rading in education is the process of applying standardized
measurements of varying levels of achievement in a course. G
Slide 6
rades can be assigned in letters (for example, A, B, C, D, or
F), as a range (for example 1 to 6), as a percentage of a total
number correct, as a number out of a possible total (for example
out of 20 or 100), or as descriptors (excellent, great,
satisfactory, needs improvement). G
Slide 7
Slide 8
In some countries, all grades from all current classes are
averaged to create a grade point average (GPA) for the marking
period. The GPA is calculated by taking the number of grade points
a student earned in a given period of time divided by the total
number of credits taken.averaged
Slide 9
The GPA can be used by potential employers or educational
institutions to assess and compare applicants. A Cumulative Grade
Point Average is a calculation of the average of all of a student's
grades for all courses completed so far.
Slide 10
Slide 11
HistoryHistory ofof gradinggrading
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Yale University historian George W. Pierson writes "According
to tradition the first grades issued at Yale (and possibly the
first in the country) were given out in the year 1785, when
President Ezra Stiles, after examining 58 Seniors, recorded in his
diary that there were 'Twenty Optimi, sixteen second Optimi, twelve
Inferiores (Boni), ten Pejores.'"
Slide 15
Keith Hoskin argues that the concept of grading students' work
quantitatively was developed by a tutor named William Farish and
first implemented by the University of Cambridge in 1792.William
FarishUniversity of Cambridge
Slide 16
Hoskin's assertion has been questioned by Christopher Stray,
who finds the evidence for Farish as the inventor of the numerical
mark to be unpersuasive. Stray's article elucidates the complex
relationship between the mode of examination (testing), in this
case oral or written, and the varying philosophies of education
these modes imply, both to teacher and student. As a technology,
grading both shapes and reflects many fundamental areas of
educational theory and practice.
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
International grading systems Most nations have individual
grading systems unique to their own schools. However, several
international standards for grading have arisen recently.
Slide 20
Slide 21
Academic grading in the Philippines
Slide 22
he educational system of the Philippines was patterned both
from the educational systems of Spain and the United States.
However, after the liberation of the Philippines in 1946, the
system changed radically.PhilippinesSpainUnited Statesliberation of
the Philippines in 1946 T
Slide 23
Example of Grading Basis
Slide 24
Grading System
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
The Department of Education (or DepEd) administers the entire
educational system, especially the curriculum, along with the
utilization of given funds for school services, equipment,
recruitment of teachers (for public schools only), etc.Department
of Educationcurriculumpublic schools
Slide 28
The former educational system of the Philippines was composed
of 6 years of elementary education starting at the age of 6, and 4
years of high school education starting at the age of 12. With this
system, compulsory education is not enforced.elementary
educationhigh school educationcompulsory education
Slide 29
However, 2011 signaled the start of the implementation of a new
educational system, which is the K-12 educational system, which
includes the new curricula for all schools (see 2010s and the K-12
program). With this system, education will be now compulsory.K-12
educational system2010s and the K-12 program
Slide 30
Slide 31
All public and private schools in the Philippines must start
classes from a date mandated by the Department of Education
(usually every first Monday of June for public schools only), and
must end after each school completes the mandated 200-day school
calendar of DepEd (usually around the third week of March to the
second week of April).
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
PHILOSOPHY The purpose of any system of reporting to parents is
to strengthen the home-school partnership and to inform parents
concerning student progress. The degree to which parents are
informed of the philosophy of the school system, its programs, and
the assessment of students strengths and weaknesses is important in
establishing a positive attitude toward school and a cooperative
relationship between school and home. Assessments should be
straightforward with teacher judgments based on objective
data.
Slide 36
The K-6 progress reports reflect the instructional level of
students. Progress reports should be communicated in terms
understood by those involved. The main objective of an elementary
progress report is to communicate to parents what students know and
are able to do. Fairfax County Public Schools takes this mission
very seriously, and is committed to providing the best possible
information to parents. Research shows that student success is
highly correlated with parent involvement in school progress.
Further, FCPS believes that assessment and reporting of
student.
Slide 37
Slide 38
Elementary school
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Elementary school, sometimes called primary school or grade
school (Filipino: paaralang elementarya, sometimes mababang
paaralan), is the first part of the educational system, and it
includes the first six years of compulsory education (grades 1- 6).
