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First Generation Immigrant Latino Parenting Characteristics
Power of Families Project June 28th, 2016
Identified Latino Cultural Constructs
Latino population is diverse, yet certain cultural concepts
have been consistently found among first generation
immigrant families (Bernal & Domenech Rodriguez, 2009)
Familism
Familismo describes the idea that family
is prioritized over the individual (Sue &
Sue, 2003)
Latino parents may utilize familism to
promote youth in supporting and
assisting other family members (Roosa,
Morgan-Lopez, Cree, & Specter, 2002)
Empanadas, Carmen Lomas Garza
Respeto
Respeto, describes respect for authorities
Studies show that Puerto Rican descent families value when children demonstrate
respect towards elders (Arcia et al., 2000)
Due to respect for their parents, Latino adolescent males might avoid discussing taboo
subjects such as drug abuse (Lac et. al., 2011)
Simpatia
Simpatia describes the desire to avoid
conflict and maintain peace within the
family
Latino families intentionally will try to
decrease conflicts with their
adolescent children (Barber, 1994)
Latino adolescents with good
communication with their parents
were less likely to be involved with
risky behavior, including drug use (Lac
et al., 2011) Cascarones, Carmen Lomas Garza
Gender Roles An important dynamic among first
generation Latino immigrant
families is the emphasis of
traditional gender roles.
While these may mirror American
traditional roles, there are nuances
that may also influence Latino
family functioning, especially in
regards to parenting strategies.
La Quinceañera, Carmen Lomas Garza
Machismo
Boys are taught to be independent and self sufficient (Lac et al.2011).
While the term has anti social connotations, theoretically, researchers have
compared machismo to chivalry, which includes being respectful, generous,
and resilient (Fragoso, & Kashubeck, 2000).
Marianismo
Emphasizes females to be homebound,
submissive, humble, and promoting
caregiving responsibilities, i.e. modeling
the Virgin Mary (Guilamo-Ramos, et
al.,2007; Lac et. al., 2011)
Perceived as a pivotal family anchor,
mothers of Mexican-origin often serve as
the primary source of maintaining family
values (Valdes, 1996).
Virgen Guadalupe, Carmen Lomas Garza
Latino Parenting Characteristics
Parenting is largely influenced by cultural values and socioeconomic status
(Darling & Steinberg, 1993).
While traditional parenting styles can be helpful to categorize types of parents,
it is difficult to describe the parenting style that many Latino parents use.
Parenting also described by solely the parenting practices in three domains:
demandingness, responsiveness, autonomy granting (Domenech Rodriguez,
Donovick & Crowley, 2009; Guilamo-Ramos, et al.,2007; Darling & Steinberg,
1993)
Demandingness
Dominican and Puerto Rican mothers
expressed high expectations that their
adolescents obey strictly guidelines and
rules set out by parents(Guilamo-Ramos,
Dittus, Jaccard, 2009)
In order to socialize their children to
practice respeto, Latino parent may use
corporal punishment, as a way to stop
questioning or enforce authority
La Llorona, Carmen Lomas Garza
Responsiveness Responsiveness can be connected to aspects of familism and
simpatia, manifested through Latino parents’ engagement and
expressions of affection for their Latino children.
Familism allows parents, especially fathers, to be engaged with
their children’s activities that may offset the negative effects of
poverty (German, Gonzales, & Dumka, 2009).
There is evidence that when Latino parents integrate warmth and
encouragement as well as parental monitoring may result in lower
levels of reported externalizing issues in children (Holtrop, Mcneill
Smith, & Scott, 2015).
In focus groups, both Puerto Rican and Dominican mothers
expressed the need to maintain control and firm expectations, but
also valued supportive and warm relationships with their
adolescent children (Guilamo-Ramos, Dittus, & Jaccard, 2009).
El general y su familia (The General and His
Family), Fernando Botero
Autonomy Granting
There is consistent evidence that shows that Latino parents utilize of
maintaining low levels of autonomy granting as a protective strategy for their
children (Guilamo-Ramos, Dittus, & Jaccard, 2009).
Important to note is the varying levels of autonomy that Latino parents grant is
heavily depending on gender. (Rafelli & Ontai, 2004).
Based on the cultural value of marianismo, Latino parents are generally more
restrictive on their daughter's autonomy, possibly putting stricter curfews or
limiting interactions with male peers (Rafelli & Ontai, 2004; Domenech
Rodriguez, Donovick & Crowley, 2009).
Low Income Neighborhoods
Many first generation Latino immigrants come to the US seeking a better life;
however their experiences are often affected by stressors associated with
poverty. Latino immigrants, especially those who are of Mexican-origin, are
represented disproportionately among the poor in the US (Camarota, 2001).
Lack of social supports also influence educational attainment for Latino youth.
Roche, et al. (2012) found that low income Latino youth suffer from lower
levels of educational attainment when their immigrant parents’ social networks
mostly involved U.S. born individuals.
Deviant Peers
In addition to lack of social supports, low-
income communities have been positively
correlated with delinquent activity, especially
among adolescents (Tolan, Guerra, & Montaini-
Klovdahl, 1997; Germán, Gonzales, & Dumka, L.,
2009).
Acculturative Stress
Latino adolescents might gravitate toward their American
peers’ culture, causing conflict with immigrant Latino family
values, which can mediate for internalizing and externalizing
problems (Schwartz et al., 2013).
Latino parent-child acculturation discrepancies have also
been associated with lower levels of family cohesion, which
could mediate for risky behaviors such as unprotected sex
(Cordova, Huang, Lally, Estrada, & Prado, 2014).
Latino youth and Deviant Peers
Mexican-origin teens’ exposure to deviant peers has been positively correlated with
increased use of substances and maladaptive behaviors (Barrera, Biglan, Ary & Li, 2001).
Latino boys reported that they experienced more autonomy with their parents than girls
offering them more opportunities to be exposed to deviant peers and reporting higher
rates of risky sexual behavior, which is reflective of machismo ideology (Lac, et al. 2011,
Killoren & Deutsch, 2014).
Cruz-Santiago and Ramirez Garcia (2011) found that Mexican–origin parents living in
low income neighborhoods identified their primary challenge was ensuring that their
adolescent children did not join local gangs or participate in gang activity.
Latino Cultural Values and Internalizing Problems
The significance that familism has especially on first generation immigrant
Latinas may serve as a protective factor against risky sexual behavior (Killoren
& Deutsch, 2014).
However, there has been evidence showing that the restricting emphasis that
family honor has on Latinas more than Latinos maybe the reason there are
more instances of internalizing problems found among Latinas (Campos et al.,
2014; Rafaelli & Ontai, 2001).
Latino Parenting as Protective Factors Aspects of simpatia and familismo, such as feeling
understood by parents, increased parental
monitoring and family cohesion have been found to
be the salient protective factors (Pagan Rivera,
2013; Lac et al. 2013).
When Latino parents integrate warmth and
encouragement as well as parental monitoring may
result in lower levels of reported externalizing
issues in children (Holtrop, Mcneill Smith, & Scott,
2015).
Barbacoa para Cumpleaños,Carmen Lomas Garza,
Education and Latino Parenting
There is evidence that suggests positive correlations in regards to Latino
parental involvement and fostering school attachment and preventing dropout
among Latino youth (Taylor et al.,2012, Hill & Torres, 2010).
Because the family goals are decisive in an individual’s lives, this aspect of
familism has been connected to higher levels of educational attainment among
Latino youth ( Dumka et.al, 2009; Tseng, 2004).
Latino Parenting In Action
SOLDANDO MI FUTURO