ION 8500
Where to MonitorWhere to Monitor
Power Measurement - ION
Monitors at every transmission substation (115kV or 230kV but not 34.5kV)
• 27 locations
Monitors at customer sites• Expand program to offer PQ monitoring service
• 3 locations
• Helps to troubleshoot Enhanced Service equipment such as Automatic Transfer and Static Transfer Switches
CommunicationCommunicationChallengesChallenges
How do we communicate with meters?
RS232 RS485 Phone / Modem Spread Spectrum radios Internet
CommunicationCommunicationChallengesChallenges
How do we communicate with meters?
RS232 RS485 Phone / Modem Spread Spectrum radios Internet
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Disturbance Paging
Disturbance Database
Fault Locating Waveform Analysis
System Protection / Relaying Preventative Maintenance
First Response
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Disturbance Paging Page includes time stamp, device, magnitude and duration
of event Notify Enhanced Service Engineer on standby as well as
other CS Utilities’ personnel. Provide proactive response to most important customers. Indicated a system-wide or isolated event.
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Disturbance Database First used an Excel database but soon switched to Access Data is qualified (ie. Was it really an event?) Compare event with “Outage Database” and “Event
Messanger” The following data is logged:
• Date/Time
• Magnitude/Duration
• Which phases were affected
• Load affected
• Event path
• Cause category and description
• Event location (grid x-y)
• Protective Device which operated
• Outage report number
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Disturbance Database Hope to develop indices in order to help rank Capital and O&M projects
Outage indexes:Outage indexes:SAIFISAIFI - System Average Interruption Frequency Index - System Average Interruption Frequency Index
(…how many outages in a year, interruptions/year)(…how many outages in a year, interruptions/year)
SAIDISAIDI - System Average Interruption Duration Index - System Average Interruption Duration Index(…how many minutes in a year, minutes/year) (…how many minutes in a year, minutes/year)
CAIDICAIDI - Customer Average Interruption Duration Index - Customer Average Interruption Duration Index(…how long each outage, minutes/interruption) (…how long each outage, minutes/interruption)
RBM (Reliability Benchmarking Methodology) RBM (Reliability Benchmarking Methodology) index:index:
SARFISARFI%V%V - System Average RMS Frequency Index - System Average RMS Frequency Index ThresholdThreshold
(…how many sags/swells in a year, sags(or swells)/year at(…how many sags/swells in a year, sags(or swells)/year atthreshold level)threshold level)
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Worst Disturbances [1996 CBEMA - ITIC]
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Duration (s)
Ma
gn
itu
de
(%
No
min
al)
Disturbance Database Ranking Substations
12RM6 2004 data 27 events Zero sags outside ITIC
Worst Disturbances [1996 CBEMA - ITIC]
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Duration (s)
Ma
gn
itu
de
(%
No
min
al)
34NP13 2004 data 56 events 4 sags outside ITIC
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Disturbance Database Ranking by category (all events below 90% nominal)
Could also be ranked below 80%, 70%, etc.
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Fault Locating Use fault levels and phases to help troubleshoot
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Waveform Analysis Use fault levels and phases to help troubleshoot
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Waveform Analysis Use fault levels and phases to help troubleshoot
Delta/Wye
Single phase fault will appear as a
phase to phase fault
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Waveform Analysis Use fault levels and phases to help troubleshoot
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
System Protection and Relaying Use fault levels to determine if protection worked as designed.
Delta/Wye
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Preventative Maintenance Calculating fault on breakers to determine when maintenance is required. Looking for trends or repetitive events.
What to do withWhat to do withthe system?the system?
Rapid Response Economic Development in Colorado Springs has group of
individuals from different departments (Fire, Police, Utilities, etc.) to provide information to companies interested in locating in Colorado Springs.
Many companies are interested in reliability data – outage AND power quality.
Customer meetings Data is used to document events and discuss with customers.
2001 to Current2001 to CurrentSummary of DisturbancesSummary of Disturbances
PQ Events Since 5/19/2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
12RM6 HV01/02B 34NP13 HV01A 34RM1 HV02A
12RM6 HV01/02B 3 13 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 6 0 53 1 1
34NP13 HV01A 3 21 0 1 1 1 1 16 1 2 1 0 14 1 53 1 6
34RM1 HV02A 3 13 0 0 0 1 0 11 0 0 0 0 10 0 53 1 1
WindLightni
ngATO xfer
Flashover
FloaterDebris in Line
Animal in line
Unknown
Switching
Error
Vehicle
Cut UG Cable
Technician Error
Equipment failure
OH Construction
External
Switching Into
Automatic
Reclos
1A - 123
2A - 93
1A&B - 82
2001 to Current2001 to CurrentSummary of DisturbancesSummary of Disturbances
PQ Events Since 5/19/2001(with common events removed)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
12RM6 HV01/02B 34NP13 HV01A 34RM1 HV02A
12RM6 HV01/02B 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
34NP13 HV01A 0 6 0 1 1 0 1 12 1 2 1 0 9 1 0 0 5
34RM1 HV02A 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0
WindLightni
ngATO xfer
Flashover
FloaterDebris in Line
Animal in line
Unknown
Switching
Error
Vehicle
Cut UG Cable
Technician Error
Equipment failure
OH Construction
External
Switching Into
Automatic
Reclos
HV01A - 40
HV02A - 13
HV01 A&B - 3
1. Sag due to ATO transfer after event on feeder serving 1A.
2. Technician accidentally tripped ATO.
3. PT fuse failed in LS switchgear.
HV01A & HV02AHV01A & HV02AExposureExposure(since May 2001)(since May 2001)
North Plant – 36 events 34NP2 – 13
• Platte bus – 1• 12PL1 - 5• 12PL2 - 7
34NP12 – 2 34NP14 - 1 34NP20 – 13
• 13HL1 – 7• 13HL2 - 2
34NP24 – 2• 12C2 – 1
Rampart – 4 events 34RM2 – 1 34RM3 – 3
• 12RV4 – 2• 12RV5 – 1
Oak Valley
Craigmoor
Platte
Holland Park
Rusina
Digital
Oak Valley
Ind Prk
Cust Sub
North Plant
Rampart