These grades are further grouped (informally) accordingly into:
primary level, which includes the first three grades (grades 1-3),
and intermediate level, which includes the last three grades
(grades 4-6).Filipino
Slide 43
The elementary school education covers a smaller but wider than
the junior and senior high school because of the spiral approach
educational technique.spiral approach In public schools, the
core/major subjects that is introduced starting grade 1 include
mathematics, Filipino, and Makabayan (until grade 3, this subject
is synonymous to social studies, but also incorporate values
education and the fundamentals of political science).
mathematicsFilipinosocial studiesvalues educationpolitical
science
Slide 44
Slide 45
EnglishEnglish is only introduced after the 2 nd semester of
grade 1. Science is only introduced starting grade 3. Heograpiya
(geography), kasaysayan (history), andsibika (civics) (abbreviated
as HEKASI), is only introduced starting grade 4 (similar also to
social studies but focuses more on the subjects earlier stated).
Minor subjects then include music, arts, physical education, and
health (abbreviated as MAPEH).Sciencegeographyhistorycivicssocial
studiesmusicartsphysical educationhealth
Slide 46
In private schools, subjects in public schools also include
those of the public schools, with the additional subjects
including: computer education and HELE (stands for homeeconomics
and livelihood education; while in Christian schools or in Catholic
schools, religious education. International schools also have their
own subjects in their own language and culture.computer
educationhomeeconomicslivelihoodreligious education
Slide 47
Slide 48
05.00
Slide 49
rom grades 1-3, students will be taught using their mother
tongue, meaning the regional languages of the Philippines will be
used in some subjects (except Filipino and English) as a medium of
instruction. It may be incorporated as a separate subject. But from
grade 4, Filipino and English as a medium of instruction will then
be used.mother tonguelanguages of the Philippines F
Slide 50
On December 2007, Philippine president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
announced that Spanish is to make a return as a mandatory subject
in all Filipino schools starting in 2008 but it didn't come into
effect.Gloria Macapagal Arroyo DECS Bilingual Policy is for the
medium of instruction to be Filipino for: Filipino, Araling
Panlipunan, Edukasyong Pangkatawan, Kalusugan at Musika; and
English for: English, Science and Technology, Home Economics and
Livelihood Education.Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Philippine
constitution mandates that regional languages are the auxiliary
official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary
media of instruction thereinregional languages
Slide 51
As a result, the language actually used in teaching is often a
polyglot of Filipino and English with the regional language as the
foundation, or rarely the local language. Filipino is based on
Tagalog, so in Tagalog areas (including Manila), Filipino is the
foundational language used. Philippine regional languages are used
in the provinces in the teaching of Makabayan. International
English language schools use English as the foundational language.
Chinese schools add two language subjects, such as Min Nan Chinese
and Mandarin Chinese and may use English or Chinese as the
foundational language. The constitution mandates that Spanish and
Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
Following on this, a few private schools mainly catering to the
elite include Spanish in their curriculum. Arabic is taught in
Islamic schoolsPhilippine regional languagesprovincesMin Nan
ChineseMandarin ChineseArabic
Slide 52
Slide 53
Until 2004, primary students traditionally sat for the National
Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT) administered by the Department
of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS). It was intended as a
measure of a school's competence, and not as a predictor of student
aptitude or success in Secondary school. Hence, the scores obtained
by students in the NEAT were not used as a basis for their
admission into Secondary school.
Slide 54
During 2004, when DECS was officially converted into the
Department of Education (DepEd), and also, as a result of some
reorganization, the NEAT was changed to National Achievement Test
(NAT) by the Department of Education (DepEd). Both the public and
private elementary schools take this exam to measure a school's
competency. As of 2006, only private schools have entrance
examinations for Secondary school.
Slide 55
The Department of Education expects over 13.1 million
elementary students to be enrolled in public elementary schools for
school year 20092010.
Slide 56
Slide 57
Though elementary schooling is compulsory, latest official
figures show 27.82% of Filipino elementary-aged children either
never attend or never complete elementary schooling, usually due to
the absence of any school in their area, education being offered in
a language that is foreign to them, or financial distress.
Slide 58
In July 2009 DepEd acted to overcome the foreign language
problem by ordering all elementary schools to move towards mother-
tongue based learning initially. The order allows two alternative
three-year bridging plans. Depending on the bridging plan adopted,
the Filipino and English languages are to be phased in as the
language of instruction for other subjects beginning in the third
and fourth grades.
Slide 59
The lowest degree of Education is not about illiteracy But
being literately inclined yet with an Attitude of an uncivilized
moron. Author: Redbutts Ash
Slide 60
K nowledge is acquired through perseverance, that the mere
sacrifices and hardships that get through when learning were
striven to achieve the ultimate goal Success. It seizes the fact
that poverty is not a hindrance, but just an another inspiration to
go on with the objectives. L et me tell that I may not achieve the
pedestals yet; but surely I acquired great learning with Education.
-- Redbutts