BY:CHE FATHIYAH CHE HAMID IZYAN DIYANA MERZUKI

BALQIS MOHD NASIR

Fabricated Hadith :definition & causes

definition

• Hadith: Literally-communication, story, conversation etc.

• Technically: transmitted on the authority of the prophet on his deeds, sayings, tacit, and sifaat.

• Fabricated hadith: literally-lie about something & to invent something without basis

• Technically: It means the fabricated narration about the prophet and his authority such as deeds, sayings, approval, using invented and fabricated Hadith

BRIEF HOSTORY ON HADITH MOVEMENT

DURING PROPHET MUHAMMAD LIFETIME

3 ways to preserve Hadith:

1) Verbal – memorization

2) Written

3) Practical demonstration

Verbal

• The most encouraged way by the prophet

• The process: The prophet say the Hadith-the Companions-tell to other Sahabahs who not present

• Most of the Sahabah used this way to preserve Hadith

WrittenWritten A Hadith reported by Abu Sa`id Al-Khudri:

“Do not write from me anything except the Qur’an and whosoever has written anything from me other than the Qur’an should erase it.”

Reasons: i. Most of the Sahabah had strong memoryii. Afraid that the possibility of mixture between

Quran & Hadith iii. The Prophet wanted Sahabah to focus more

on the Quran & it preservation

Era of the companions

All caliphs were very concerned related to Hadith: Caliph Abu Bakr r.a- reporter of hadith must bring

an independent witness as a proof- not fabricate hadith

Caliph Umar r.a-imprisoned some companions- traditional extremists eg: Ibn Mas’ud, Abu Darda’ and Abu Mas’ud al-ansari.

Caliph Ali r.a- reporter need to prove some oath-not lie about the hadith of Prophet.

sahabah: Abu Hurairah r.a-narrated 5374 ahadith

Era of the successor

New policy-expanding empires- leader need to qualified in both, military and Islamic fields- eg:Hadith

New problem: people-invent Hadith-authority of the Prophet

How to deal: Caliph Umar bin Abd. Aziz-ordered-compile the

Hadith, sent letter to a famous Muhadditisin The list of the hadith books that had been

compiled by many scholars at the Tabeen for example; Kitab Khalid bin Maidan, Kutb Hasan Bisri,

era of successor to successor

• Around 2nd century-the compilation of the Hadith became more systematically and written in the text.

• Eg: Imam Malik- al-Muwatta’(1st comprehensive written Hadith)

• Other scholars: Abdullah ibn Al-Mubarak of Khurasan; Hammad ibn Salamah of Basrah; and Sufyan Ath-Thawri of Kufah

Era of Sahih

Started during 3rd century- birth of research studies & critical analysis

Eg: Imam Bukhari with his Sahih al-Bukhari, Imam Muslim with his Sahih Muslim, Imam Abu Dawud with his Sunnan

Abu Dawud

Brief history on forgery hadith

when it happened?- Opinion by Ibn Hazim

- During period of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

- During the period of Uthman ibn Affan- his assassination

CAUSES OF FABRICATION

• INTENTIONAL FABRICATION

• UNINTENTIONAL FABRICATION

INTENTIONAL FABRICATION

1)The Zanadiqa (Heretic)• Deny the validity of prophecy• Al-Ghazali : 1)absolute 2)specific2)Political Differences• Differences & battles between ‘Ali &

Mu’awiyah• In favour of their man

INTENTIONAL FABRICATION

3)Favour Seekers• Want to please caliphs or their chiefs

4)Storytellers • Easy profit by playing on the trust of

the audience• Compelled to invent Hadith through

the urge to instill into their listeners respect towards the religion

INTENTIONAL FABRICATION

5)Human Frailties• Bad memory, feeble-mindedness,

boastfulness etc

6)Ignorant Ascetics• To let people come close to Allah• To encourage people to be more pious

INTENTIONAL FABRICATION

7)Prejudice For One’s Own Town, Race, Imam

• Praise someone while degrading someone else

UNINTENTIONAL FABRICATION

1)Novelty• Took a well-known Hadith & supported it with

new isnad

2)Mistakes • Isnad ended with a Companion or a Successor

only

UNINTENTIONAL FABRICATION

3)Inexactness • Not so exact in the transmission of

Hadith

4)Indirect Transmission• Transmitted Hadith that they did not

learn

UNINTENTIONAL FABRICATION

5)Failure To Copy• Did not copy what they learned• Later, wanted to appear professional in the

transmission of Hadith6)Lack Of Qualification• Lack the necessary qualification for teaching

Hadith

UNINTENTIONAL FABRICATION

7)Lost Books• Relied on copies of other books when

teaching students

REACTIONS OF THE SCHOLARS

• End of the period of the Companions- opposing parties and sects emerged, insincere hadith students increased.

• Critical period of hadith fabrication.• Prominent scholars traveled through Muslim world,

search for authentic sayings. • Used careful methods to determine what was

actually said and made up.• Starting from this point, ‘sciences of hadith’ was

developed.

SCIENCES OF HADITH

• The process Muslims scholars use to evaluate hadith.

• This science concerned with the sanad and matn, to distinguish the sahih/authentic from other than it.

• The verification of each isnad is crucial- used to verify the intentional fabrication of ahadith by various sects, in order to support their views.

MUSTALAH AL-HADITH

• The rules regulating the acceptance of ahadith are known as Mustalah al-Hadith (the Classification of Hadith).

• Mustalah books put number of classes of hadith according to their status: according to the reference to a particular

authority.according to the links in the isnadaccording to the number of reporters involved in

each stage of the isnad

according to the manner in which the hadith has been reported

according to the nature of the matn and isnadaccording to a hidden defect found in the isnad

or text of a hadithaccording to the reliability and memory of the

reporters

RIJAL AL-HADITH

• The study of the reporters of hadith.• Acc. to Ibn Majah, this science is very

important- used to publicize to the whole Islamic community the character of those responsible for forgery, or for incompetent and incorrect reporting.

AL-KUTUB AL-SITTA

• Name given to the six hadith books that contain collections of the most authentic (reliable) hadiths.

• Significant- constitute the content of the prophetic sunnah, one of the two most important sources of the Islamic religion.

• Two works of Jami’ al-Sahih by al-Bukhari and Muslim- purpose is collecting only sahih(authentic) hadith; as well as the four books of Sunan that belong to Abu Davud, Tirmidhi, Nasaai, and Ibn Majah.

• Fabricated hadith have been compiled into separate books by the scholars after they conducted through and effective classification studies.

• Examples of fabricated hadith: "Seek knowledge even if it is in China“-may

have been fabricated to encourage learning.

"I was born in the time of the just king." This was fabricated to exalt the Persian king Anushirwan.

"Abu Hanifa is the lamp of my nation". It must have been fabricated for sectarian considerations.

"Cleanliness comes from belief." The meaning is true, but it was not reported from the Messenger through a sound chain of transmission. Instead, he said: "Purity (in body, mind, and heart) is half of belief, and al-hamdu li-llah (all praise be to God) fills up the balance (where the good deeds will be weighed)."